Chapter 5 Civil Rights

strict-scrutiny test

A test applied by courts to laws that attempt a racial or ethnic classification. In effect, the strict-scrutiny test eliminates race or ethnicity as legal classification when it places minority-group members at a disadvantage. (See also suspect classifications.)

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution, which speciy rights of a citizen that the national goernment must respect.

Which of the following were features of the Virginia Plan for national government? Multiple select question. States would control defense and interstate trade. It would include a bicameral legislature. States with the largest populations would have the most representatives. The upper house would elect the lower house.

It would include a bicameral legislature. States with the largest populations would have the most representatives.

The tyranny of the ___________ refers to the potential of the makority becoming inflamed by a passionate issue or fiery demagogue and trampling on the rights of the minority.

Majority

Judicial review

Power of courts to declare gobernmental action null and void when it violates the Constitution.

separation of powers

The division of the powers of government among separate institutions or branches.

Who argued that "A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse or rest on inference"? Multiple choice question. Thomas Jefferson John Adams George Washington James Madison

Thomas Jefferson

Despite the original purpose of the Philadelphia convention, which was to revise the Articles of Confederation, from its beginning prominent delegates were determined to Blank______. Multiple choice question. create a stronger central government follow Congress's instructions only to a degree implement universal male suffrage force a debate on the issue of slavery

create a stronger central government

The U.S. system of government is said to be Blank______ in providing for majority influence through elections. Multiple choice question. aristocratic authoritarian democratic bicameral

democratic

True or false: The Virginia Plan favored the states with smaller populations.

false

The principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe unreasonably on the freedom and well-being of others, is known as Blank______. Multiple choice question. justice liberty democracy republicanism

liberty

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that____________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

At the time the Constitution was created, what was the only institution that would be based on direct popular election? Multiple choice question. the Senate the chief justice of the Supreme Court the House of Representatives the presidency

the House of Representatives

What happened as a result of Shays' Rebellion? Multiple choice question. A convention was called for, to meet in Annapolis. Five states condemned the Articles of Confederation. The size of the army was doubled. Wealthy merchants throughout the country started forming private militias.

A convention was called for, to meet in Annapolis.

democracy

A form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected representatives.

According to the Virginia Plan, who or what would exercise power in all areas "in which the separate states are incompetent"? Multiple choice question. Congress a gubernatorial convention the president the Supreme Court

Congress

The concept of separation of powers was proposed by Blank______. Multiple choice question. Montesquieu Locke Voltaire Descartes

Montesquieu

Elections

Power of voter to remove officials from office

Which of the following were features of the Virginia Plan for national government? Multiple select question. States would control defense and interstate trade. States with the largest populations would have the most representatives. The upper house would elect the lower house. It would include a bicameral legislature.

States with the largest populations would have the most representatives. It would include a bicameral legislature.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution. They include rights such as freedom of speech and religion and due process protections (for example, the right to a jury trial) for persons accused of crimes.

True or false: It took over 60 votes for the delegates to the constitutional convention to agree on how the president would be chosen.

True

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated Blank______. Multiple choice question. in southern states near the Mexican border in northeastern and southwestern cities in their states of entry

in their states of entry

A government that is subject to strict legal constraints on the uses of power so as not to threaten the people's liberty is a Blank______. Multiple choice question. authoritarian government representative government unlimited government limited government

limited government

Jefferson and Jackson had different views concerning the branch of government that was best equipped to Blank______. Multiple choice question. initiate constitutional amendments represent the views of the majority interpret the Constitution control the armed forces

represent the views of the majority

The American Revolution was partly a rebellion against Britain's failure to Blank______. Multiple choice question. grant colonists the "rights of Englishmen" allow colonies to have representative assemblies uphold colonial traditions of self-government extend its absolute monarchy to the colonies

uphold colonial traditions of self-government

equal rights (civil rights)

The right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities.

