Chapter 6

Cholecystokinin

-hormone produces in intestine -stimulates production of pancreatic secretions -gallbladder contractions -inhibits gastric motility

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

-hormone released from hypothalamus -stimulates uterine lining during menstrual cycle

Oxytocin

-neurohormone produced by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -contraction and lactation

Smooth muscle

-nonstriated -involuntary -found in vessel walls, glands, and GI tract -visceral and multiunit (two types)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

-nucleic acid made from DNA in the nucleus of the cell -move to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for production of proteins

Superior vena cava

-one of the two largest veins in the body -carried blood from upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

Vestibular gland

-one of two glands that lie on each side of the vaginal opening -secretes mucus into the vestibule to moisten and lubricate vagina for insertion of penis

Multiunit smooth muscle

-one of two types of smooth muscle -formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen)

Organ of corti

-organ that is the primary receptor for sound -made up of thousands of cilia

Allele

-variant form of a gene -can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence

Two types of smooth muscle

-visceral -multiunit

Skeletal muscle

-voluntary muscle -striated -light and dark striations

Plasma

-yellow fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients -transports cellular waste material to organs of excretion -makes up 55% of total blood volume

Three divisions of the adrenal cortex

-zona fasciculata (corticosteroids) -zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) -zona reticularis (some weak male sex hormones or androgens)

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

are cubical in shape and are found in the more highly specialized organs of the body, such as the ovary and the kidney

Columnar

Elongated Column shaped cells

Musculoskeletal system

Enables the body to move using muscles. Bones supporting the body and its organs. Human skeleton Joints Ligaments Muscular system Tendons

ductless glands

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, because they have no duct system. The glands of this system are unlike exocrine glands that secrete their products into ducts.

endolymphatic space (within membrane)

Endolymph-filled space contained by the membranous labyrinth.

Salivary Enzymes

Enzymes are present in saliva; they act on food, and start the breakdown process.

Four main groups of tissue classifications

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

External Ear

Funnels sound waves into its opening (external auditory canal) Elastic Cartilage External acoustic meatus.

Epithelial tissue

Lining tissue that covers the interior and exterior surfaces of the body.

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Facial Bones

MAXILLARY BONES MANDIBLE LACRIMAL NASAL BONES

Metatarsal bones

METATARSUS and is made up of five

common iliac vein

Major vein that drains the pelvis empties into inferior vena cava

Muscles of Mastication

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

AV node

Picks up signal from SA Node, and makes an electrical signal to make the ventricles contract.

constitutes 50 to 60 percent of whole blood.

Plasma

55 percent

Plasma constitutes ____ ___________ (%) of whole blood (plasma and cells).

Contributes to coagulation

Plasma fibrinogen proteins

92 percent

Plasma is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw-colored liquid consisting of about ____ _________ (%) water.

Mandible Angle

Point where the mandible moves from horizontal to verticle position

Two kinds of neuroglia are found in PNS

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) and Satellite cells

zona glomerulosa

Secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Acini Cells

Secretory cells of the gland Found in the pancreas (exocrine gland) produce digestive amylase

telodendria

Series of fine, terminal extensions branching from the axon tip.

Mandibular foramen

Serves as a passage for the trigeminal nerve. Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels where the nerves and blood vessel for the lower teeth and lip enter the mandible

pars anterior and pars intermedia

The adenohypophysis is further subdivided into the

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

9 meters in length

The alimentary canal (tract) is _____ meters in length, tubular, and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

chief factors in determining one's complexion

The color and quantity of the melanin

frontal sinuses

The two ________ sinuses (air spaces in the bone) are located above each eye socket.

Intercalated disks

branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell

calyx

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis whorl of sepals

acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

At puberty, estrogen stimulates

enlargement of various accessory organs, which include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and external structures.

Where does the optic nerve enter the globe?

enters the globe posteriorly through the optic foramen

Acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine

external respiration

gas exchange between air in the lungs and the blood

Internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and the cells

residual volume

gas remains in the lungs simply to keep lungs open

Flatus

gas within colon

Taste hairs

hair-like projections of the gustatory cells of the taste buds

hemi- -

half; one-sided

Each cervical vertebrae

has a transverse foramen to allow passage of nerves, the vertebral artery, and a vein.

The seventh cervical vertebra

has an especially prominent projection that can easily be felt at the nape of the neck. This makes it possible for physicians to count and identify the vertebrae above and below it.

