Chapter 5: Operation of Systems
What color of dye is added to the following fuel grades: 80, 100, 100LL, Turbine?
80=Red, 100=Green, 100LL=Blue, Turbine=Colorless or Straw
2. What is the function of the magnetometer? (FAA-H-8083)
A magnetometer is a device that measures the strength of the earth's magnetic field to determine aircraft heading; it provides this information digitally to the AHRS, which then sends it to the PFD.
How does the carburetor heat system work?
A carburetor heat valve, controlled by the pilot, allows unfiltered heated air from a shroud located around an exhaust riser or muffler to be directed to the induction air manifold prior to the carburetor.
What type of engine does your aircraft have ?
A horizontally opposed four-cylinder, overhead-valve, Air-cooled, fuel-injected engine. The engine is manufactured by ........
During a cross-country flight you notice that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temperature is normal. What is the problem and what action should be taken?
A low oil pressure in flight could be the result of any one of several problems, the most common being that of insufficient oil. If the oil temperature continues to remain normal, a clogged oil pressure relief valve or an oil pressure gauge malfunction could be the culprit. In any case, a landing at the nearest airport is advisable to check for the cause of trouble.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 4. Define and state how you would determine the following altitudes. Absolute altitude Indicated altitude Pressure altitude True altitude Density altitude (FAA-H-8083-25)
ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE - the vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain. INDICATED ALTITUDE - the altitude read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) after it is set to the current altimeter setting. PRESSURE ALTITUDE - the altitude when the altimeter setting window is adjusted to 29.92. Pressure altitude is used for computer solutions to determine density altitude, true altitude, true airspeed, etc. TRUE ALTITUDE - the true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level. Airport, terrain, and obstacle elevations found on aeronautical charts are true altitudes. DENSITY ALTITUDE - pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations. Directly related to an aircraft's takeoff, climb, and landing performance.
What are the two types of ADS-B equipment?
ADS-B Out: automatically broadcasts aircrafts GPS position, altitude, velocity, and other information out to ATC ground-based surveillance stations as well as directly to other aircraft. ITS IS REQUIRED IN ALL AIRSPACE WHERE TRANSPONDERS ARE REQUIRED ADS-B In: Is the receipt, processing, display of ADS-B transmissions, ADS-B In capability is necessary to receive ADS-B traffic and broadcast services
Does the nose wheel turn when the rudder is depressed in flight?
AFM. I'm honestly not sure. The AFM doesn't say
1. Describe the function of the following avionics equipment acronyms: AHRS ADC PFD MFD FD FMS INS (FAA-H-8083-6, DAT)
AHRS - attitude and heading reference system. Composed of three-axis sensors that provide heading, attitude, and yaw information for aircraft. AHRS are designed to replace traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments and provide superior reliability and accuracy. ADC - air data computer. An aircraft computer that receives and processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temperature to calculate precise altitude, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, vertical speed, and air temperature. PFD - primary flight display. A display that provides increased situational awareness to the pilot by replacing the traditional six instruments with an easy-to-scan display that shows the horizon, airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, trend, trim, rate of turn, and more. MFD - multi-function display. A cockpit display capable of presenting information (navigation data, moving maps, terrain awareness, etc.) to the pilot in configurable ways; often used in concert with the PFD. FD - fight director. An electronic flight computer that analyzes the navitgation selections, signals, and aircraft parameters. It presents steering instructions on the flight display as command bars or crossbars for the pilot to position the nose of the aircraft over or follow. FMS - flight management system. A computer system containing a database for programming of routes, approaches, and departures that can supply navigation data to the flight director/autopilot from various sources, and can calculate flight data such as fuel consumption, time remaining, possible range, and other values. INS - inertial navigation system. A computer-based navigation system that tracks the movement of an aircraft via signals produced by onboard accelerometers. The initial location of the aircraft is entered into the computer and all subsequent movement is then sensed and used to keep the aircraft's position updated.
Can other types of fuel be used if the specified grade is not available?