What provision had been removed from Jefferson's initial draft of the Declaration of Independence at the insistence of southern states? Multiple choice question. a plan to gradually free slaves and compensate owners a statement critical of slavery a statement that slavery was a foundational institution of the new nation a declaration that slavery would be outlawed by 1808

a statement critical of slavery

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as Blank______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations. Multiple choice question. redlining blacklisting highlighting affirmative action

redlining

judicial review

The power of courts to decide whether a governmental institution has acted within its constitutional powers and, if not, to declare its action null and void

separated institutions sharing power

The principle that, as a way to limit government, its powers should be divided among separate branches, each of which also shares in the power of the others as a means of checking and balancing them. The result is that no one branch can exercise power decisively without the support or acquiescence of the others.

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"? Multiple choice question. It meant all "men," as in all members of the human race. It meant all U.S. citizens. He did not believe there was a precise meaning. It meant white men.

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the Blank______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans. Multiple choice question. Native American Freedom Act Indian Civil Rights Act Indian Rights Act Native American Bill of Rights

Indian Civil Rights Act

"By some standards, the American system of today is a model of representative government."Identify the elements of the American system of government that support the given statement. (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. The U.S. system has a stronger link between the electoral majority and the governing majority. The divided branches of government in the U.S. system increase majority control. The U.S. system elects representatives to its larger legislative chamber more frequently. The U.S. system uses primary elections, not party organizations, to select party nominees for office.

The U.S. system elects representatives to its larger legislative chamber more frequently. The U.S. system uses primary elections, not party organizations, to select party nominees for office.

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. They make up 25 percent of the total U.S. population. They make up 5 percent of the total U.S. population. Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years.

Which of the following statements describe the terms democracy and republic as understood by the framers of the Constitution? Multiple select question. The separation of powers is a characteristic of republican government. Democracy and republic are interchangeable terms. The government of a republic responds to the needs of the majority while protecting the minority. In a democracy the power of the majority is unlimited.

The separation of powers is a characteristic of republican government. The government of a republic responds to the needs of the majority while protecting the minority. In a democracy the power of the majority is unlimited.

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways? Select All of the Following. LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States. LGBTQ couples can adopt children throughout the United States. LGBTQ people are protected from discrimination by religious denominations. LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States. LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

suspect classifications

Legal classifications, such as race and national origin, that have invidious discrimination as their purpose and therefore are unconstitutional. (See also strict-scrutiny test.)

Legislative Branch---------> Executive--------------------> Judicial------------------------> The Supreme Court The Congress The president

The Congress The president The Supreme Court

During the debate over ratification of the Constitution, what objections did the Anti-Federalists raise? Multiple select question. The Constitution failed to grant taxing power to the national government. The new Constitution actually lacked a centralized government Too much power was being taken from the states and given to the national government. The Constitution lacked a bill of rights.

The Constitution lacked a bill of rights. Too much power was being taken from the states and given to the national government.

The framers' goal of a government that would not threaten liberty was to be accomplished by Blank______. Multiple choice question. federalism an elaborate system of checks and balances provisions for the direct and indirect election of public officials substantial grants of power to the federal government

an elaborate system of checks and balances

Andrew Jackson believed the public should Blank______. Multiple choice question. be more fully involved in government have less involvement in government have more faith in their leaders seek out education and wealth in order to participate in government

be more fully involved in government

Andrew Jackson believed the public should Blank______. Multiple choice question. have more faith in their leaders be more fully involved in government seek out education and wealth in order to participate in government have less involvement in government

be more fully involved in government

Southern delegates to the Philadelphia convention were determined to Blank______. Multiple choice question. encourage federal oversight of interstate commerce encourage all efforts to promote industrial development in the South block any attempt to end slavery ensure that a bicameral legislature was preserved

block any attempt to end slavery

The U.S. system of government created by the founders in 1787 can be described as which of the following? (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. populist constitutional republic authoritarian

constitutional republic

Which of the following are constitutional grants of power to the national government? Multiple select question. establishing a system of public schools declaring war against another nation taxation raising an army

declaring war against another nation taxation raising an army

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968? Multiple select question. discriminatory restrictions for public facilities discriminatory restrictions on voter registration discriminatory practices in housing discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in college admissions discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in mortgage lending discriminatory practices in housing

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights? Multiple select question. equal access to public facilities equal access to the opportunities society provides the right of every person to equal protection under the law the right of citizens to corporate profits

equal access to public facilities equal access to the opportunities society provides the right of every person to equal protection under the law