The Vagus Nerve

has many functions, including control of the roof of the mouth, vocal cords, and tone of the voice; hoarseness may also indicate vagus nerve involvement.

The endometrial cycle

has three phases: proliferative phase, the secretory phase, and the menstrual phase

Women

have a lower blood pressure than men.

marking day 1 of the next cycle

if fertilization does not take place, the lining deteriorates and eventually sloughs off,

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

in equal volumes; however, certain physiological conditions may throw this balance off.

Peritoneum

protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

T wave

represents ventricular repolarization

female pelvis

tilted forward, adapted to childbearing, broad, shallow, pubic angle lightweight, 80-90◦ wider and shallower

Inflammatory respones

tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury and promote normalcy INCLUDES; histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds

chief function of Areolar tissue

to bind parts of the body together

There is only one white cell

to every 600 red cells.

organs are grouped together

to form systems, such as the urinary system that is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

ad- -

to, towards

Glottis

vocal cords and the openings between them

Cuboidal

cube shaped cells

-megaly -

enlargement

Femoral

pertaining to thigh

Brachial

pertaining to upper arm

Gluteals

(MAXIMUS, MINIMUS, and MEDIUS) are the large muscles of the buttocks, which extend and laterally rotate the thigh, as well as abduct and medially rotate it. They arise from the ilium, the posterior surface of the lower sacrum, and the side of the coccyx. Their points of insertion include the greater trochanter and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. The gluteus maximus is the site of choice for massive intramuscular injections.

Menarche

1st menstrual period

Gluteus Medius

Abducts and medially rotates thigh Ilium Greater trochanter of femur

fracture

Break in a bone Fx

Medullary canal

In the center of the bone, which contains marrow.

saddle joints

Only one pair exists and is between the thumb and wrist. biaxial each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle

24 movable or true vertebrae

Only the top ________ _______ __ _____ ________ bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. Makes up the Vertebral Column

Lactotrophs

Prolactin secrete prolactin (PRL) Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that produce and secrete prolactin.

Mandible

The lower jaw. Its main function is mastication.

Resting potential

The resting potential describes the unstimulated, polarized state of a neuron (at about -70 millivolts).

left upper quadrant of the abdomen

The stomach

supplies the left side of the head

Three large arteries arise from the aorta

The atlas and the axis

are the only named vertebrae, all others are numbered.

Many of the main muscles are

attached to the vertebrae

motor nerve fiber

carries impulses to the dermal muscles and glands

seven

cervical vertebrae in the neck

Plasmin

clot-dissolving enzyme

-pathy -

disease

oct- -

eight

Corpus cavernosus

erectile tissue found in clitoris and penis

poli/o -

gray

Endocarditis

infection of a heart valve

synthetic hormones

lab produced chemical hormones

Sagittal (lateral) plane

left and right

multi- -

many

-meter -

measuring instrument

Pericardium

membrane surrounding the heart

Spindle fibers

microtubules radiating from centrioles

Centriole

organelles that are essential in cell division

Tibialis anterior

originates at the upper half of the tibia and inserts at the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones. It flexes the foot.

ecto- -

out, outside

Ejection fraction

percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts

axolemma

plasma membrane of axon

erythr/o -

red

Atlas

resembles a bony ring. It supports the head. C1

ipsi- -

same

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin

Albumins

smallest of plasma proteins that make up about 60% of these proteins by weight

Hydrolysis

splitting of a molecule by adding water

-logy -

study of

Vestibular folds

superior portion of the vocal cords, also called the false vocal cords

Yergason test

supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a pt has bicipital tendinitis

common iliacs arteries

supply the lower extremities

food absorption

takes place in the small intestine

plantar -

the bottom side of the foot

When stained

the various cell structures can be more readily recognized under a microscope.

-oma -

tumor

hypo- -

under, below normal

alb -

white

The phalanges are named for their anatomical position proximal phalanx

is the bone closest to the hand; the distal phalanx is the bone at the end of the finger; and the middle phalanx, the bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges.

Skeletal system

is the bony framework of the body, composed of 206 bones. It supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. joined members that make muscle movement possible.

With the exception of the lower jaw bone (mandible) and the ear bones

all skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position.

