Chapter #5

negative nitrogen balance

Condition occurring when the body excretes more nitrogen than it takes in. Illiness or injury cause this

Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal plans that contain complementary proteins

Mutual Supplementation is the strategy of combining two incomplete protein sources so that the amino acids in each food make up for those lacking in the other food. The complementary proteins need not be eaten together, so long as the day's meals supply them all and the diet provides enough energy and total protein from a variety of sources (meals : oatmeal, rice & beans, pasta with vegetables & parm cheese)

Nitrogen equilibrium

N in = N out

Discuss reasons why consuming too much protein and amino acid supplements is not recommended

Protein supplements:-can place burden on kidneys to excrete extra nitrogen and adds extra unnecessary caloriesAmino acid supplements:-can induce sleepiness, nausea, and skin effects, digestive disturbances

State the health benefits and nutrient considerations of whole food, plant-based diets

-reduces saturated fat intakes, helps prevent obesity, high blood pressure, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, diverticular disease, and gallstones

Complementary proteins

when the amino acid of legumes and grains supply all the needed amino acidslegumes - isoleucine and lysinegrains- methionine and tryptophan

Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen BALANCE study

The purpose of a nitrogen balance study is to compare the nitrogen lost by excretion and with nitrogen in food. In healthy adults nitrogen in (consumed) must equal nitrogen out (excreted), Scientists measure the body's daily nitrogen losses in urine, feces, sweat and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the amount of protein needed to replace these losses.

Protein quality

helps determine how well a diet supports the growth of children and the health of adults. Two factors influence this: a protein's digestibility and its amino acid composition

HCL

hydrochloric acid

protein synthesis

process of cells making proteins If any of the 9 essential amino acids are not present in sufficient amounts in your diet, protein synthesis will be stopped

Polypeptide

protein fragments of many amino acids bonded together

Tripeptides

protein fragments that are 3 amino acids long

dipeptide

protein fragments that are two amino acids long

positive nitrogen balance

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses, normal in growing children and pregnant women

Edema

swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels; seen in protein deficiency (among other conditions)

electrolyte balance

the distribution of fluid an dissolved particles among body compartments, proteins help to maintain this

Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon

1. Stomach is where it starts and protein is partially digested by the enzyme pepsin and HCL 2. Pancreas: further protein digestion by enzymes released by the pancreas into the small intestine 3. Small Intestine: final digestion of protein to amino acids occurs in the small intestine 4. Liver: Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and transported to the liver. From there they enter the general bloodstream 5. Large Intestine: little dietary protein is present in feces

State the 7 roles of protein in the body

1. Supporting growth and maintenance of tissues 2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds 3. Transport and recognition proteins (lipoproteins) 4. Building antibodies (fight infection) 5. Maintaining acid-base balance, help to keep bodily fluids within a normal pH level, not too acidic, not to basic 6. Proteins in the blood help to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance by attracting and retaining water 7. Energy (stored energy) as fat, glycogen

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell

Build protein Make another needed compound Make another type of amino acid Burned for energy Convert to glucose and burned as energy or stored as glycogen Conver to fat and burned for energy or stored in adipose tissue

State how many essential amino acids exist and why adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids are required for protein synthesis

There are 9 essential amino acids There are 20 amino acids in total Without these essential nutrients out body can not make proteins it needs to do work

Describe the general structure of proteins and the three components of amino acids

They contain a backbone which contains two groups 1. an amine group which contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms 2. sidechain (varies) Each amino acid has an amine group at one end, an acid group at the other, and a distinctive side chain Protein is the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen

Vegan

a person who does not eat food from any animal source

Vegetarian

a person who does not eat meat

Flexitarian

a person who has a primarily vegetarian diet but occasionally eats meat or fish.

conditionally esential amino acid

an amino acid that is normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it

complete and incomplete proteins

contain all nine essential amino acids, whereas incomplete proteins are missing one or more.

High quality amino acid

dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require. They may also contain nonessential amino acids