Chapter 54: Introduction to ecology and biomes

Compared to rivers, oceans contain considerably more dissolved minerals because: more oceanic animals die, decompose and minerals are release in the ocean oceans continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers the more diverse and dense aquatic population of animals excrete more minerals the sun evaporates pure water from ocean surfaces

oceans continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers the sun evaporates pure water from ocean surfaces

The study of the physiological response of an organism to its environment and the impact of the environment on the species distribution is called: community ecology organismal ecology ecosystem ecology population ecology

organismal ecology

The __________ of water can be classified as acidic, alkaline, or neutral.

pH

Although corals are animals, they are limited to the ______________ zone, where light penetrates, because of the presence of photosynthetic algae that inhabit their inner cell layer.

photic

Community ecological studies focus on how: populations of species interact with each other. biomes interact with each other. individuals within a species interact with each other.

populations of species interact with each other.

On the windward side of the mountain warm, moist air flows upward and cools. This increases ______ on the windward side of a mountain. precipitation evaporation soil salinity temperature

precipitation

In mountains, when air is blown across the Earth's surface and up over the mountains, it cools as air expands because of: increased pressure reduced pressure

reduced pressure

As air heats up, it rises, allowing cooler air to rush in and take its place. This temperature gradient creates wind. the greenhouse effect. global warming. flooding.

wind

At ______ water freezes and is in its ______ dense state. 0o C; most 0o C; least 4o C; most -4o C; least

0o C; least

Tropical regions vary about ______ year-round. 10-20o C 2-3o C 4-5o C 0.5-1.0o C

2-3 oC

Water is at its most dense at _____________ degrees C and becomes less dense as it warms or cools.

4

Why are temperate deciduous forest biomes favorable for agriculture after clearing? Decomposition of the high diversity of decaying animal species increases nutrient levels. Annual leaf drop promotes high soil nutrient levels. Year-round growth of agricultural crops is possible in this biome.

Annual leaf drop promotes high soil nutrient levels.

All of the following are broad areas of ecology except: Community Population Organismal Ecosystem Cellular

Cellular

Select all human activities that affect tropical rain forests. Development of oil reserves Clearing land for cattle Logging land for agriculture

Clearing land for cattle Logging land for agriculture

Why don't temperatures keep increasing with decreasing latitudes near the equator? Cloudiness and rain reduce average temperatures. There is no increase in the amount of solar radiation that penetrates the atmosphere near the equator. The sun's rays are captured in the canopy of the rainforests.

Cloudiness and rain reduce average temperatures.

How is wind created? Less dense cool air rushes in to replace dense hot air that rises. Dense cool air rushes in to replace less dense hot air that rises. Less dense hot air rushes in to replace dense cool air that rises. Dense hot air rushes in to replace less dense cool air that rises.

Dense cool air rushes in to replace less dense hot air that rises.

Match the following biotic life form with its respective biome. Dinoflagellate algae -> Phytoplankton ->

Dinoflagellate algae -> coral reef Phytoplankton -> open ocean

Which of the following statements about ecology is INCORRECT? Ecology is the study of the interactions between biotic and abiotic aspects of the environment. Ecologists may study populations and communities of organisms. Ecological studies may involve the use of models and computers. Ecology is a discipline that is independent of natural selection and evolutionary history.

Ecology is a discipline that is independent of natural selection and evolutionary history.

Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? Community, ecosystem, individual, population Population, ecosystem, individual, community Individual, community, population, ecosystem Ecosystem, community, population, individual

Ecosystem, community, population, individual

True or false: Phytoplankton live within coral tissue.

False Phytoplankton live in the photic zone of the open ocean. Dinoflagellate algae live in coral tissue.

What abiotic factor may cause protein denaturation? High temperature Excess water High light intensity High wind speeds

High temperature

How do human activities affect the temperate rain forest? Humans clear the forest for oil drilling operations. Humans use the forest for wood and supplies. Humans clear the forest for natural gas exploration. Humans clear the forest for pasturage of domestic animals.