Airplane engines are designed to operate using a specific grade of fuel as recommended by the manufacturer. If the proper grade of fuel is not available, it is possible, but not desirable, to use the next higher grade as a substitute. Always reverence to the aircraft's AFM or POH.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 1. What instruments operate off of the pitot/static system? (FAA-H-8083-15)
Altimeter Vertical Speed Airspeed Indicator
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 4. How does the vacuum system operate? (FAA-H-8083-25)
An engine-driven vacuum pump provides suction which pulls air from the instrument case. Normal pressure entering the case is directed against rotor vanes to turn the rotor (gyro) at high speed, much like a water wheel or turbine operates. Air is drawn into the instrument through a filter from the cockpit and eventually vented outside. Vacuum values vary between manufacturers (usually between 4.5 and 5.5 in. Hg.), but provide rotor speeds from 8,000 to 18,000 RPM.
9. What display information will be lost when an AHRS failure occurs? (FAA-H-8083-6)
An inoperative attitude indicator, shown with a red X on the PFD, indicates failure of the AHRS.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 2. How does an altimeter work? (FAA-H-8083-15)
Aneroid wafers expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes, and through a shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on the dial of the instrument.
What purpose do fuel tank vents have ?
As the fuel level in an aircraft fuel tank decreases, a vacuum would be created within the tank which would eventually result in a decreasing fuel flow and finally engine stoppage. Fuel system venting provides a way of replacing fuel with outside air, preventing formation of a vacuum.
Define the terms "anti-icing equipment" and "deicing equipment" and state several examples of each.
Anti-icing equipment- prevents ice formation on certain protecting surfaces. Examples are heated pitot tubes and static ports, carburetor heat, heated fuel vents, propeller blades with electro thermal boots, and heated windshields. It is normally actuated prior to flight into suspected icing conditions. De-icing equipment- removes ice that has already formed on protected surfaces. It's is generally limited to pneumatic boots on the wing and tail leading edges.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 7. What are the errors of the attitude indicator? (FAA-H-8083-15)
Attitude indicators are free from most errors, but depending upon the speed with which the erection system functions, there may be a slight nose-up indication during a rapid acceleration and a nose-down indication during a rapid deceleration. There is also a possibility of a small bank angle and pitch error after a 180° turn. These inherent errors are small and correct themselves within a minute or so after returning to straight-and-level flight.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 10. What error is the heading indicator subject to? (FAA-H-8083-25)
Because of precession, caused chiefly by friction, the heading indicator will creep or drift from a heading to which it is set. Among other factors, the amount of drift depends largely upon the condition of the instrument. The heading indicator may indicate as much as 15° error per every hour of operation.
What does a carburetor do?
Carburetion may be defined as the process of mixing fuel and air in the correct proportions to from a combustable mixture. the carburetor vaporizes liquid fuel into a small particles and then mixes it with air. it measures the airflow and meters fuel accordingly.
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing ?
Carburetor ice is most likely to occur when temp are below 70*F(21*C) and relative humidity is above 80%. However due to the sudden cooling that takes place in the carburetor, icing can occur even with temps as high as 100*F (38*C) and humidity as low as 50 percent. This temperature drop can be as much as 60 to 70F.
What action should be taken if pre-ignition is suspected?
Corrective actions for pre-ignition include any type of engine operation which would promote cooling such as: 1. Reduce power. 2. Reduce the climb rate for better cooling. 3. Enrich the fuel/air mixture. 4. Open cowl flaps if available.
What is detonation?
Detonation is an uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder's combustion chamber. It causes excessive temperature and pressure which, if not corrected, can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves. In less serve cases, detonation causes engine overheating, roughness, or loss of power. Detonation is characterized by high cylinder head temperatures, and is most likely to occur when operating at high power settings.
Describe the electrical system on your aircraft.
Electrical energy is provided by a 28-volt, direct-current system powered by an engine-driven 60-amp alternator and a 24-volt battery.
What are the four main control surfaces and what are their functions ?
Elevators - The elevators control the movement of the airplane about its lateral axis. This is called pitch. Ailerons - The ailerons control the airplane's movement about its longitudinal axis. This is called roll. Rudder - The rudder controls movement of the airplane about its vertical axis. This motion is called yaw. Trim Tabs - Trim tabs are small, adjustable hinged - surfaces on the aileron, rudder or elevator control surfaces. They are labor - saving devices that enable the pilot to release manual pressure on the primary control.
