Chapter 5
Define flooding
A behavioral fear
Define systematic desensitization
A behavioral fear reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Define higher-order conditioning
A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
Define taste aversion
A classical conditioning when you lose taste for something after a bad meal
Define counter conditioning
A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
Define conditioned response CR
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Define cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Define conditioned stimulus CS
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
Define shaping
A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior
Positive reinforcer
A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant
Define negative reinforcer
A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant
Define learning behaviorist
A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
define variable-interval schedule
A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is aviable. Response rate is lower but steadier
Define fixed-ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
Define variable-ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
Define continuous reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
Define classical conditioning
A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Define operant conditioning
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
Define reflex
A simple unlearned response to a stimulus
Define unconditioned stimulus UCS
A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
Define secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers
What are scallops?
A typical series of upward waves called fixed interval scallops
Define stimulus
An environmental condition that elicits a response
Define model
An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism
Define primary reinforcer
An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning
Define orienting reflex
An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus
Define unconditioned response UCR
An unlearned response to an uncondtioned stimulus
Define conditioned reinforcer
Another term for secondary
Define operant behavior
Behavior that operates in, or manipulates, the environment
Define successive approximations
Behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
What are three examples of operant conditioning?
Biofeedback, behavior modification, programmed learning
What are the 4 basic reinforcement schedules?
Fixed-interval, variable-interval, fixed-ratio, and variable-ratio
Define generalization
In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned
Define discrimination
In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus
Define discriminative stimulus
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is aviable
Define latent learning
Learning that is hidden or concealed
Does observational learning happen with reinforcement?
No
Define partial reinforcement
One of several reinforcements in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is aviable
Define biological preparedness
Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism
Define observational learning
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (called models) rather than by means of direct experience
Define learning cognitive
The process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience
Define extinction
The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur
Define spontaneous revocery
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
Define operant
The same as an operant behavior
Define contingency theory
The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
Define law of effect
Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant events stamp them out
Define reinforce
To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response