Humans use the forest for wood and supplies.

Where are cold deserts typically found? Around latitudes of 30 degrees north and south In wet regions at middle to high latitudes In dry regions at middle to high latitudes

In dry regions at middle to high latitudes

Arrange the following levels of organization in the correct sequence. Start with the least inclusive (i.e., fewest number of organisms) at the top and end with the most inclusive at the bottom. Individual Community Ecosystem Population

Individual Population Community Ecosystem

What is the biome in which the land meets the sea, and is alternately submerged and exposed by the daily cycle of tides? Mesopelagic zone Epipelagic zone Intertidal zone

Intertidal zone

Select all the characteristics of water that are crucial to living organisms. It is a reactant for cellular respiration. It is part of the hydrostatic skeleton in some invertebrates. It is used for support in plants. It is the means by which animals eliminate waste. It aligns spindles during cell division. It takes part in hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. It acts as a solvent for chemical reactions.

It acts as a solvent for chemical reactions. It takes part in hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. It is the means by which animals eliminate waste. It is part of the hydrostatic skeleton in some invertebrates. It is used for support in plants.

Which of the following habitats consists of still, deep water and has physical characteristics that depend greatly on the surrounding land? Lentic habitat Wetlands Lotic habitat Open ocean

Lentic habitat

Which of the following human activities have had the greatest impact on the tropical rain forests? Mining and drilling Exploration and development of oil Logging and agriculture Exploration and development of natural gas reserves

Logging and agriculture

Which of the following is a main effect of humans on temperate rain forest biomes? Clearing for agriculture Clearing for cattle Logging for wood

Logging for wood

Select all of the correct descriptions of how temperature affects organisms. Low temperatures freeze many plants. Some plants require fire for seed germination. High temperatures denature proteins. High temperatures can cause cells to burst. Low temperatures can cause coral bleaching.

Low temperatures freeze many plants. Some plants require fire for seed germination. High temperatures denature proteins.

Which of the following geographical regions have the largest fluctuations in yearly temperatures? Southern hemisphere Tropical regions Northern hemisphere

Northern hemisphere

Which of the following statements describe the physical environment of a temperate rain forest? Occasionally temperatures drop below freezing in the winter. Water from dense coastal fogs condenses. Rainfall is abundant. Temperature often exceeds 400C. Temperatures are often below freezing. Rainfall is moderate.

Occasionally temperatures drop below freezing in the winter. Water from dense coastal fogs condenses. Rainfall is abundant.

_______ ecology focuses on groups of interbreeding individuals in an attempt to understand factors that determine group size and density. Ecosystem Behavioral Population Physiological

Population

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of tundra is true? Summer temperatures are extremely hot. Abundant precipitation is available for plants. Precipitation often locked up as snow and unavailable for plants.

Precipitation often locked up as snow and unavailable for plants.

Match the hot desert to its location. Sahara -> Kalahari -> Atacama -> Simpson ->

Sahara -> North Africa Kalahari -> South Africa Atacama -> Chiles Simpson -> Australia

In general, abiotic factors have powerful effects in most ecological systems. Which of the following is an abiotic factor? Salinity Predation Parasites Competition

Salinity

Which biome lies north of the temperate-zone forests and grasslands, and is commonly known by its Russian name, taiga? Temperate deciduous forest Temperate coniferous forest Temperate rain forest

Temperate coniferous forest

In what biome are you most likely to find animals that hibernate, migrate, or enter into diapause? Temperate rain forest Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest

Temperate deciduous forest

Which biome is characterized by abundant rainfall, condensation of water from coastal fog, and cool (but not freezing) temperatures? Tropical rain forest Temperate deciduous forest Temperate rain forest

Temperate rain forest

What is the definition of climate? The abiotic components of an area with similar biotic constituents. The environment within a localized area. The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.

The prevailing weather pattern of a given region.