When human bone is soaked in dilute acid until all inorganic mineral salts are washed out

all that remains is a flexible piece of tissue that can easily be bent and twisted.

pan- -

all, entire

The lips are very sensitive and act as sensory receptors

allowing food and liquids to be placed in the mouth but guarding the oral cavity against the ingestion of excessively hot or cold substances.

vestibule

is the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum (tympanic cavity), behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals.

Inhalation

is the direct result of the expansion caused by the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The increase in chest volume creates a negative (lower than atmospheric) pressure in the pleural cavity and lungs. Air rushes into the lungs through the mouth and nose to equalize the pressure.

Transmission of Nerve Impulses

along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is polarized—that is, there is a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the membrane. The inside is negative with respect to the outside.

diaphysis

is the elongated, cylindrical portion (or "shaft) of the bone

anus

is the external opening at the lower end of the digestive system. Except during bowel movement (defecation), it is kept closed by two sphincters. An internal one made of smooth muscle and external one made of striated muscles

Utricle (In vestibule)

along with the saccule, is one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber).

renal corpuscle

also called malpighian body, filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman's capsule) that opens into a tubule.

Cardiac muscle never completely relaxes

always maintains a degree of tone.

vital capacity

amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and expiration

Cardiac output

amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute

types of joints

amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis, synarthrosis

sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum terminal portion of the large intestine that joins with the rectum LLQ

osteomalacia

an abnormal softening of bones because of loss of calcium

urinary meatus

is the external urethral orifice. In the male, the urethra is common to the urinary and reproductive systems; in the female, it belongs only to the urinary system.

Utricle

an enlarged portion of the labyrinth of the inner ear that contains a specialized patch of tissues that aids int he sensation of position and motion

Carbonic anhydrase

an enzyme in rbcs that speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid

Hemoglobin

is the key of the red cell's ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

T cells

an immune system cell that coordinates the immune system and attacks many infected cells Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

Primary respiratory alkalosis

an increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation of CO2

biological clock

an internal control of natural cycles term for the area of the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness

Calmodulin

an intracellular protein to which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction

Creatine phosphate

an organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction

The right and left ovary alternately discharges

an ovum approximately every 28 days.

Each ovary normally releases

an ovum every 56 days.

McBurney point

anatomic landmark in RLQ that represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis

mylohyoid muscles

anatomically and functionally form the floor of the mouth. They elevate the tongue and depress the mandible. Their origin is the mandible and insertion is the upper border of the hyoid bone.

endocrine glands produce

and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

talus

ankle bone the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

adenohypophysis

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

The sequence of air through the nose

anterior nares; vestibule; inferior, middle, and superior meatuses (simultaneously); and posterior nares

Antecubital fossa

anterior surface at the bend of the elbow

Gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.

Hyperesthesia

any of several conditions that result in excess skin sensitivity, especially to touch or cold

Lymphadenopathy

any swelling of the lymph nodes, with or without pain

Secondary immune response

appearance of concentrations of antibodies in the blood plasma, usually 5-10 days after exposure to antigens

New bone growth

appostitional growth through periosteum and endosteum. No interstitial growth.

Pleurae

are airtight membranes that cover the outer surface of the lungs and line the chest wall. They secrete a serous fluid that prevents friction during movements of respiration.

White blood cells (WBC), or leukocytes

are almost colorless, nucleated cells originating in the bone marrow and in certain lymphoid tissues of the body.

greater trochanters

are at the proximal end for the attachment of muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLES

are attached to the bones and give shape to the body. They are responsible for allowing body movement. This type of muscle is sometimes referred to as STRIATED because of the striped appearance of the muscle fibers under a microscope.They are also called VOLUNTARY muscles because they are under the control of our conscious will. These muscles can develop great power.

The first seven pairs of ribs

are attached to the sternum by cartilage and are called true ribs.

The coronary arteries

are branches of what is generally called the ascending aorta, and they supply the heart with blood. The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood. There are three large arteries that arise from the aorta as it arches over the left lung.

Neuroglia (glia)

are cells that support and protect neurons. "glue" Nervous system support cells. Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells are fond in the CNS. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) and Satellite cells are found in PNS

soles of the feet and the palms of the hand

are devoid of Sebaceous glands

Pectoralis major

is the large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle. It rotates the arm inward, pulls a raised arm down toward the chest, and draws the arm across the chest. It originates in the clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of the true ribs, and the external oblique muscle. Its insertion is in the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Aorta

is the large tubelike structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart. It arches upward over the left lung and then down along the spinal column through the thorax and the abdomen, where it divides to send arteries down both legs

Liver

is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the upper abdomen on the right side, just under the diaphragm and superior to the duodenum and pylorus. a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes. RUQ Produces bile

ileum

is the last and longest part of the small intestine; it is approximately 3.5 meters (12 feet) long.

