Chapter 5 Dual Credit U.S. History SG
What does the first paragraph of the Preamble include?
"A decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation." - Includes one reason Jefferson writes the Declaration (to explain to the rest of the world WHY the colonies need to be free)
What reason does Jefferson give as to why the colonies should be free?
"That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it..." - Jefferson is trying to explain to the world why the colonies should be free - the British government is becoming destructive.
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
- Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party Did Three Things: 1. Closed the harbor of Boston (closed off supplies to Boston) 2. Closed the Massachusetts legislature (restricted town meetings and allowed governors to appoint their officials- usually done through election) 3. Made General Gage governor of Massachusetts
What does Jefferson do in the conclusion of the Declaration?
Jefferson finally declares independence.
What does Jefferson do in the main body of the Declaration? What was his reasoning?
Jefferson then proceeds to list 27 different offenses committed against the colonies by the king. His reasons for this were not only to prove that the government needed to be changed, but also to make sure that the king had committed something against every single colonist in order to inspire rage.
What documents and people influenced Jefferson's writing of the Declaration?
Jefferson uses the Virginia Declaration of Rights, state and local calls for independence, and his own draft of a Virginia constitution to write the Declaration. However, one of his biggest influences was JOHN LOCKE.
Who said, "I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy."?
John Adams
Who said, "Liberty must at all hazards be supported. We have a right to it, derived from our Maker. But if we had not, our fathers have earned and bought it for us, at the expense of their ease, their estates, their pleasure, and their blood."?
John Adams
Who said, "Men must be ready, they must pride themselves and be happy to sacrifice their private pleasures, passions and interests, nay, their private friendships and dearest connections, when they stand in competition with the rights of society."?
John Adams
Who said, "Yesterday the greatest question was decided... and a greater question perhaps never was nor will be decided among men. A resolution was passed without one dissenting colony, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states."?
John Adams
What effort did Horatio Gates make against Burgoyne?
On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne, traveling down from Canada, is met by a colonial army.
Who said, "Among the natural rights of the colonists are these: First a right to life, secondly to liberty, and thirdly to property; together with the right to defend them in the best manner they can. "?
Samuel Adams
Who said, "It does not require a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's minds."?
Samuel Adams
Who said, "Nothing is more essential to the establishment of manners in a State than that all persons employed in places of power and trust must be men of unexceptionable characters."?
Samuel Adams
Who said, "The necessity of the times, more than ever, calls for our utmost circumspection, deliberation, fortitude, and perseverance."?
Samuel Adams
Who said, "The public cannot be too curious concerning the characters of public men."?
Samuel Adams
Who was Philip Schuyler? What did he lose in the Battle of Saratoga and what was the result?
Schuyler began the initial resistance against Burgoyne. However, he lost Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. Due to this, he was charged by some as being incompetent and a failure as an officer. He was replaced by Horatio Gates in August of 1777.
What was the tenant uprising?
Tenants on the Livingston, Philipse, and Cortland manors stopped paying rent and began seizing land in the mid-1760's. The governor of New Hampshire had issued land grants to New England families in the 1750's. However, the area was part of New York. When New Yorkers tried to enforce their title to the land, the settler leader, Ethan Allen, insisted that land should belong to the person who worked it.
What paragraph of the Preamble holds Jefferson's Ideal Theory of Government? What is this theory?
The 2nd paragraph. THEORY: Man created government, and people have the right to abolish the government if it is becoming destructive of the certain unalienable rights stated. Jefferson believed that man had the right to make any form of government that made them happy. He also believed in the social contract theory in which people gave up their rights/power in order to receive protection.