What type of ignition system does your airplane have?
Engine ignition is provided by two engine-driven magnetos, and two spark plugs per cylinder. The ignition system is completely independent of the aircraft electrical system. The magnetos are engine-driven self-contained units supplying electrical current without using an external source of current. However, before they can produce current, the magnetos must be actuated, as the engine crankshaft is rotated by some other means. To accomplish this, the aircraft battery furnishes electrical power to operate a starter which, through a series of gears, rotates the engine crankshaft. This in turn actuates the armature of the magneto to produce the sparks for ignition of the fuel in each cylinder. After the engine starts, the starter system is disengaged, and the battery no longer contributes to the actual operation of the engine.
What action should be taken if detonation is suspected?
Ensure that the proper grade of fuel is being used Keep the cowl flaps (if available) in the full open position while on the ground to provide the maximum airflow through the cowling Use an enriched fuel mixture, as well as a shallow climb angle, to increase cylinder cooling during takeoff and initial climb Avoid extended, high power, steep climbs Develop the habit of monitoring engine instruments to verify proper operation
If an airplane has anti-icing and or/ deicing equipment installed, can it be flown into icing conditions?
Even though it may appear elaborate and complete, the presence of anti-icing and de icing equipment does not necessarily mean that an airplane is approved for flight in icing conditions. The AFM/POH, placards and even manufacturer should be consulted for specific determination of approvals and limitations.
5. Which standby flight instruments are normally provided in an advanced avionics aircraft? (FAA-H-8083-6)
Every aircraft equipped with electronic flight instruments must also contain a minimal set of backup/standby instruments. Usually conventional "round dial instruments," they typically include an attitude indicator, an airspeed indicator, and an altimeter.
How does the aircraft cabin heat work?
Fresh air, heated by an exhaust shroud, is directed to the cabin through a series of ducts
10. How will loss of a magnetometer affect the AHRS operation? (FAA-H-8083-6)
Heading information will be lost.
Describe the braking system on this aircraft.
Hydraulically actuated disc type brakes are utilized on each main gear wheel. A hydraulic line connects each brake to a master cylinder located on each pilot rudder pedals. By applying pressure to the top of either the pilot or copilot's set of rudder pedals, the brakes may be applied.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 8. What are the different types of aircraft speeds? (FAA-H-8083-25)
INDICATED AIRSPEED (IAS) - The speed of the airplane as observed on the airspeed indicator. It is the airspeed without correction for indicator, position (or installation), or compressibility errors. CALIBRATED AIRSPEED (CAS) - the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position (or installation), and instrument errors. CAS is equal to TAS at sea level in standard atmosphere. The color-coding for various design speeds marked on airspeed indicators may be IAS or CAS. EQUIVALENT AIRSPEED (EAS) - the airspeed indicator reading corrected for position (or installation), or instrument error, and for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. EAS is equal to CAS at sea level in standard atmosphere. TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) - CAS corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature; the speed of the airplane in relation to the air ass in which it is flying.
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge while in flight (more than two needle widths)?
If a continuous excessive rate of charge were allowed for any extended period of time the battery would overheat and evaporate the electrolyte at an excessive rate. A possible explosion of the battery could result. Also, electronic components in the electrical system would be adversely affected by higher than normal voltage. Protection is provided by an over-voltage sensor which will shut the alternator down if an excessive voltage is detected. If this should occur the following should be done: 1. The alternator should be turned off; pull the circuit breaker (the field circuit will continue to draw power from the battery). 2. All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off (the battery is now the only source of electrical power). 3. The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 3. What are the various power sources that may be used to power the gyroscopic instruments in an airplane? (FAA-H-8083-25)
In some airplanes, all the gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated; in others, vacuum or pressure systems provide the power for the heading and attitude indicators, while the electrical system provides the power for the turn coordinator. Most airplanes have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information if one power source fails.
7. When a display failure occurs, what other system components will be affected? (AFM/POH)
In some systems, failure of a display will also result in partial loss of navigation, communication, and GPS capability. Reference your specific AFM/POH.
6. If one display fails (PFD or MFD), what information will be presented on the remaining display? (FAA-H-8083-6)
In the event of a display failure, some systems offer a reversion capability to display the primary flight instruments and engine instruments on the remaining operative display.