Plasma

is the liquid part of blood; the whole blood minus cells. It is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw-colored liquid consisting of about 92 percent water. The remainder is made up mainly of proteins.

papillary tip

is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid.

humerus

is the longest bone of the upper extremity and is often called the arm bone articulates with the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint, and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow.

Sartorius

is the longest muscle in the body. It extends diagonally across the front of the thigh from its origin at the ilium, down to its insertion near the tuberosity of the tibia. Its function is to flex the thigh and rotate it laterally, and to flex the leg and rotate it slightly medially.

cervix

is the lower one-third portion of the uterus that projects into the upper part of the vagina.

Body of Pancreas

is the main area of the pancreas. It has a prismatic shape and there are three surfaces: the inferior, posterior and anterior surface. The anterior surface points up and forward. Its shape is a bit concave and it has the stomach's posteroinferior surface around it.

Nephrons

is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule.

jejunum

is the middle part of the small intestine; it is approximately 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) long. Its enzymes continue the digestive process.

Arteries

are elastic tubes constructed to withstand high pressure. They carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. The smallest branches of the arteries are called arterioles.

vertebral projections

are for the attachments of muscles and ligaments and for facilitating movement of one vertebra over another.

Smooth, or nonstriated, muscle tissues

are found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and blood vessels, as Striated muscle fibers. well as in the duct glands and in the skin. Under a microscope, the smooth muscle fiber lacks the striped appearance of other muscle tissue . This tissue is also called INVOLUNTARY muscle because it is not under conscious control.

Rectal Sinus

are furrows in the anal canal, that separate the anal columns from one another. The anal sinuses end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves.

skull bones

are further divided into the cranial and facial bones.

The planes of the body

are imaginary lines dividing it into sections. They are used as reference points in locating anatomical structures.

Leukocytes

are important for the protection of the body against disease.

external accessory organs of the female reproductive system

are referred to collectively as the vulva

Mineralocorticoids

are regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance. Sometimes called salt and water hormones because they regulate the excretion and absorption of sodium, chlorine, potassium, and water. In humans, aldosterone is the only physiologically important mineralcorticoid. Its primary function is the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood.

Intercostal Muscles

are situated between the ribs. Their contraction pulls the ribs upward and outward, resulting in an increase in the transverse diameter of the chest (chest expansion).

Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes

are small, biconcave, nonnucleated disks, formed in the red bone marrow.

Involuntary muscle fibers

are smooth, or nonstriated, and are not under the control of the individual's will. muscles of the stomach

Voluntary muscle fibers

are striated, or striped, and are under the control of the individual's will. Muscles that attach to bone.

The phalanges

are the bones of the toes and are similar in number, structure, and arrangement to the bones of the fingers.

kidneys

are two large, bean-shaped organs approximately 11cm by 7cm by 3cm, designed to filter waste materials from the blood They assist in controlling the rate of red blood cell formation and in the regulation of blood pressure; the absorption of calcium ions; and the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. The kidneys are located in the upper posterior part of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spinal column. The upper end of each kidney reaches above the level of the 12th rib.

Perineum

area between the urethral opening and the anus

Olfactory cortex

area in the brain that receives odor impulses and perceives them as smell

visual cortex

area in the brain where signals from the optic nerve are converted into visual images

Retroperitoneal space

area located posterior to parietal peritoneum that contains kidneys, pancreas, reproductive organs, duodenum, and major blood vessels

Carotid triangle

area of anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Anterior triangle

area of neck that is bordered by sternocleidomastoid muscle, anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible

ovarian (primordial) follicles

areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop Saclike structures that contain the immature oocytes within the ovaries

three predominant types of connective tissue

areolar, adipose, and osseous.

