Chapter 5: Lipids

How are fats useful to the body?

- main storage form of energy in the boy - fat stores are efficient - cushions vital organs - insulates the body - components of all cell membranes - transports fat-soluble substances - may serve as raw material for synthesis of hormones, bile, etc

Eating three servings of food labeled "0 grams of trans fat per serving" can contribute up to ____ grams of trans fat.

1.5

Which one is harder to get? Omega 3 or 6

3

What are lipids?

A heterogenous group of water insoluble organic molecules

________ scavenges excess cholesterol from body tissues and carries it to the liver for disposal.

HDL

The "good" kind of cholesterol carrier is called _____ and that it is considered "good" because it carries cholesterol back to the _____.

HDL; liver

What specific diet is though to have several health benefits?

Mediterranean diet

Omega end is also the

Methyl end

Less hydrogen atoms and one double bond or point of unsaturation & food sources

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Polyunsaturated food source

Most vegetable oild

What is the most accurate statement to make about the process of hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils?

Oils that undergo hydrogenation are more resistant to oxidation and have a longer shelf-life.

Monounsaturated food sources

Olives, avocado, and some nuts

Essential fatty acid examples

Omega 1-8

Two types of essential fatty acids

Omega 3 & omega 6

Omega-3 or Omega-6: Main food sources include green leafy vegetables and some fatty fish.

Omega-3

Linoleneic acid, EPA, and DHA are examples of _______.

Omega-3 fatty acids

The American diet is limited in healthful _____ fatty acids, which include _____ and _____, both found abundantly in fish oils.

Omega-3; EPA; DHA

Omega-3 or Omega-6: Generally consumed in excess in the human diet.

Omega-6

Omega-3 or Omega-6: Known as linoleic acid.

Omega-6

I'm US and Canada EFA deficiencies are low because

Our bodies can store EFAs

A three-carbon glycerol molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphate group in the third carbon

Phospholipids

Emulsifier

Phospholipids

Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes

Phospholipids

Soluble in water and fat

Phospholipids

________ in food inhibits cholesterol absorption.

Plant sterols

More than one point of saturation or more than one double bond

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

What do DHA and EPA do?

Prevent heart disease, cancer; cell membranes, brain function and visin

True or False getting a proper balance of omega 6 and 3 is important

Yes

Fat within the human body is stored in _________ that secrete appetite-regulating hormones.

adipose tissue

One way in which fatty acids differ from one another is in _______ length. Another is in the degree of _______.

chain; saturation

Vitamin D is made from

cholesterol

Which lipoprotein is made inside the small intestinal cells and transports dietary fats through the circulatory system to the liver and other tissues?

chylomicrons

What plant-based oil should be avoided due to its high saturated fat content?

coconut oil

Example of polyunsaturated food source.

corn oil

The omega number indicates the location of the

first double bond counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid

Oily fish are called oily fish because they store their fat in their_________.

flesh

Examples of monounsaturated fat foods.

fresh guacamole

Today's leading contributor of solid fats to the US diet is

grain-based desserts

Are trans fats healthy or harmful?

harmful

Is saturated fat healthy or harmful?

harmful

Are monounsaturated fats healthy or harmful?

healthy

Are polyunsaturated fats healthy or harmful?

healthy

A person who eats a diet too high in saturated fat may incur a greater-than-average risk of developing ______.

heart disease

Unsaturated fats have a _____ potential for spoiling when exposed to oxygen or heat.

high

The main dietary factor associated with elevated blood cholesterol levels is _________.

high saturated and trans fat intake

Example of monounsaturated food source.

olive oil

Points of unsaturation in fatty acids such as those in fish oils are vulnerable to attack by _______ in a process called oxidation.

oxygen

Which of the following plant oils is (are) highly saturated?

palm and coconut oils

Lecithin is an example of a _______.

phospholipid

Lipids that are manufactured by the body and can act as emulsifiers in food.

phospholipids

Which of the following lipids can serve as an emulsifier?

phospholipids

________ raises HDL and lowers heart disease risk.

physical activity

What four vitamins are considered fat soluble vitamins and need dietary fat to be absorbed?

vitamins A,D,E,K

Saturated fat food sources

Animal origin and tropical oils

Starting material of many eicosanoids

Arachidonic acid

Vitamin D and steroid/sex hormones are

Sterols

Plays important structural and regulatory roles in the body

Sterols & Phospholipids

The DRI committee suggests that less than _______ of daily energy intake should come from saturated fats.

Ten

Examples of polyunsaturated fat foods.

sunflower oil

Lipids that compromise about 95% of the fat you eat.

triglycerides

The body stores excess energy from food as _____.

triglycerides

4 Classes of Lipids

1. Fatty acids 2. Triglycerides 3. Sterols 4. Phospholipids

Degree of saturation determines:

1. Melting point of fat 2. Softness or hardness of fat

4 Useful functions of fats in foods are:

1. Provide a concentrated energy source in foods 2. Provide essential fat-soluble nutrients 3. Enhance foods aroma and flavor 4. Contribute to satiety

___________ doesn't matter as much as saturated and trans fat intake in risk of heart disease.

Dietary cholesterol

Bioactive Lipids with diverse body function

Eicosanoids

Linoleic and linoleic acid are examples of

Essential fatty acids

What happens when the body uses its energy stores to provide cellular energy during a time of fasting, when there is not enough food energy?

Fat cells break down stored fat and release fatty acids into the blood.

________ are ingredients made from carbohydrate or protein that provide some of the taste and texture of solid fats but have few calories and less saturated fat.

Fat replacers

Examples of trans fat foods.

Hydrogenated vegetable oil.

__________ contribute to the majority of the solid fats in the US diet

Invisible fats

Omega-6 is called

Linoleic acid

Omega-3 is called

Linolenic acid

Fully hydrogenated fatty acid

Saturated fats

Fatty acid types

Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, trans fats

Cream, butter whipped cream, sour cream, and cream cheese are best described as

Solid fats

Rings of carbon

Sterols

Serve as raw material for making emulsifiers in bile

Sterols

A three carbon glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached

Triglycerides

Fatty acids are the major constituent of ______, which are the chief form of fat.

Triglycerides

Sources of fatty acids

Vegetables and fish oils and animal fat

A common fatty acid triggers a nerve signal in the intestine that travels to the _______, delaying the return of _________ _________ between meals.

brain; hunger pangs

Example of saturated fat food source.

butter

Examples of saturated fat foods.

butter & cheddar cheese sandwich & bacon

The DRI committee sets recommended intakes for which two of the fatty acids?

linoleic & linolenic

Fats and cholesterol must be carried or shuttled around the body in _____.

lipoproteins

Most fats travel around the body inside

lipoproteins

Saturated fats have a _____ potential for spoiling when exposed to oxygen or heat.

low

The more unsaturated fats are soft in texture and melt more readily at _______ temperature.

lower

Within the body, fats usually travel from place to place mixed with _______ particles.

protein

What is a primary function of fat in the body?

provide the energy to fuel muscular work

When the unsaturated points are oxidized, the oils become ______.

rancid

Which lipid has the greatest influence on blood cholesterol levels?

saturated fats

At what location along the digestive tract does fat digestion primarily take place?

small intestine

Lipids synthesized in the liver and used to make several important hormones.

sterols

The lipids in foods and in the human body fall into ______ classes.

three

Triglycerides are made of

three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

Which statement about the lipid guidelines and risk of CVD is true?

total fat intake alone cannot account for differences in risks of CVD.