Chapter 5

Define flooding

A behavioral fear

Define systematic desensitization

A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

Define higher-order conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus

Define taste aversion

A classical conditioning when you lose taste for something after a bad meal

Define counter conditioning

A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Define conditioned response CR

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Define cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Define conditioned stimulus CS

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

Define shaping

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Positive reinforcer

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

Define negative reinforcer

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

Define learning behaviorist

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

define variable-interval schedule

A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is aviable. Response rate is lower but steadier

Define fixed-ratio schedule

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

Define variable-ratio schedule

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

Define continuous reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Define classical conditioning

A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

Define operant conditioning

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

Define reflex

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus

Define unconditioned stimulus UCS

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

Define secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers

What are scallops?

A typical series of upward waves called fixed interval scallops

Define stimulus

An environmental condition that elicits a response

Define model

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism

Define primary reinforcer

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning

Define orienting reflex

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

Define unconditioned response UCR

An unlearned response to an uncondtioned stimulus

Define conditioned reinforcer

Another term for secondary

Define operant behavior

Behavior that operates in, or manipulates, the environment

Define successive approximations

Behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior

What are three examples of operant conditioning?

Biofeedback, behavior modification, programmed learning

What are the 4 basic reinforcement schedules?

Fixed-interval, variable-interval, fixed-ratio, and variable-ratio

Define generalization

In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Define discrimination

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus

Define discriminative stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is aviable

Define latent learning

Learning that is hidden or concealed

Does observational learning happen with reinforcement?

No

Define partial reinforcement

One of several reinforcements in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is aviable

Define biological preparedness

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism

Define observational learning

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (called models) rather than by means of direct experience

Define learning cognitive

The process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Define extinction

The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

Define spontaneous revocery

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Define operant

The same as an operant behavior

Define contingency theory

The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

Define law of effect

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out

Define reinforce

To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response