Axilla

armpit

circum- -

around

peri- -

around

Distributors

arteries and arterioles

common carotid

artery supplying blood to most of the head and neck, divided into internal and external branches

right common carotid

artery that comes off the brachiocephalic artery and goes into head

glenoid fossa

articulates with the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint, and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow where a rounded portion of the humerus fits

lateral condyles

articulating projection At the distal end are two bony prominences articulate with the tibia and the patella

sutures

articulations in the cranial bones; immovable joints of skull bones joined together firmly along seams

brachial artery

as it travels down the arm and divides into the ulnar and radial arteries.

Anterior spinothalamic tracts

ascending fiber tracts that carry info to the brain about light touch, pressure, and tickling/itching sensations

Gastrocnemius

together with the Soleus called the calf muscles. Extend the foot and ankle. originates at two points on the femur. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.

Transverse (axial) plane

top and bottom

central incisors

top front teeth any of the four front teeth, located in both the upper and lower jaws cutting and shearing

Posterior or dorsal

toward the back, or dorsal, side of the body.

Anterior or Ventral

toward the front, or ventral (pertaining to the belly; abdomen), side of the body.

Cranial

toward the head.

limbic system

associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. - hippocampus - amygdala - hypothalamus.

pyloric sphincter

at the duodenal end

xiphoid process

at the inferior aspect of the sternum. sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

The Glossopharyngeal Nerves

transmit sensation from the upper mouth and throat area. It supplies the sensory component of the gag reflex and constriction of the pharyngeal wall when saying "aah."

Cornea

transparent anterior portion of the eye that overlies the iris and pupil

Epidermis

is the outer skin layer. It is made up of tough, flat, scalelike epithelial cells. Four different sublayers of epidermal cells have been identified.

The primary source for estrogen

is the ovaries

mons pubis

is the pad of fatty tissue beneath the skin, which overlies the symphysis pubis.

Lens

transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina

Triceps Brachii

is the primary extensor of the forearm (the antagonist of the biceps brachii). It originates at two points on the humerus and one on the scapula. These three heads join to form the large muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm. The point of insertion is the olecranon process of the ulna.

Triceps brachii

is the primary extensor of the forearm (the antagonist of the biceps brachii). It originates at two points on the humerus and one on the scapula. These three heads join to form the large muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm. The point of insertion is the olecranon process of the ulna.

Accommodation

is the process by which the lens increases or decreases its curvature to refract light rays into focus on the fovea centralis.

Micturition (Urination)

is the process by which urine is expelled from the bladder. It involves the contraction of the detrusor muscle and pressure from surrounding structures to expel the urine.

Metabolism

is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.

Dark red (venous) blood

is the result of hemoglobin combining with carbon dioxide.

The inner layer of the eye

is the retina (Fig. 6-57). It contains layers of nerve cells, rods, and cones, which are the receptors of the sense of vision. The retina is continuous with the optic nerve, entering the back of the globe carrying visual impulses received by the rods and cones to the brain. The area where the optic nerve enters the eyeball contains no rods and cones and is called the optic disc (blind spot).

gliding Joint movement

is the simplest type of motion. It is one surface moving over another without any rotary or angular motion. This motion exists between two adjacent surfaces.

Gliding

is the simplest type of motion. It is one surface moving over another without any rotary or angular motion. This motion exists between two contiguous or adjacent surfaces.

Gluteus Maximus

is the site of choice for intramuscular injections. Extends thigh Extension and lateral rotation at hip

postovulatory (premenstrual) phase

is the time between ovulation and the onset of the menses and normally lasts 14 days. During this phase the ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If the ovum becomes fertilized during this passage, it will become implanted in and nurtured by the newly developed endometrial lining.

complete cardiac cycle

is the time from onset of one contraction, or heart beat, to the onset of the next.

mediastinum

is the tissue and organs of the thoracic cavity that form a septum between the lungs. It extends from the sternum to the thoracic vertebrae and from the fascia of the neck to the diaphragm. contains the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, a portion of the trachea, and the primary bronchi

main function of erythrocytes

is the transportation of respiratory gases. The red cells deliver oxygen to the body tissues, holding some oxygen in reserve for an emergency. Carbon dioxide is picked up by the same cells and discharged via the lungs.

dead space ventilation

is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. - In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The body's third line of defense

is the way the body remembers specific pathogens and their structures. If the pathogen enters the body again, the body's response will be much quicker than the first time the pathogen invaded the body.

The secondary function of WBCs

is to aid in blood clotting.

Pronation

is turning downward, as in placing the palm of the hand down.