Briefly describe Traffic Information Services Broadcast (TIS-B)
Is the broadcast of ATC derived traffic information to ADS-B equipped aircraft from ground radio stations. The source of this traffic information is derived from ground-based air traffic surveillance sensors. Note: not related to Traffic information service
8. What display information will be affected when an ADC failure occurs? (FAA-H-8083-6)
Inoperative airspeed, altitude, and vertical speed indicators, shown with red Xs on the PFD, indicate the failure of the air data computer.
What four strokes must occur in each cylinder of a typical four-stroke engine in order for it to produce full power?
Intake- begins as the piston starts its downward travel causing the intake valve to open and the fuel/air mixture to be drawn into the cylinder. Compression- begins when the intake valve closes, and the piston starts moving back to the top of the cylinder. This phase of the cycle is used to obtain a much greater power output from the fuel/air mixture once it is ignited. Power- begins when the fuel/air mixture is ignited which causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft. Exhaust- is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases and begins when the exhaust valve opens, and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again.
What does the mixture control do?
It regulates the fuel-to-air ratio.The purpose of a mixture control is to prevent the mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes, due to decreasing air density. It is also used to lean the mixture during cross-country flights to conserve fuel and provide optimum power.
What are the five basic functions of the aircraft engine oil?
LUBRICATES - the engine's moving parts COOLS - the engine by reducing friction REMOVES - heat from the cylinders SEALS - provides a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons CLEANS - by carrying off metal and carbon particles and other oil contaminants
How is steering accomplished on the ground ?
Light airplanes are generally provided with nosewheel steering capabilities through a simple system of mechanical linkage connected to the rudder pedal. When a rudder pedal is depressed, a spring-loaded bungee (push-pull-rod) connected to the pivotal portion of a nosewheel strut will turn the nosewheel.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 9. Name several important airspeed limitations not marked on the face of the airspeed indicator. (FAA-H-8083-25)
MANEUVERING SPEED (Va) - the "rough air" speed and the maximum speed for abrupt maneuvers. If rough air or sever turbulence is encountered during flight, the airspeed should be reduced to maneuvering speed or less to minimize the stress on the airplane structure. LANDING GEAR OPERATING SPEED (VLO) - the maximum speed for extending or retracting the landing gear if using aircraft equipped with a retractable landing gear. BEST ANGLE-OF-CLIMB SPEED (Vx) - important when a short-field takeoff to clear an obstacle is required. BEST RATE-OF-CLIMB SPEED (Vy) - the airspeed that will give the pilot the most altitude in a given period of time.
E. Magnetic Compass 1. How does the magnetic compass work? (FAA-H-8083-25)
Magnetized needles fastened to a float assembly, around which is mounted a compass card, align themselves parallel to the earth's lines of magnetic force. The float assembly is housed in a bowl filled with acid-free white kerosene.
How are the circuits for the various electrical accessories within the aircraft protected?
Most of the electrical circuits in an airplane are protected from an overload condition by either circuit breakers or fuses or both. Circuit breakers perform the same function as fuses except that when an overload occurs, a circuit breaker can be reset.
In the event of an electrical system failure, what time duration can you reasonably expect electrical power from the battery?
My AFM doesn't say. But
Does your aircraft use a fuel pump?
No, the fuel is transferred from the wing tanks to the carburetor by "gravity feed" system. The gravity system does not require a fuel pump because the fuel is always under positive pressure to the carburetor. For some aircraft where for some reason it is not possible to place the wings above the carburetor, or which a greater pressure is required than what gravity feed can supply, it is necessary to utilize engine-driven fuel pumps and auxiliary fuel pumps as backups .
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 3. What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter? (FAA-H-8083-15)
Nonstandard pressure and temperature; temperature variations expand or contract the atmosphere and raise or lower pressure levels that the altimeter senses. ON A WARM DAY - The pressure level is higher than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude. ON A COLD DAY - The pressure level is lower than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude. Changes in surface pressure also affect pressure levels at altitude. HIGHER THAN STANDARD PRESSURE - The pressure level is higher than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates lower than actual altitude. LOWER THAN STANDARD PRESSURE - The pressure level is lower than on a standard day. The altimeter indicates higher than actual altitude. REMEMBER: High to low or hot to cold, look out below!