Select all reasons why there is less heat at high latitudes. The thinner air in the mountains cannot retain the heat. The sun's rays travel a greater distance through the atmosphere. There is less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The sun's rays hit the Earth obliquely.

The sun's rays travel a greater distance through the atmosphere. The sun's rays hit the Earth obliquely.

Since corals are animals, why are they limited to the photic zone? Sunlight is necessary for gamete production. They rely on plants for reproduction. They contain photosynthetic symbiotic algae.

They contain photosynthetic symbiotic algae.

Why do oceans contain more dissolved minerals than rivers? They continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers. There are many more species of fish in the ocean, which excrete minerals into the water. The shorelines of oceans contain more minerals than those of rivers.

They continually receive the nutrient-rich waters of rivers.

Which biome is dominated by grasses, and is characterized by plants with well-developed root systems, enabling them to resprout quickly after a fire? Hot desert Northern taiga Tropical grassland

Tropical grassland

Which of the following biomes contains occasional thorny trees and plants with well-developed root systems that enable them to resprout quickly after a fire? Tropical grassland Tropical coniferous forest Temperate coniferous forest Mountain range

Tropical grassland

A South American biomes that has abundant rainfall (exceeds 230 cm per year), year round hot temperature, hundreds of different tree species is most likely. Tropical deciduous forest Temperate rain forest Tropical rain forest Temperate deciduous forest

Tropical rain forest

This biome is found in equatorial regions, has a very high species diversity, and contains trees with buttress roots to support their shallow root systems. Temperate deciduous forest Tropical grasslands Tropical rain forest

Tropical rain forest

_______________ acts as a solvent for chemical reactions, is the means by which animals eliminate waste, and is used for support in plants.

Water

What is unique about the deep water availability in the tundra biome? Water is locked in permafrost All water tables are liquid Water tables are contaminated with oil

Water is locked in permafrost

Choose all abiotic factors that limit distribution patterns and abundance of organisms. Wind Water Temperature Salinity Pathogens

Wind Water Temperature Salinity

The main objective of studying population ecology is to understand the factors that affect the effect of selection pressure on the genetic makeup of populations. a population's growth and determine its size and density. the behavior of individuals and determine reproductive success.

a population's growth and determine its size and density.

The interacting system of a community of organisms and the physical environment in which they live is called: competition an ecosystem succession

an ecosystem

A large naturally occurring community of animals and plants occupying a major habitat is best defined as a(n) domain. population. biome. ecosystem.

biome

Major types of habitat characterized by distinctive plant and animal life is known as a(n) ________________.

biome

Interactions among organisms and the living environment are called ______________ interactions, and those between organisms and their nonliving environment are termed ______________ interactions.

biotic, abiotic

Animals in temperate deciduous forest are adapted to its climate. Match the animal to the correct adaptation. birds -> insects -> mammals ->

birds -> migration insects -> diapause mammals -> hibernation

Ecology as a discipline directly deals with all of the following levels of biological organization except: ecosystem cellular organismal population

cellular

The focus of ____________ ecology is to determine the basis of differences in species richness.

community

Hot _____________ are found around latitudes 20-30o north and south.

deserts

An estimated 30-40% of all species of _____________ on Earth are found on coral reefs.

fish

Wetlands generally have ______ nutrients levels and ______ oxygen levels.

high; low

Light can be a limiting resource for plant growth because: it is necessary for gamete development it is necessary for photosynthesis it is necessary for protein synthesis it is necessary for activation of enzymes

it is necessary for photosynthesis

A freshwater ______ habitat consists of still, often deep water, such as that in the Everglades National Park in Florida. river lotic intertidal lentic

lentic

In addition to gases such as carbon dioxide and water, photosynthesis also requires ___________________, which can be a limiting resource for plants.

light

What habitat has flowing water that prevents nutrient accumulation and phytoplankton blooms? Wetland Lentic Lotic

lotic