What was the date of the Battle of Cowpens? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: January 17, 1781 Colonial Commander(s): General Daniel Morgan British Commander(s): Colonel Banastre Tarleton Outcome/Significance: a. Colonies won b. First Patriot victory won through just weapons and no outside factors (such as surprise or knowledge of the land) c. Inflicted heavy casualties on the British d. Acted as a morale booster e. Occurred in South Carolina and forced the British back north, trapping them in Yorktown
What was the date of the Battle of Bunker Hill? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: June 17, 1775 Colonial Commander(s): Colonel William Prescott British Commander(s): Major General William Howe and Brigadier General Robert Pigot Outcome/Significance: a. British won - Breed's Hill and Charlestown Peninsula fell to the British b. Acted as a morale booster for the Americans as they inflicted many casualties c. This battle made the British realize the war would be long and costly
What was the date of the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: June 28, 1778 Colonial Commander(s): General George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette British Commander(s): General William Howe - replaced by Sir Henry Clinton Outcome/Significance: a. Considered a draw b. Colonists attacked the British army from the rear
What was the date of the Battle of Germantown? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: October 4, 1777 Colonial Commander(s): General George Washington British Commander(s): General William Howe Outcome/Significance: a. British won b. Led to the questioning of Washington's leadership c. Continental army showed its improvement, displaying the beginning of the skills that it would later define (soldiers performed well)
What was the date of the Battle of Saratoga? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: October 7, 1777 Colonial Commander(s): Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold British Commander(s): General John Burgoyne Outcome/Significance: a. The turning point of the war b. Colonies won c. Major factor in influencing the French to aid the Colonies in the War
What was the date of the Battle of Yorktown? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: September 28, 1781 - October 19, 1781 Colonial Commander(s): General George Washington British Commander(s): General Lord Charles Cornwallis Outcome/Significance: a. Colonies won - United States received recognition as a free and independent nation b. Ended fighting in the colonies
Who were regulators?
In the mid-1760's, a group of wealthy residents of the South Carolina backcountry protested the under-representation of western settlements in the colony's assembly and the legislators' failure to establish local governments that could regularize land titles and supress bands of outlaws. They stated "We are Free-men - British subjects - Not Born Slaves."
Sugar Act
Introduced by Prime Minister George Grenville and put into effect in 1774, the Sugar Act reduced the existing tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies. Rather than 6 pence, it now cost 3 pence per gallon. The Sugar Act also put into effect a machinery that attempted to end widespread smuggling by colonial merchants. It strengthened the admiralty courts, where accused smugglers could be judged without benefit of a Jury trial.
What did the Quartering Act do?
It allowed generals to house soldiers in private homes.
When and why did the first Continental Congress gather? What colony did not send representatives and why?
It gathered in September of 1774 to coordinate resistance against the Coercive Acts. Georgia did not send representatives for fear that if they sent delegates to the Continental Congress, Great Britain would withdraw its soldiers from the war between Georgia and the Indians.
What did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 do?
It recognized American independence and gave control of the entire region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River (from the Atlantic to the Mississippi) to the colonies. It also gave the colonies the right to fish in Atlantic waters off of Canada.
Proclamation Act
It was issued on October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.
Who said, "Every one with this writ may be a tyrant; if this commission be legal, a tyrant in a legal manner, also, may control, imprison, or murder any one within the realm."?
James Otis
Who said, "I will to my dying day oppose, with all the powers and faculties God has given me, all such instruments of slavery on the one hand and villainy on the other as this Writ of Assistance is."?
James Otis
Who said, "If we are not represented, we are slaves."?
James Otis
Who said, "Taxation without representation is tyranny."?
James Otis
Who said, "The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a gentleman or a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health, and applause, and even life, to the sacred calls of his country."?
James Otis
What pledge did John Hancock add to the Declaration? Why did he add this?
The Pledge - "We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor." - To further convince the colonists to join the fight
What did the Second Continental Congress do concerning the Continental Army?
They authorized raising a Continental Army, printed money to pay for it, nad appointed George Washington the commander.
What did the Quebec Act do?
This gave Canada complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law (gave Canadians the freedom the colonists had been desiring).
What was significant about the date of July 2, 1776?
This was the day that Congress voted for independence. The Declaration was also ratified on this day. John Adams felt as if this day should be celebrated in generations to come.
What five members were on the committee to write the Declaration of Independence? Who were the three main members?
Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams were the main three. The other two members were Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston.
Who said, " Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'tis time to part."?
Thomas Paine
Who said, "If there must be trouble, let it be in my day, that my child may have peace."?
Thomas Paine
Who said, "These are the times that try men's' souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; bur that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny.....is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph."?