Why was there strong support for a bill of rights during the debate over ratification of the Constitution? Multiple choice question. fear that the state governments would not respect people's rights fear that the national government would not respect people's rights worry that the judiciary would fail to protect people's rights concern that the presidency would turn into a dictatorship

fear that the national government would not respect people's rights

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following? select ALL that apply. given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions been deemed too abstract as to have any real meaning

given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions

What tax policies did the South fear as the negotiations began that eventually resulted in the Three-Fifths Compromise? (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. heavy taxes on agricultural goods exported from the United States a tax of any kind on the importation of slaves heavy taxes on manufactured goods exported from the United States heavy taxes on manufactured goods imported from Europe

heavy taxes on agricultural goods exported from the United States a tax of any kind on the importation of slaves heavy taxes on manufactured goods imported from Europe

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks Blank______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities. Multiple choice question. must not be allowed to use must be allowed to use could stage protests near had the option of boycotting

must be allowed to use

In the framers' view, a republican government does which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. reduces the likelihood of reckless, hasty actions reduces the risk of tyranny of the majority gives absolute authority to the majority adds constraints that protect the rights of individuals

reduces the likelihood of reckless, hasty actions adds constraints that protect the rights of individuals reduces risk of tyranny of the majority

Jefferson and Jackson had different views concerning the branch of government that was best equipped to Blank______. Multiple choice question. control the armed forces represent the views of the majority initiate constitutional amendments interpret the Constitution

represent the views of the majority

Which British policy was the main source of dispute for the American colonists? Multiple choice question. interference with religious practices taxation without representation imprisonment of local leaders refusal to grant property rights

taxation without representation

Which British policy was the main source of dispute for the American colonists? Multiple choice question. taxation without representation imprisonment of local leaders refusal to grant property rights interference with religious practices

taxation without representation

Following the French and Indian War, Britain for the first time imposed what on the colonies? Multiple choice question. the suspension of habeus corpus the suspension of the right to trial by jury the dissolution of elected assemblies the implementation of heavy taxation

the implementation of heavy taxation

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling? Multiple choice question. to make everyone equal in the eyes of the law to promote equality through integration to maintain segregation while claiming equality to differentiate between state rights and federal rights

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians Blank______. Multiple choice question. were likely to bring diseases into the country would be a drain on the social safety net were an inferior people posed a national security threat

were an inferior people

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in Blank______. Multiple choice question. reducing single-parent homes reducing crime rates reducing prison sentences winning elective office

winning elective office

affirmative action

Programs designed to ensure that women, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas of life.

equal-protection clause

A clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction.

Virginia (large-state) Plan

A constitutional proposal for a strong Congress with two chambers, both of which would be based on numerical representation, thus granting more power to the larger states.

republic

A form of government in which the people's representatives decide policy through institutions structured in ways that foster deliberation, slow the progress of decision making, and operate within restraints that protect individual liberty. To the framers, the Constitution's separation of powers and other limits on power were defining features of a republican form of government, as opposed to a democratic form, which places no limits on the majority.

representative government

A government in which the people govern through the selection of their representatives.

constitutional democratic republic

A government that is constitutional in its provisions for minority rights and rule by law; democratic in its provisions for majority influence through elections; and a republic in its mix of deliberative institutions, which check and balance each other.

limited government

A government that is subject to strict limits on its lawful uses of power and, hence, on its ability to deprive people of their liberty.

reasonable-basis test

A test applied by courts to laws that treat individuals unequally. Such a law may be deemed constitutional if its purpose is held to be "reasonably" related to a legitimate government interest.

primary election

Also called a direct primary, a form of election in which voters choose a party's nominees for public office. In most states, eligibility to vote in a primary election is limited to voters who designated themselves as party members when they registered to vote.

Electoral College

An unofficial term that refers to the electors who cast the states' electoral votes.

A key concern for the group known as the ______ was that the proposed Constitution lacked a bill of rights. Multiple choice question. Anti-Federalists Federalists Whigs Nationalists

Anti-Federalists

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s? Multiple choice question. Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent. Asian Americans actively fought for voting rights. Asian Americans focused on expanding women's rights. Asian Americans sought integration in everyday life.