What change occurs in the fuel/air mixture when carburetor heat is applied?
Normally, the introduction of heated air into the carburetor will result in a richer mixture. Warm air is less dense, resulting in less air for the same amount of fuel. Use of Carburetor Heat can cause a decrease in engine power of up to 15 percent.
Explain the procedure for starting your airplane with external power
Not sure. AFM doesn't say.
If the braking system isn't functioning, will the parking brake work?
Not sure. Doesn't mention it. However, I would assume not because you need to engage brakes to engage parking brake.
E. Magnetic Compass 3. What are the various compass errors? (FAA-H-8083-15)
OSCILLATION ERROR - Erratic movement of the compass card caused by turbulence or rough control technique. DEVIATION ERROR - Due to electrical and magnetic disturbances in the aircraft. VARIATION ERROR - Angular difference between true and magnetic north; reference isogonic lines of variation. DIP ERRORS: ACCELERATION ERROR - On east or west headings, while accelerating, the magnetic compass shoes a turn to the north, and when decelerating, it shows a turn to the south. Accelerate North Decelerate South NORTHERLY TURNING ERROR - The compass leads in the south half of a turn, and lags in the north half of a turn. Undershoot North Overshoot South
What is "pre-ignition?"
Pre-ignition occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites prior to the engine's normal ignition event resulting in reduced engine power and high operating temperature. Premature burning is usually caused by a residual hot spot in the combustion chamber, often created by a small carbon deposit on a spark plug, a cracked spark plug insulator, or other damage in the cylinder that causes a part to heat sufficiently to ignite the fuel/air charge. As with detonation, pre-ignition may also cause severe engine damage, because the expanding gases exert excessive pressure on the piston while still on its compression stroke.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 7. What are the errors of the airspeed indicator?
POSITION ERROR - Cause by the static ports sensing erroneous static pressure; slipstream flow causes disturbances at the static port preventing actual atmospheric pressure measurement. It varies with airspeed, altitude, and configuration, and may be a plus or minus value. DENSITY ERROR - Changes in altitude and temperature are not compensated for by the instrument. COMPRESSIBILITY ERROR - Caused by the packing of air into the pitot tube at high airspeeds, resulting in higher than normal indications. It is usually not a factor at slower speeds.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 2. What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope? (FAA-H-8083-25)
RIGIDITY IN SPACE - a gyroscope remains in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning. PRECESSION - the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a deflective force. The reaction to this force does not occur at the point where it was applied; rather, it occurs at a point that is 90° later in the direction of rotation. The rate at which the gyro precesses is inversely proportional to the speed of the rotor and proportional to the deflective force.
What type of hydraulic fluid does your aircraft use and what color is it?
Refer to your AFM/POH: a mineral based hydraulic fluid (MIL-H-5606) is the most widely used type for small aircraft. It has an odor similar to penetrating oil and is dyed red. A newer, fire-resistant fluid (MIL-H-83282) is used in small aircraft and is dyed red.
E. Magnetic Compass 2. What limitations does the magnetic compass have? (FAA-H-8083-15)
The jewel-and-pivot type mounting allows the float freedom to rotate and tilt up to approximately 18° angle of bank. At steeper bank angles, the compass indications are erratic and unpredictable.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 13. What will the turn indicator indicate when the aircraft is in a "skiddng" or a "slipping" turn? (FAA-H-8083-25)
Slip - The ball in the tube will be on the inside of the turn; not enough rate of turn for the amount of bank. Skid - The ball in the tube will be to the outside of the turn; too much rate of turn for the amount of bank.
4. Does an aircraft have to remain stationary during AHRS system initialization? (FAA-8083-6)
Some AHRSs must be initialized on the ground prior to departure. The initialization procedure allows the system to establish a reference attitude used as a benchmark for all future attitude changes. Other systems are capable of initialization while taxiing as well as in flight.
How does the pilot control temperature in the cabin?