Inversion

is turning inward, as in turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

is turning outward, as in turning the sole of the foot to the outside.

Supination

is turning upward, as in placing the palm of the hand up.

axon

is typically a long, slender process of the cell body that sends nerve impulses.

The crest of the ilium

is used in making anatomical and surgical measurements (e.g., location of the appendix, which is approximately halfway between the crest of the ilium and the umbilicus).

crest of the ilium

is used in making anatomical and surgical measurements (e.g., location of the appendix, which is approximately halfway between the crest of the ilium and the umbilicus). superior border of the wing of the ilium femoral artery

Urination

is usually stimulated by the distention of the bladder as it fills with urine.

When a muscle contracts

it produces chemical waste products (carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and acid phosphate), which make the muscle more irritable.

The bones

itself is a living, highly vascular tissue, which is made up of both inorganic (minerals) and organic (cells & connective tissue fiber) elements.

ligaments of the temporal mandibular joint

joined the mandible is to the cranium

arthr/o -

joint

diarthroses joints consists of

joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial (joint) cavity.

The functions of the three major salivary glands

keep the lining of the mouth moist and to bond with food particles creating a lubricant effect that assists in the swallowing process of food. They act as a cleaning agent to wash away food particles that accumulate in the mouth and on the teeth.

The ligaments that reach across the joints from one bone to another

keep them from getting out of place.

nephr -

kidney

zygomatic bones

known as the cheeckbones, articulate with the frontal bone (forehead) Also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks.

Acetabulum

large hip socket in the pelvic bone made of the ilium, ischium, and pubis IN adults are firmly united to form a cuplike structure into which the head of the femur fits.

Pectoralis Major

large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle. rotates the arm inward, pulls a raised arm down toward the chest, and draws the arm across the chest. It originates in the clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of the true ribs, and the external oblique muscle. Its insertion is in the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Fascia

layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates the individual muscles and individual muscle groups

Substantia nigra

layer of gray matter located in midbrain

Endosteum

layer that lines inner surfaces of bone

Agranulocytes

leukocytes that lack granules

Dermis, or true skin

lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissues. It is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerve endings, smooth muscles, and sweat and oil glands.

Pericardiocentesis

lifesaving procedure to correct a cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid from the heart

hypothalamus

limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

Anatomy Floor of Mouth

lingual frenulum, Openings of minor sublingual ducts, Submanibular Duct, Sublingual Gland

Locations of Columnar tissue

linings of the uterus, in various organs of the digestive system, and in the passages of the respiratory system

hepat -

liver

The xiphoid process

located at the inferior aspect of the sternum, serves as a landmark in the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The neck of the femur

located between the head and the trochanters, is the site on the femur most frequently fractured.

teeth

located in the alveolar process of the maxillae and the mandible. They serve important functions of tearing and masticating food, assisting in swallowing, speaking, and in appearance.

maxillary sinuses

located in the maxillary bones; an infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxillary bones under the eyes

Adductor Longus

located in the quadriceps area adducts, rotates, and flexes the thigh.

Sternocleidomastoid

located on both sides of the neck. Acting individually, these muscles rotate the head left or right. Acting together, they bend the head forward toward the chest. originates in the sternum and clavicle and is inserted in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

Temporalis

located on the side of the skull, above and in front of the ear. Closes jaw; fan-shaped Origin - Temporal bone. Insertion - in the coronoid process (a prominence of bone) of the mandible at the anterior border of the ramus

Nasal Cavity

located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways Lining the nasal passages are hairs (cilia), which, together with the mucous membrane, entrap and filter out dust and other minute particles that could irritate the lungs. Incoming air is warmed and moistened in the chambers of the nasal cavity to prevent damage to the lungs.

important functional muscles

location, actions, origins, and insertions

Glycogen

long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver

Loop of Henle

long, U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron (q.v.) of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals. The principal function of the loop of Henle appears to be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine.

shaft

long, slender portion of a long bone

great saphenous vein

longest vein in body; drains blood from foot, leg, and thigh; joins with femoral vein originates on the inner aspect of the foot and extends up the inside of the leg and thigh to join the femoral vein in the upper thigh.