Thomas Paine
Who said, "Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom must,like men, undergo the fatigue of supporting it."?
Thomas Paine
Who said, "What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value."?
Thomas Paine
Why did Benedict Arnold eventually become a traitor?
Washington, after reading the battle reports, gave Benedict a post in Philadelphia in May of 1778. He fell in love with Peggy Shippen and soon fell into debt trying to live in the standards she was used to. In order to gain money, he began to negotiate with the British who offered 10,000 pounds and commission in the army.
Who said, " They that can give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety."?
Benjamin Franklin
Who said, "I cannot but lament . . . the impending Calamities Britain and her Colonies are about to suffer, from great Imprudencies on both Sides -- Passion governs, and she never governs wisely -- Anxiety begins to disturb my Rest."?
Benjamin Franklin
Who said, "It is a common observation here that our cause is the cause of all mankind, and that we are fighting for their liberty in defending our own."?
Benjamin Franklin
Who said, "We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately."?
Benjamin Franklin
Who said, "Where liberty dwells, there is my country."?
Benjamin Franklin
How did Benjamin Franklin blackmail the French into giving the US a navy?
Benjamin Franklin blackmails the French, stating that the colonies need their support. Franklin asks for a navy, and the French refuse because they do not want to start a war with Britain. Franklin makes the point that since the colonists won a battle against an entire British army, the British would most likely surrender and offer the colonies self government within the British empire. Then, the colonies would have to admit that the French were secretly supporting them for several years. Seeing as how the French aided in this anarchy, Britain would most likely declare war on the French when they found out.
Why did the British move so slowly during the Battle of Saratoga?
Burgoyne brought his bed, so the British had to move very slowly. The Americans were extremely successful in slowing him down even more.
Who was Thomas Hutchinson?
Chief justice and lieutenant of Massachusetts. He was rioted against due to the rumor that he had written to London encouraging the passage of the Stamp Act. However, he actually secretly opposed it.
What was the date of the Battle of Lexington/Concord? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: April 19, 1775 Colonial Commander(s): Colonel John Parker British Commander(s): General Thomas Gage Outcome/Significance: a. Beginning of the War b. British lost - had more casualties
What was the date of the Battle of Camden? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: August 16, 1780 Colonial Commander(s): General Horatio Gates British Commander(s): General Lord Charles Cornwallis Outcome/Significance: a. British won b. Colonists suffered large casualties c. Gates was removed from command and replaced by Nathanael Greene
What was the date of the Battle of New York (Long Island)? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: August 27, 1776 - August 30, 1776 Colonial Commander(s): General George Washington British Commander(s): General William Howe Outcome/Significance: a. British won b. Led to the colonies' loss of New York and Long Island c. Led to a drop in colonial soldiers' morales, so much so that some soldiers deserted
What was the date of the Battle of Trenton? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: December 26, 1776 Colonial Commander(s): General George Washington, General Nathanael Greene, General John Sullivan, Colonel Henry Knox British Commander(s): Colonel Johann Rall Outcome/Significance: a. Colonies won b. Proved that Washington had the ability to unite soldiers from different colonies into one, effective force (convinced soldiers to stay in Washington's army) c. First time the colonial army had defeated a regular army on the battlefield d. Boosted colonial morale e. Battle in which Washington crosses the Delaware River
What was the date of the Battle of Savannah? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: December 29, 1778 Colonial Commander(s): General Robert Howe British Commander(s): Colonel Archibald Campbell Outcome/Significance: a. British won - took control of Savannah, Georgia b. Colonists suffered relatively large casualties
What reasons does John Adams give as to why Jefferson should write the Declaration?
1. Adams admitted that Jefferson was a better writer than he was 2. Jefferson was from Virginia (have to involve the South for Southern support) 3. People hated Adams *However, the main reason John Adams didn't write the Declaration was because he thought that it wasn't worth his time
Why was the Battle of Saratoga important?
