Chapter 6
What are "non suspect" classification?
Minimum rationality test: standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a non-suspect classification (i.e., age, wealth, sexual orientation)
What are other groups that have sought civil rights protections and equality?
Native Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans
What is suspect classification?
classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest, includes strict scrutiny standard.
Why did Native Americans seek civil rights protections and equality?
The US tried to assimilate and exploit them
What is strict scrutiny?
a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
What are contemporary cases of discrimination based on?
1. Sexual orientation 2. Age 3. Disability 4. Citizenship
What are the 3 legal classifications?
Suspect classification Quasi-suspect classification "Non-suspect" classifications
What was Jim Crow?
A new face for racist Black Code laws (reemerged under a new name) designed to keep certain groups out of polls
What is the race in American Politics timeline?
Abolitionist Black Code Reconstruction Jim Crow Poll Tax Literacy Test Jim crow law Grandfather Clause Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) NAACP and Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education De jure discrimination De facto discrimination Affirmative action
Why did Asian Americans seek civil rights protections and equality?
Basically held in slavery to build railroads WW2, many were put in internment camps because the US government didn't trust them (the US paid reparations to them later)
What happened for women after the Battle for the Equal Rights Amendment following the Civil Rights movement?
Battle for the Equal Rights Amendment followed the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s, but the amendment failed. (wanted to make discrimination based on gender illegal) Gender discrimination still does not have constitutional protection.
Why did Hispanic Americans civil rights protections and equality?
Discrimination and racial profiling as illegal immigrants Began facing this discrimination when part of Mexico became US
What is de facto discrimination?
Discrimination that exists in cultural
What is Quasi-suspect classification?
Intermediate standard of review: standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasi-suspect classification (i.e., gender)
What was the grandfather clause?
Jim crow law Could not vote unless you prove your grandfather voted Freed slaves did not have that The poor white people who could not pay or read could now vote with this jim crow law
What was the literacy test?
Jim crow law Many slaves could not Lots of the poor, in general
What was the poll tax?
Jim crow law Pay to vote (newly freed slaves had no money to vote) Also, the poor, in general
What was black code?
Laws that directly applied to African Americans and later other minorities (much varied from state to state)
What is de jure discrimination?
Legal and institutionalized segregation
What was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
Legalizes segregation based on race ("separate but equal")
What was reconstruction?
Many laws against African Americans abolished
What was an abolitionist?
People who wanted to abolish slavery
What allowed women to vote?
Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920
What was Brown v Board of Education?
Ruled separate but equal was unconstitutional (segregation not allowed)
What is affirmative action?
Tries to combat de facto discrimination by trying to force equal outcomes for citizens
How do women still face discrimination in the workplace?
Women earn 81 cents for every dollar earned by men (Discrimination against pregnant women) Women are underrepresented in corporate management and other top positions of power. (Congress/government) Campaign money (Increasing representation in 2018)