Anemia

low hemoglobin erythrocyte level

Hypokalemia

low potassium in blood

mandible

lower jawbone; mouthpart adapted for biting and grinding food

Pericardial sac

lubricated potential space btwn layers of pericardium

sebaceous (oil) glands

lubricates the hair and skin connected to hair follicles

pulmon/o -

lungs

Prone Position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

Supine Position

lying on back, facing upward

Lateral recumbent

lying position of the body on either side.

Prone

lying position of the body, face down.

Supine

lying position of the body, face up.

femoral arteries

major artery located in the thing and supplies the groin and leg with blood supply the legs with blood major artery located in the thing and supplies the groin and leg with blood deliver blood to the thigh and inner knee

Muscles

make up about one-half of the total body weight.

lacrimal bones

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts located on medial wall of eye socket

testosterone

male hormone secreted by the testes secreted by the testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Prostate gland

male sex gland that secretes alkaline viscous ejaculatory fluid

androgens

male sex hormones Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

coronoid process

mandible - A triangular radiopacity superimposed over, or inferior to, the maxillary tuberosity region

extracellular materials

materials found outside the cells include fibers and the ground substance give connective tissue varying amounts of elasticity and strength

Graafian follicle

mature or developed ovum

graafian follicle

mature ovarian follicle that contains a fully developed ovum, or egg A small sac within the ovary that contains the maturing ovum.

expiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air that you can forcibly breath out after a normal breath

Gluteus

maximus, medius, and minimus - are the large muscles of the buttocks, which extend and laterally rotate the thigh, as well as abduct and medially rotate it. They arise from the ilium, the posterior surface of the lower sacrum, and the side of the coccyx. Their points of insertion include the greater trochanter and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.

The number of white cells

may be 15,000 to 20,000 or higher during infection.

Two middle layers of cells

may be present in a particular area of skin, depending on its thickness (the soles of the feet are the thickest skin, the eyelids the thinnest).

Emotional stress, strenuous exercise, high altitudes, and some diseases

may cause an increase in the number of RBCs.

Osmotic pressure

measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

measurement of percentage of carbon dioxide in blood

Sodium-potassium exchange pump

mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out and potassium in

basilic

medial arm A vessel of the forearm sometimes used for venipuncture superficial vein that travels up the posterior forearm

ulna

medial bone of the forearm

tibia

medial leg bone shinbone the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle

Lysosome

membrane bound vesicles that contain variety of enzymes functioning as cell's digestive system

Otolithic membrane

membrane within the inner ear that contains otolith and aids in sensation of motion

Serous membranes

membranes that line body cavities that lack openings to outside

Cilia

microscopic hair-like microtubule projections that provide motion to move secretions and other matter along the surfaces from which they extend. They also act as a barrier by preventing foreign matter from entering these cavities.

malleus

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer the ossicle attached to the eardrum

mammary glands

milk producing glands modified sweat glands that produce milk

psych -

mind

Hydroxyapatite

mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that make up bone

Surfactant

mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation

Ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands found only in the auditory canal. They secrete a yellow waxy substance called cerumen that protects the eardrum.

menses

monthly uterine bleeding end of one uterine cycle and the beginning of another menstrual flow lasting 5 days.

Smooth, or non-striated Involuntary Muscle tissue is found

mooth, or non-striated hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder. are responsible for the movement of food through the digestive system, constricting blood vessels, and emptying the bladder.

mandible body

most anterior part extending horizontally to the angle of the mandible curved, anterior portion of mandible Main part of the jaw bone, horizontal part, holds lower teeth

abduction -

motion away from the mid-line

adduction -

motion toward the mid-line

Alimentary canal is made up by...

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

insertions

movable portion of a muscle attachment to the movable bone

Osmosis

movement of solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration

Flexion

moving the distal part of a limb closer to the trunk - bending the arm or leg. - bending on a joint

Extension

moving the distal part of a limb farther from the trunk

gastric mucosa

mucosa that lines the stomach the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits

hymen

mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina The vaginal orifice is partially closed by a thin membrane of tissue

Stratified epithelium

multiple layers of cells

Temporal

muscle assists the masseter and draws the mandible backward. It has its origin in the temporal fossa and is inserted in the coronoid process of the mandible.

lesser trochanters

muscle attachment sites

cremaster

muscle found in spermatic cord that raises and lowers the testicles

Deltoid

muscle raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula. Its insertion is on the lateral side of the humerus. It fits like a cap over the shoulder and is a frequent site of intramuscular injections.

