Chapter 5 Smartbook

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?

equity sensitivity

Herzberg's theory classified company administration, salary, and working conditions as _____ factors.

hygiene

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

valence

Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory?

-Bonuses -Recognition

Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?

-high levels of dissatisfaction and stress -poor mental health -low sense of accomplishment

What does equity theory explain?

-how people strive for fairness in social exchanges -how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships

What are the key elements of equity theory?

-inputs -outputs -comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

In equity theory, inputs can include:

-personality traits -education -skills and knowledge

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?

-Motivate the employee to correct the situation. -Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee. -Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior.

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?

-People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal. -Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance. -Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals.

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

-affiliation -power -achievement

Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?

-competence -autonomy -relatedness

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

-direction of behavior or thought -persistence of behavior or thought -intensity of behavior or thought

According to McGregor, Theory X assumes that employees:

-dislike work -must be monitored frequently -can only be motivated with rewards and punishments

Job crafting is the:

approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?

idiosyncratic deals

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as _____ _____.

job crafting

David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by:

needs we acquire as we live our lives

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

-Ask for new work assignments. -Talk with the manager. -Change jobs.

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

-Esteem Needs -Physiological Needs

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is _____ theory.

equity

Equity theory uses a comparison the ratio _____ of to _____.

output input

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

acquired needs theory

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective _____.

inputs

In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:

inputs

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job _____.

rotation

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job _____.

design

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _____ deals.

idiosyncratic

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:

procedural justice

Expectancy theory can be used to predict _____ in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives.

behavior

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as

needs

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job _____.

enlargement

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:

job enlargement

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

needs

According to equity theory, people compare

their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.

Herzberg's theory states that there are _____ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.

two

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as _____ _____.

job design

Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?

How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of _____ theory.

equity

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _____ _____.

scientific management

Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?

scientific management

The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and _____

power

The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.

process

Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?

self-determination theory

According to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:

state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, _______ , and relatedness—drive our behavior.

competence

The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:

Frederick Herzberg

The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

expectancy

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?

high equity sensitivity

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

job design.

The hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include:

-salary -working conditions -relations with one's supervisor

Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?

-systematic observation -experimentation -reason

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

-ability to achieve the goal -goal specificity -commitment to the goal

Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as _____.

Theory X

The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are _____ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are _____ theories.

content process

The general categories of motivation theories include:

content theories process theories