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

What were the goals of the framers of the Constitution? (More than one option may be correct.) select ALL that apply Creating a national government that could meet the nation's defense needs Dividing power between the national government and the states Giving the president the same level of power as the British monarchy Preserving the states as governing entities

Creating a national government that could meet the nation's defense needs Dividing power between the national government and the states Preserving the states as governing entities

de jure discrimination

Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law. (See also de facto discrimination.)

de facto discrimination

Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions. (See also de jure discrimination.)

Seperated institutions

Division of national government's power among three power-sharing branches, each of which acts as a check on the powers of the other two.

Federalism

Divison of political authority between national government and the states, enabling the people to appeal to oe authotity if thier rights and interest are not respected by the other authotity.

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority? Multiple choice question. Equal Rights Amendment Equal Pay Amendment Women's Equality Amendment Equal Education Amendment

Equal Rights Amendment

What was the lesson of the Articles of Confederation? Multiple choice question. Government must be granted the amount of power that is necessary for it to carry out its responsibilities. "Ordinary men" were not reliable as voters because they simply did not understand the functions of government. Smaller government is always better government. Checks and balances are only necessary if a government is small and easily overseen.

Government must be granted the amount of power that is necessary for it to carry out its responsibilities.

What was the lesson of the Articles of Confederation? Multiple choice question. Smaller government is always better government. Checks and balances are only necessary if a government is small and easily overseen. Government must be granted the amount of power that is necessary for it to carry out its responsibilities. "Ordinary men" were not reliable as voters because they simply did not understand the functions of governmen

Government must be granted the amount of power that is necessary for it to carry out its responsibilities.

Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma? Multiple choice question. C. Wright Mills Michel Foucault Gunnar Myrdal Daniel Bell

Gunnar Myrdal

open party caucuses

Meetings at which a party's candidates for nomination are voted on and that are open to all the party's rank-and-file voters who want to attend.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in Blank______. Multiple choice question. Mexico or have Mexican ancestry South America or have South American ancestry Cuba or have Cuban ancestry Central America or have Central American ancestry.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true? Multiple choice question. Most Black children finish high school and college. Despite disadvantages, very few Black children live below the poverty line. More than half grow up in a single-parent family. More than half grow up in a home where neither parent is present.

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses? Multiple choice question. Lawrence v. Texas Furman v. Georgia Obergefell v. Hodges Bowers v. Hardwick

Obergefell v. Hodges

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution during the debate over ratification.

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States? Multiple choice question. People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion. People believe that the country lacks the resources to address civil rights issues. People do not think equality is an important American value. People disagree strongly about which groups the founders intended as equal.

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such characteristics as race, color, and religion.

The agreement of Blank______ states was required to enact legislation under the Articles of Confederation. Multiple choice question. eleven thirteen nine seven

nine

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution during the debate over ratification

grants of power

The method of limiting the U.S. government by confining its scope of authority to those powers expressly granted in the Constitution.

electoral votes

The method of voting used to choose the U.S. president. Each state has the same number of electoral votes as it has members in Congress (House and Senate combined). By tradition, electoral voting is tied to a state's popular voting. The candidate with the most popular votes in a state (or, in a few states, the most votes in a congressional district) receives its electoral votes.

What were some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Multiple select question. The national government did not have the power to regulate commerce between the states. The Articles placed a tax on all imported goods. The national government depended on the states for its funding, and they often didn't pay their full share. The legislature was bicameral, meaning power was shared among two houses.

The national government did not have the power to regulate commerce between the states. The national government depended on the states for its funding, and they often didn't pay their full share.

tyranny of the majority

The potential of a majority to monopolize power for its own gain and to the detriment of minority rights and interests.

liberty

The principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe unreasonably on the rights and freedoms of others.

Why didn't Congress respond with troops when the governor of Massachusetts asked for assistance during Shays' Rebellion? Multiple choice question. There was an ongoing dispute between a congressional faction and the governor. Because slavery was the central issue, Congress hesitated to become involved. Wealthy congressmen had no interest in quashing the rebellion. There were no troops to send.

There were no troops to send.

As president, Andrew Jackson implemented much of what Blank______ had foreshadowed. Multiple choice question. Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson George Washington John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

What was the central question that led to establishing judicial review? Multiple choice question. Why were there no checks on the judicial branch? Who would make sure that the courts did not misinterpret the law? Who was to decide whether officials were operating within the limits of their constitutional powers? For how long would a law be enforceable?