1. Burgoyne surrenders the ENTIRE British Army 2. Franklin convinces France to OPENLY SUPPORT American Cause (through blackmail) 3. France and U.S. sign treaty stating neither would sign a treaty (ending the war) without the approval of the other 4. Britain decides to concentrate on the Southern Colonies and work their way North (after 1777, most of the battles are going to be fought in the Southern United States, mostly because there were more loyalists in the South)
Why did Parliament repeal the Stamp Act in 1766?
1. Pressured by London merchants and manufacturers as they did not want to lose their American markets (boycott in place) 2. The colonists were getting out of hand - in November of 1765, a New York crowd hurled stones at Fort George and destroyed the home of Major Thomas James, a British officer.
What did the signers risk as a result of treason?
1. That the offender be drawn to the gallows 2. That he be hanged by the neck and then cut down alive 3. That his entrails be taken out and burned, while he is yet alive 4. That his head be cut off 5. That his body be divided into four parts 6. That his head and quarters be at the king's disposal - The punishment would then extend to the convicted person's family
What are the four purposes of the Declaration of Independence?
1. To Declare the colonies independence from Great Britain 2. Getting reluctant colonists on board by listing 27 colonial grievances against the King 3. Explaining Jefferson's IDEAL theory of government 4. To encourage foreign nations to help them
Who was Baren Von Stuben?
A Prussian officer who trained the undisciplined colonist troops (Washington's army) for the four months that they were stuck at Valley Forge while the British were in Philadelphia.
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
A gathering of 27 delegates from nine colonies in October of 1765. This group convinced merchants throughout the colonies to boycott British goods in response to the Stamp Act.
What movement was parallel to the regulators?
A gathering of farmers in North Carolina who refused to pay taxes, kidnapped local officials, assaulted the homes of land speculators, merchants, and lawyers, and disrupted court proceedings.
Committee of Correspondence
A group of colonists in Boston that encouarged opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts (before the Stamp Act).
Sons of Liberty
A group of men that organized protests against British acts. The Sons took the lead in enforcing the boycott of British imports.
Who was Crispus Attucks?
A sailor of mixed Indian-African white ancestry, he became known as the "first martyr of the American revolution" due to his death in the Boston Massacre.
What was the date of the Battle of Quebec? American and British commanders? Outcome/Significance?
Date: December 31, 1775 Colonial Commander(s): Colonel Benedict Arnold and General Richard Montgomery British Commander(s): General Guy Carleton Outcome/Significance: a. British won b. First major defeat for the Americans in the war
What occurred on August 26, 1765? What caused this?
A violent crowd of Bostonians assaulted the home of Thomas Hutchinson and left nothing but the bare walls standing. The Stamp Act was the immediate cause, as there was a rumor that Hutchinson had encouraged the passing of it. However, he actually secretly opposed it.
What did the Second Continental Congress do concerning the Declaration of Independence? What did they take out?
After having Franklin and Adams read over his draft of the Declaration and make corrections, Jefferson presents it to the Second Continental Congress. The Second Continental Congress then reviews the Declaration and makes several more changes to it. In the Declaration, Jefferson stated that he blamed the King for slavery. However, Georgia and South Carolina disagreed strongly with this, so Congress removes it.
Declaratory Acts
An act passed by Parliament stating that Parliament had the right to pass laws for "the colonies and people of America...in all cases whatsoever."
Townshend Acts
Established in 1767, this act imposed new taxes on goods imported into colonies and created a new board of customs commissioners to collect them and suppress smuggling. This new revenue was intended to pay the salaries of American governors and judges.
What did the first Continental Congress do? When did they agree to reconvene?
Established the Suffolk Resolves and adopted the Continental Association, which called for an almost complete halt to trade with Great Britain and the West Indies (rice exports were excluded at South Carolina's request). They agreed to meet again in May of 1775.
Writs of Assistance
General search warrants that allowed custom officials to search anywhere they chose for smuggled goods.
Who was James Otis?
He was a Boston lawyer and an Advocate General for the Admiralty Court (top lawyer for the Crown). He was required to defend the Writs of Assitance. However, he strongly objected to these arbitrary searches and seizures of private property and consequently resigned his position. Instead, he became the lawyer for a group of over 50 merchants who sued the government claiming that the Writs of Assistance were unjust.
Who was Nathan Hale?
