Chapter 5 Civil Rights

What resulted from the second Brown decision?

"With all deliberate speed"

The major provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are as follows:

1. It outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration 2. It barred discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels and restaurants, whose operations affect interstate compacts. 3. It authorized the federal government to sue to desegregate public schools and facilities 4. It expanded the power of the Civil Rights Commission and extended its life 5. It provided for the withholding of federal funds from programs administered in a discriminatory manner. 6. It established the right to equality of opportunity in employment.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. -court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

The Civil Rights Act of

1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

All of the following were involved in the Brown v. Board of Education decision EXCEPT A) de facto segregation B) de jure segregation C) a ruling that states must act "with all deliberate speed". D) separate-but-equal segregation E) desegregation

A (why: Brown v. Board of Education involved the invidious segregation of public school by law (de jure). This followed the "separate-but-equal" doctrine. In the second Brown decision the Court ordered desegregation "with all deliberate speed." This is not a case of de facto segregation because the separation was required by law.)

In the years following the Civil War, all of the following made it difficult for African Americans to gain equality EXCEPT A) the Constitution did not expressly provide equal rights or voting rights for African Americans B) violence was used to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights C) literacy tests required complex knowledge D) court decisions gave states leeway to maneuver around civil rights laws E) several states imposed fees for voting

A (why: although the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments gave African Americans citizenship, equality, and the right to vote, literacy tests, poll taxes, and violence were used to deny voting rights to blacks.)

Grandfather Clause

A device used by southern states to disenfranchise African Americans. It restricted voting to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1867.

Subpoena

A legal writ requiring a person's appearance in court to give testimony.

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

Poll Taxes

A special tax that must be paid as a qualification for voting. The Twenty-forty Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax in national elections, and in 1966, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in all elections.

White Primary

A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.

Literacy Tests

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Which of the following statements best describes the Supreme Court's position on affirmative action?

Affirmative action programs may be acceptable if they are narrowly tailored to meet compelling government interests.

Civil Rights

All rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law

Which of the following is true of the Equal Rights Amendment?

Both houses of Congress approved it with a two-thirds vote, but it fell short of the three-fourths of the states necessary for ratification.

What corrects Plessy v. Furguston

Brown v. Board of Education

What was the end of the separate-but-Equal doctrine

Brown v. Board of Education

During the Jim Crow era, all of the following were state-sponsored barriers to the Fifteenth Amendment's expansion of voting rights the males EXCEPT A) white primaries B) the grandfather clause C) voter identification D) literacy tests E) a poll tax

C

All of the following were civil rights laws passed as part of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society EXCEPT A) the Twenty-fourth Amendment B) the Equal Employment Opportunity Act C) Brown v. Board of Education D) the Voting Rights Act E) the Fair Housing Act

C) Brown v. Board of Education

What are LIMITATIONS on government? They specify what the government cannot do.

Civil liberties

What specifies what the government MUST do to ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination.

Civil rights

After many delays, all of the following events enabled the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 EXCEPT A) more members in Congress supported civil rights B) the media made the public aware of the discrimination faced by African Americans by showing violence by white segregationists C) President Kennedy, who was a proponent of civil rights, was assassinated D) most southern whites favored desegregation once public schools became integrated E) President Johnson was committed to passing civil rights legislation

D (why: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was finally passed in response to increasing congressional support, as well as public reaction to the violence against civil rights advocates as shown by the media. President Kennedy's assassination led many—including President Johnson—to support civil rights in his honor)

Which of the following was NOT a protective provision established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964? A) Prohibition of arbitrary discrimination in voter registration B) Barred discrimination in public accommodations C) Granted the federal Government the legal authority to sue states to speed up desegregation of public schools D) Establishment Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to encourage equality in hiring practices E) Guarantee or equal pay for recognized minority groups

E (why: Though the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination basis of race, color, religion, gender, & national origin, there was no specific mention of equal pay for any underrepresented group. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 attempted to address inequities in gender-based pay)

Which of the following statements best describes the Americans with Disabilities Act?

Employers must make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees

What is at the heart of the concept of civil rights?

Equality

During the past two decades, what has been the trend in federal court decisions regarding school integration?

Federal courts have been reluctant to use race-conscience means to achieve integration

The federal government took which of the following measures to end southern resistance to desegregation? I. Sent in the Arkansas National Guard to force schools to desegregate II. Closed Southern school system until they agreed to desegregate III. Provided financial aid for schools that integrated IV. Ordered federalists troops to escort African-American students to school

I and IV (why: The federal government sent the National Guard to desegregate schools, including Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Federalize Arkansas National Guard troops escorted African-American students to school.)

Busing

In the context of civil rights, the transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential patterns.

Which of the following statements best describes the Supreme Court's rationale in Brown v. Board of Education?

Integrated schools are provide educational benefits to all students

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enacted by Southern states that enforced segregation in schools, on transportation, and in public accommodations.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern states immediately after the Civil War denying most legal rights to freed slaves.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Jim Crow Laws— required separate drinking fountains, separate seats in theaters, restaurants and hotels—was a result of which court case?

Plessy v. Ferguson

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of past social and economic conditions and residential racial patterns.

What was the Court!s decision in Bakke v. University of California?

Schools can take race into account in making admissions decisions, but the use of quotas will be viewed with strict scrutiny.

Which of the following is required by U.S. law?

States must provide bilingual ballots when more than 5 percent of the population speaks a language other than English

Bakke v. University of California

Supreme Court case dealing with affirmative action that ruled that affirmative action programs in principle are constitutional, but a strict quota system wasn't.

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

In the 1960s, Denver, Colorado, had several racially distinct neighborhoods. Denver Public Schools developed a neighborhood schools plan in which students would attend the school closest to home On what grounds was this plan challenged? Question options: That is was de jure segregation. That is was de facto segregation. That the plan did not allow students the freedom to travel to a school of their choice. That the plan would not allow black students to attend schools with whites. There was no valid legal basis for challenging this plan.

That is was de facto segregation (why: because it resulted in radially separate schools)

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, may the Boy Scouts revoke the membership of an openly gay Eagle Scout?

Yes, because the Boy Scouts are a private organization and have a right to freedom of association.

Did African Americans face violence and cruelty? Give two examples.

Yes. Race riots and lynchings

What does "with all deliberate speed" mean?

You have to open your doors today

Gideon v. Wainwright

a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

The Civil rights act of 1968

a law that banned discrimination in housing

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Suffrage

right to vote; franchise