Temperature is controlled by mixing outside air (cabin air control) with heated air (cabin heat control) in a manifold near the cabin firewall. This air is then ducted to vents located on the cabin floor.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 12. What are the limitations of the vertical speed indicator? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The VSI is not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized. Because of the restriction in airflow to the static line, a 6 to 9 second lag is required to equalize or stabilize the pressures. Sudden or abrupt changes in aircraft attitude will cause erroneous instrument readings as airflow fluctuates over the static port. Both rough control technique and turbulent air result in unreliable needle indications.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 5. How does the airspeed indicator operate? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The airspeed indicator is a sensitive, differential pressure gauge which measures the difference between impact pressure from the pitot head and undisturbed atmospheric pressure from the static source. The difference is registered by the airspeed pointer on the face of the instrument.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 6. What is the limitation of the airspeed indicator? (FAA- H-8083-15)
The airspeed indicator is subject to proper flow of air in the pitot/static system.
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge while in flight?
The alternator has quit producing a charge, so the alternator circuit breaker should be checked and reset if necessary. If this does not correct the problem, the following should be accomplished: a. The alternator should be turned off; pull the circuit breaker (the field circuit will continue to draw power from the battery). b. All electrical equipment not essential to flight should be turned off (the battery is now the only source of electrical power). c. The flight should be terminated and a landing made as soon as possible.
What does the ammeter indicate?
The ammeter indicates the flow of current, in amperes, from the alternator to the battery or from the battery to the electrical system. With the engine running and master switch on, the ammeter will indicate the charging rate to the battery. If the alternator has gone off-line and is no longer functioning, or the electrical load exceeds the output of the alternator, the ammeter indicates the discharge rate of the battery.
What type of fuel does your aircraft require (minimum octane rating and color)?
The approved fuel grade used is 100LL and the color is blue.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 9. What are the limitations of the heading indicator? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The bank and pitch limits of the heading indicator vary with the particular design and make of instrument. On some heading indicators found in light airplanes, the limits are approximately 55° of bank. When either of these attitudes limits is exceeded, the instrument "tumbles" or "spills" and no longer gives the correct indication until reset. After spilling, it may be reset with the caging knob. Many of the modern instruments used are designed in such a manner that they will not tumble.
Why is the generator/alternator voltage output slightly higher than the battery voltage?
The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged. For example, a 12-volt battery would be supplied with 14 volts.
3. When powering up an aircraft with an FMS/RNAV unit installed, how will you verify the effective dates of the navigation database? (FAA-H-8083-6)
The effective dates for the navigation database are typically shown on a start-up screen that is displayed as the system cycles through its startup self-test.
How are the various flight controls operated ?
The flight control surfaces are manually actuated through use of either a rod or cable system. A control wheel actuates the ailerons and elevator, and rudder/brake pedals actuate the rudder.
Describe a fuel injection system installed in some aircraft.
The fuel injection system injects fuel directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve. It incorporates six basic components: 1. Engine-driven fuel pump: provides fuel under pressure from the fuel tank to the fuel/air control until. 2. Fuel/air control unit: meters fuel based on the mixture control setting and sends it to the fuel manifold valve at a rate controlled by the throttle. 3. Fuel manifold valve: distributes fuel to the individual fuel discharge nozzles. 4. Discharge nozzles: located in each cylinder head, these inject the fuel/air mixture at the precise time for each cylinder directly into each cylinder intake port. 5. Auxiliary fuel pump: provides fuel under pressure to fuel/air control unit for engine starting or emergency use. 6. Fuel pressure/flow indicators- measures metered fuel pressure flow.
What type of fuel system does your aircraft have ?
The fuel system is a "gravity feed" system. Using gravity, the fuel flows from two wing fuel tanks to a fuel shutoff valve which, in the "on" position, allows fuel to flow through a strainer and then to the carburetor. From there, the fuel is mixed with air and then flows into the cylinders through the intake manifold tubes.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 5. How does the attitude indicator work? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar represents the true horizon. This bar is fixed to the gyro and remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the attitude of the airplane relative to the true horizon.
Describe the landing gear system on this airplane.
The landing gear consists of a tricycle-type system utilizing two main wheels and a steerable nosewheel. Tubular spring steel main gear struts provide main gear shock absorption, while nose gear shock absorption is provided by a combination air/oil strut.