He was a colonist spy that spied on the British. He snuck into New York disguised as a teacher. One of his cousins revealed him, and he was captured by the British. Supposedly, when he was hanged, he stated, "My only regret is that I have but one life to give for my country."
Why was Benedict Arnold the secret hero of the Battle of Saratoga?
Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold got into a fight, and Gates confined him to the quarters. As the battle was being fought, Arnold realized that the colonist army would be flanked. He rode down on his horse, prevented the army from being flanked, and practically won the battle for the colonists.
When does the Battle of Yorktown end?
October 19, 1781.
Who was the catalyst for the Declaration of Independence?
Richard Henry Lee stands before Congress on June 6, 1776, and states, "that these colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states..." Congress eventually creates a committee to write a Declaration of Independence.
Why did Parliament pass the Tea Act?
Parliament passed the Tea Act in order to "save" the East India Company. Many people, including several members of Parliament, had invested in this company. However, the East India Company was not selling much tea as the colonies were smuggling tea in. Therefore, the Tea Act lowered the tax on tea, making smuggled tea more expensive than British tea. However, the colonies were still upset as they saw this still as Britain was taxing them without their representation.
Tea Act
Passed to "save" investors of the East India Company. Gave tax exemptions and rebates to the company, allowing it to sell lower-priced tea, which undercut smugglers and merchants. Money raised from the taxes on imported tea would be used to pay the cost of colonial government.
Who said, "Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!"?
Patrick Henry
Who said, "Liberty, the greatest of all earthly blessings -- give us that precious jewel, and you may take every thing else! Guard with jealous attention the public liberty. Suspect every one who approaches that jewel."?
Patrick Henry
Who said, "The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, New Englanders are no more. I AM NOT A VIRGINIAN, BUT AN AMERICAN!"?
Patrick Henry
Who said, "Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Beside, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of Nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us."?
Patrick Henry
Who was Count Pulaski?
Polish military officer that came to the US to aid in the revolutionary war. He was most likely killed at the Battle of Savannah. Most noteworthy for attempting to organize the first cavalry in the US.
What is the first part of the Declaration of Independence? How many paragraphs does it have?
Preamble - 2 paragraphs (first paragraph is the first sentence)
Stamp Act
Put into effect in 1765, this was the first time Britain had attempted the directly tax the colonies. This act required that all printed materials carry a stamp purchased from authorities (practically added a tax to all printed materials). Its purpose was to aid in financing the operations of the empire, including the stationing of British troops in North America.
What occurred on March 5, 1770?
The Boston Massacre - a fight between a snowball throwing crowd of Bostonians and British troops escalated into more violence that left five Bostonians dead.
What occurred at the Battle of Yorktown?
The British move back up North, and they eventually become trapped at the city of Yorktown because the French navy finally arrives and defeats the British navy. The French fleet blocks off the Chesapeake Bay so that the British Navy cannot come and rescue Cornwallis. Cornwallis surrenders on October 19, 1781. This is the 2nd British Navy that the colonies have captured, and the British get tired of fighting. They realize that there was no real way to win the war. When Cornwallis surrenders, that is when peace negotiations begin. We were originally abiding by the French (refusing to enter into a treaty without them), but the British offered us such a good deal that we could not turn it down, even though the French most likely would not have abided it.
What was the purpose of the Battle of Lexington/Concord?
The British were attempting to confiscate ammunition that the colonists had stored up at Concord.
What act was passed in response to the Boston Tea Party?
The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts).
What act led to the Boston Tea Party?
The Tea Act.
What act led to the writing of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" by John Dickinson? What was this about?
The Townshend Acts led to this. Dickinson was a lawyer who had grown up on his family's tobacco farm. His letters argued for reconciliation with the Mother Country, with the colonists enjoying all the traditional rights of Englishmen. This document demonstrated that Enlightenment ideas were familiar in the colonies (Dickinson offered quotations from several writers) and many American leaders still assumed that political debate should take place among the educated elite.
How did the Stamp Act save urban merchants?
The boycott in response to the Stamp Act eliminated competition from imported British goods.
What was the theory of virtual representation?
The idea that each member of Parliament represented the entire British empire.