Who was to decide whether officials were operating within the limits of their constitutional powers?

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest? Multiple choice question. Wounded Knee Parmelee Antelope Eagle Butte

Wounded Knee

What provision had been removed from Jefferson's initial draft of the Declaration of Independence at the insistence of southern states? Multiple choice question. a declaration that slavery would be outlawed by 1808 a statement that slavery was a foundational institution of the new nation a statement critical of slavery a plan to gradually free slaves and compensate owners

a statement critical of slavery

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale? Multiple choice question. the isolationist movement abolitionist movement the free soil movement Jeffersonian movement

abolitionist movement

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with Blank______ requirements. Multiple choice question. preclearance affirmative action due process redlining

affirmative action

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering Blank______ education in their public schools. Multiple choice question. bilingual foreign language remedial physical

bilingual

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments? Multiple choice question. civil rights community rights civil cases court rights

civil rights

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma? Multiple choice question. multiculturalism discrimination political correctness income inequality

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned Blank______. Multiple choice question. racially segregated schools discrimination in voter registration discrimination in the southern states discrimination in public accommodations

discrimination in public accommodations

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to Blank______. Multiple choice question. hire only people from minority groups establish policies to ensure that white males had equal opportunities to gain jobs establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly lay off a certain percentage of employees who are not members of minority groups

establish policies to ensure that white males had equal opportunities to gain jobs

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

false

individuaal rights

freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to privacy, and the right to own property.

cilvil liberties

freedom to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair treatment. The five basic freedoms protected by the 1st amendment are freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and freedom to petition the government

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which of the following are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans? Multiple select question. higher housing density tendency to spend more time indoors than outdoors higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension more limited access to medical care lack of willingness to take precautions such as wearing masks

higher housing density higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension more limited access to medical care

In the presidential election following enactment of the Voting Rights Act, Black turnout in the South Blank______. Multiple choice question. stayed about the same as it had been increased by 20 percentage points increased only slightly decreased by 5 percentage points

increased by 20 percentage points

As defined by the framers, who or what limits the majority's power in a democracy? Multiple choice question. a strong executive a system of checks and balances nothing and no one a nonpartisan court system

nothing and no one

Denials of power

powers expressly denied to the national and state governments by the Constitution

One goal of the framers of the Constitution was to Blank______. Multiple choice question. preserve the states as governing entities prevent the federal government from interfering in commerce eliminate state governments in favor of one national government give more power to the states

preserve the states as governing entities

The U.S. system of government created by the founders in 1787 can be described as which of the following? (More than one option may be correct.) Multiple select question. populist republic constitutional authoritarian

republic constitutional

The Philadelphia convention was called to ______. Multiple choice question. get a consensus on how to deal with Native American tribes on the western frontier revise the Articles of Confederation defeat Shays' army decide whether to ratify a treaty with Britain

revise the Articles of Confederation

In a majority of the state conventions to ratify the Constitution (8 of 13), it was claimed that Blank______ would have the power to nullify actions that violated the Constitution. Multiple choice question. the Senate the executive the House the judiciary

the judiciary

During the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, Anti-Federalists believed that Blank______. Multiple choice question. a bill of rights for individuals did not belong in the Constitution to succeed the Constitution must centralize power previously held by the states the national government was going to have excessive power under the Constitution the national government would have insufficient power under the Constitution

the national government was going to have excessive power under the Constitution

Amending the Articles of Confederation required Blank______ states to approve of the amendment. Multiple choice question. nine seven thirteen eleven

thirteen

What was the first opportunity to determine whether or not the judiciary had the power to nullify actions that violated the Constitution? Multiple choice question. when a president refused to submit a treaty for ratification when a slave sued for his freedom because he was taken into a free state when a dispute arose after the election of 1800 when a president fired the secretary of war

when a dispute arose after the election of 1800

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following? select ALL that apply whites-only primaries intelligence tests blood tests poll taxes literacy tests

whites-only primaries poll taxes literacy tests

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage? Multiple choice question. middle-aged adults those over 65 younger adults

younger adults