During the before-takeoff run-up, you switch the magnetos from the "BOTH" position to the "RIGHT" position and notice there is no RPM drop. What condition does this indicate?
The left P-lead is not grounding, or the engine has been running only on the right magneto because the left magneto has totally failed.
What is the function of the manual primer, and how does it operate?
The manual primer's main function is to provide assistance in starting the engine. The primer draws fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it directly into the cylinder intake ports. This usually results in a quicker, more efficient engine start.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 8. How does the heading indicator operate? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The operation of the heading indicator uses the principle of rigidity in space. The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and the compass card is fixed to the rotor. Since the rotor remains rigid in space, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative to the vertical plane. As the instrument case and the airplane revolve around the vertical axis, the card provides clear and accurate heading information.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 6. What are the limitations of an attitude indicator? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The pitch and bank limits depend upon the make and model o the instrument. Limits in the banking plane are usually from 100° to 110°, and the pitch limits are usually from 60° to 70°. If either limit is exceeded, the instrument will tumble or spill and will give incorrect indications until reset. A number of modern attitude indicators will not tumble.
For aircraft with electronic flight instrumentation, what is the function of the standby battery
The standby battery is held in reserve and kept charged in case of a failure of the charging system and a subsequent exhaustion of the main battery. The standby battery is brought online when the main battery voltage is depleted to a specific value, approximately to 19 volts
What does the throttle do?
The throttle allows the pilot to manually control the amount of fuel/air charge entering the cylinders. This in turn regulates engine speed and power.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 12. What information does the turn coordinator provide? (FAA-H-8083-25)
The turn coordinator shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes. The miniature airplane will indicate direction of the turn as well as rate of turn. When aligned with the turn index, it represents a standard rate of turn of 3° per second. The inclinometer of the turn coordinator indicates of the coordination of aileron and rudder. The ball indicates whether the airplane is in coordinated flight or is in a slip or skid.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 11. How does the turn coordinator operate? (FAA-H-8083-15)
The turn part of the instrument uses precession to indicate direction and approximate rate of turn. A gyro reacts by trying to move in reaction to the force applied thus moving the needle or miniature aircraft in proportion to the rate of turn. The slip/skid indicator is a liquid-filled tube with a ball that reacts to centrifugal force and gravity.
What causes "carburetor icing" and where are the first indications of its presence?
The vaporization of fuel, combined with the expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. The temperature of the air passing through the carburetor may drop as much as 60F within a fraction of a second. Water vapor is squeezed out by this cooling, and if the temperature in the carburetor reaches 32F or below, the moisture will be deposited as frost or ice inside the carburetor. For airplanes with controllable-pitch (constant speed) propellers, the first indication is usually a drop in manifold pressure.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 11. How does the vertical speed indicator work? (FAA-H-8083-15)
The vertical speed indicator is a pressure differential instrument. Inside the instrument case is an aneroid very much like the one in an airspeed indicator. Both the inside of this aneroid and the inside of the instrument case are vented to the static system, but the case is vented through a calibrated orifice that causes the pressure inside the case to change more slowly than the pressure inside the aneroid. As the aircraft ascends, the static pressure becomes lower and the pressure inside the case compresses the aneroid, moving the pointer upward, showing a climb and indicating the number of feet per minute the aircraft is ascending.
What function does the voltage regulator have?
The voltage regulator is a device which monitors system voltage, detects changes, and makes the required adjustments in the output of the alternator to maintain a constant regulated system voltage. It must do this at low RPM, such as during taxi, as well as at high RPM in flight. In a 28-volt system, it will maintain 28 volts +/- 0.5 volts.
What are flaps and what is their function ?
The wing flaps are movable panels on the inboard trailing edges of the wings. They are hinged so that they may be extended downward into the flow of air beneath the wings to increase both lift and drag. Their purpose is to permit a slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during a landing approach. In some cases, they may also be used to shorten take off distance.
Describe how an aircraft de icing system works.
Upon pilot actuation, boots attached to the wing leading edges inflate with air from pneumatic pumps to break off accumulated ice. After a few seconds of inflation, they are deflated back to their normal position with vacuum assistance. The pilot monitors the buildup of ice and cycles the boots as directed in the AFM/POH.
