Chapter 5 Learning Smartbook

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

In __________ ____________ , the organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes.

Learned helplessness.

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

While a child growing up in Chicago is unlikely to be skilled at tracking animals, they likely know about taking baths and eating with a knife and fork. This helps illustrate Blank______ influences in learning.

cultural

Putting off the pleasure of an immediate reward in order to gain a valuable reward later is called

delay of gratification.

In operant conditioning, the reduced frequency of behavior when it is no longer reinforced is known as

extinction

The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?

law of effect

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are

learned

Winning on a slot machine would be considered _______ reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.

partial

Which two of the following are secondary reinforcers?

praise money

In a token economy, behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired rewards. The tokens are an example of a(n)

secondary reinforcer

_____ involves the initial learning of the link between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Joan was bitten by a chihuahua when she was 5 years old. As a result, she is now afraid of all dogs, no matter the breed. What is this an example of?

stimulus generalization

conditioning involves a form of respondent behavior which is behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus.

Classical

is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Counterconditioning

Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to Blank______ the frequency of that behavior.

increase

Reinforcement is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior ___________ (decreases/increases) the probability that the behavior will be repeated. The consequences of the behavior can be either positive or negative.

increases

Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.

innate

Among the biological influences on learning, _______ drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.

instinctive

Animals can be taught many behaviors using operant conditioning principles. Sometimes, though, a biological predisposition causes an animal to revert to certain behaviors and not be able to learn new ones. This is referred to as

instinctive drift.

The term used to denote learning that is not reinforced and is not reflective immediately in behavior is _______ learning

latent

Unreinforced learning that is stored cognitively in an individual's memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.

latent

Which of the following refers to the idea that people differ in terms of the method of instruction that will be most effective for them?

learning style

A child tells a doll not to eat too much candy after the child was told so by their mother. What is this an example of?

modeling

The imitation of behaviors performed by others is called

modeling.

conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

Operant

reinforcement is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

Positive

A 6-year-old from a rural community may watch their parents weave complex patterns in fabric and begin to develop this skill, whereas a 6-year-old growing up in a big city may observe their parents navigating the complex subway system and begin to become familiar with it. These two examples reflect the _________ influences of the learning process.

cultural

Utilizing ________ reinforcement, Deanna saves money from her summer internship to purchase a car at the end of the summer rather than using that money to shop at the mall every week.

delayed

In operant conditioning, responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced is called

discrimination

When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This demonstrates the concept of

discrimination

In Seligman's studies of learned helplessness,

dogs that had received inescapable shocks later failed to escape those shocks when given the chance.

Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.

exhibited

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ___________ has occurred.

extinction

Ling used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, the decrease in crying is due to:

extinction.

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.

Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?

shaping

A bird learns to peck a red disk and not to peck a green disk. This would be an example of _____.

stimulus discrimination

Every time second-grader Prisha raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Prisha's participation. This is an example of:

the law of effect.

Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of the learners.

cognitive

Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored _____ in the observer's memories.

cognitively

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time. In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

continuous; partial

In Blank______, the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response is changed.

counterconditioning

Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative

reinforcement

Every time the family dog sits on command, she receives a treat. The treat would be considered

reinforcement.

Earning a top grade in a course is an example of a secondary

reinforcer

The term for a reinforcer that gains its positive value through one's experience is Blank______ reinforcer.

secondary

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is called

shaping

is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

Insight

of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Schedules

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

True

What is operant conditioning?

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

What is insight learning?

a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

What is the definition of learning?

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

The form of _________ learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.

associative

After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates _________ learning

avoidance

To prevent a headache, Micah takes their medication as soon as they feel pressure near their eyes. This is an example of

avoidance learning.

Every day, when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Sparky, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Sparky hears the garage door open, Sparky runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

In operant conditioning, ___________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as

generalization.

Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement.

In cases of learned helplessness, an organism has learned through experience that negative outcomes are

not controllable.

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?

performing a behavior to receive food

Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants is _____ in an effort to increase a behavior.

presented to that individual

Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered:

punishment

Match the schedule of partial reinforcement to the correct description.

ratio schedule - relies on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to the reward interval schedule - based on the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded fixed schedule - the number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass before the reward is always the same variable schedule - the required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass before the reward is unpredictable from the perspective of the learner

Punishment is a consequence that

reduces the frequency of a behavior.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when

the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

You cringed the first time you saw a bright light; therefore, the light is likely a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers?

water food sex