You cannot start your plane due to a low battery, so you request an external start via a ground power cart. What problems might still occur after the engine has started?
You're still going to need power to start the engine again. Basically, you're gonna need another ground power cart
What method is used to determine that carburetor ice has been eliminated?
When heat is first applied, there will be a drop in RPM in airplanes equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller; there will be a drop in manifold pressure in airplanes equipped with a controllable-pitch propeller. If ice is present there will be a rise in RPM or manifold pressure after the initial drop (often accompanied by intermittent engine roughness); and then, when the carburetor heat is turned "off," the RPM or manifold pressure will rise to a setting greater than that before application of heat. The engine should run more smoothly after the ice has been removed.
C. Pitot/Static Flight Instruments 10. What airspeed limitations apply to the color-coded marking system of the airspeed indicator? (FAA-H-8083-25)
White Arc........................................................................flap operating range Lower Limit White Arc.......................Vso (stall speed landing configuration) Upper Limit White Arc...................................Vfe (max flap extension speed) Green Arc..................................................................normal operating range Lower Limit Green Arc................Vs1 (stall speed clean or specified config.) Upper Limit Green Arc........Vno (normal op speed or max structural cruise) Yellow Arc...............................caution range (operations in smooth air only) Red Line.....Vne (never exceed speed; above, structural failure may occur)
If a non-turbine piston engine powered airplane is accidentally fueled with JET-A fuel, will it start?
Yes. Reciprocating engines may run briefly on jet fuel, but detonation and overheating will soon cause power failure. When and aircraft requires Avgas is inadvertently fueled with Jet A, theres is usually a small amount of Avgas remaining in the aircraft's fuel system (tanks, fuel lines, carb, etc.). This remaining fuel can enable and aircraft to taxi, perform engine run up, and possibly even take off before experiencing a catastrophic engine failure.
Interpret the following ammeter indications.
a. Ammeter indicates a right deflection (positive). - After starting - Power from the battery used for starting is being replenished by the alternator; or, if a full-scale charge is indicated for more than 1 minutes, the starter is still engaged and a shutdown is indicated. - During flight - A faculty voltage regulator is causing the alternator to overcharge the battery. Reset the system and if the condition continues, terminate the flight as soon as possible. b. Ammeter indicates a left deflection (negative). - After starting - It is normal during start. At other times this indicates the alternator is not functioning or an overload condition exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge. - During flight - The alternator is not functioning or an overload exists in the system. The battery is not receiving a charge. Possible causes: the master switch was accidentally shut off, or the alternator circuit breaker tripped.
What are the two main advantages of a dual ignition system?
a. Increased safety: in case one system fails the engine may be operated on the other side until a landing is safely made. b. More complete and even combustion of the mixture, and consequently, improved engine performance.
The electrical system provides power for what equipment in an airplane?
a. Radio equipment b. Turn coordinator c. fuel gauges d. pitot heat e. landing light f. taxi light g. strobe lights h. interior lights i. instrument lights j. position lights k. Flaps (maybe) l. stall warning system m. oil temperature gauge n. electric fuel pump
Explain the limitations pilots should be aware of when using TIS-B for situational awareness
a. TIS-B is not intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve the pilots responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. b. A pilot may receive an intermittent TIS-B target of themselves, typically when maneuvering due to the radar not tracking the aircraft as quickly as ADS-B c. The ADS-B-to-radar association process within the ground system may at times have difficulty correlating an ADS-B report with corresponding radar returns from the same aircraft. Might see duplicate traffic symbols d. TIS-B updates less often than ADS-B. Every 3-13 seconds e. TIS-B only uplinks data pertaining to transponder equipped aircraft. Aircraft without a transponder will not be displayed as TIS-B aircraft
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
a. Using a lower fuel grade that that specified by the aircraft manufacturer. b. Operating with extremely high manifold pressures in conjunction with low RPM. c. Operating the engine at high power settings with an excessively lean mixture. d. Extended ground operations or steep climbs where cylinder cooling is reduced.
D. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments 1. What instruments contain gyroscopes? (FAA-H-8083-25)
a. the turn coordinator b. the heading indicator (directional gyro) c. the attitude indicator (artificial horizon)