Cremaster muscle

muscle that contracts and pulls the testicles close to the body during cold weather

Skeletal

muscle tissues are attached to the bones and give shape to the body. They are responsible for allowing body movement. This type of muscle is sometimes referred to as striated because of the striped appearance of the muscle fibers under a microscope. They are also called voluntary muscles because they are under the control of a person's conscious will.

Tendon

muscle to bone

Trapezius

muscles are a broad, trapezium-shaped pair of muscles on the upper back, which raise or lower the shoulders. They cover approximately one-third of the back. They originate in a large area, which includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the seventh cervical vertebra, and the occipital bone. They have their insertion in the clavicle and scapula.

Sternocleidomastoid

muscles are located on both sides of the neck. Acting individually, these muscles rotate the head left or right. Acting together, they bend the head forward toward the chest. The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle and is inserted in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. This muscle is commonly affected in cases of stiff neck.

The muscles of the head can be classified into two groups

muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication

Antagonists

muscles that work in opposition to one another

Synergists

muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement

iris

muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil colored portion of eye

Adventitia

muscular layer of wall of alimentary canal

spinal cord

myel/o; nervous tissue within the spinal cavity formed by thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body

Skin Appendages

nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands.

appendages of the skin are

nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands.

neck of the bladder

narrow base of bladder

The three divisions of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Skenes glands

near the opening of the female urinary meatus by way of two small ducts.

para- -

near, beside, beyond, apart from

gliding joint

nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other intercarpal joints wrist and ankle and articular process between vertabrae type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones allow some movement in all directions

Muscle Recovery depends on

need rest to allow the blood to carry away the waste materials and bring in fresh glucose, oxygen, and protein to restore the muscle protoplasm and the energy that was used.

Cauda equina

nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebra

neur -

nerves

small openings in the ethmoid bone

nerves pass to the roof of the mouth that are responsible for sense of smell.

Schwann cells

nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons

rete testis

network of tubules between the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the

Satellite cells

neuroglia are found in PNS - are located in ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons.

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

neuroglia are found in PNS - wrap around axons to produce an insulating myelin sheath. Schwann cells provide the same function in the PNS as oligodendrocytes provide in the CNS. As an insulator interrupt the continuous conduction of a nerve impulse along the axon.

Microglia

neuroglia are found in the CNS - are phagocytic macrophages that provide a protective function by engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris.

Oligodendrocytes

neuroglia are found in the CNS - have fewer processes than astrocytes. They wrap these cytoplasmic processes around neurons to create an insulating barrier called a myelin sheath.

Astrocytes

neuroglia are found in the CNS - have numerous processes that give the cell a star‐shaped appearance. Maintain the ion balance around neurons and control the exchange of materials between blood vessels and neurons.

Ependymal cells

neuroglia are found in the CNS - line the fluid‐filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Many are ciliated.

Cholinergic neuron

neuron that secretes acetylcholine

Adrenergic neuron

neuron that secretes norepinephrine

IM cells

neutrophils, macrophages, NKC, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

In the innermost sublayer, the stratum germinativum

new epidermal cells are constantly being produced to replace the sloughed off cells. These newly formed cells push the older cells outward. As they approach the surface, they become drier or more scalelike. Because of this constant activity of the deeper cells of the epidermis, any injury of the outer layer of the skin is repaired in a few days without leaving a scar.

nona- -

nine

Smooth Muscle Tissue

non-striated, and are not under the control of the individual's will. For this reason, this type of muscle tissue is called "involuntary."

Smooth

non-striated, muscle tissues are found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the duct glands and in the skin. Under a microscope, the smooth muscle fiber lacks the striped appearance of other muscle tissue. This tissue is also called involuntary muscle because it is not under conscious control.

Basement membrane

noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that anchors the overlying epithelial tissues

null- -

none

Thermolysis

normal bodily means of heat dissipation or loss

Erect

normal standing position of the body.

Atomic numbr

number of protons in an atom

The first is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide

occurs in the lungs between the incoming oxygen and the carbon dioxide present in the capillaries of the lungs (external respiration).

Ovulation

occurs once a month The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month

The second transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide

occurs when oxygen brought into the body replaces carbon dioxide build up in the cellular tissue (internal respiration)

Isometric muscle contraction

occurs when the muscle is stimulated and shortens, but no movement occurs, as when a person tenses his or her muscles against an immovable object.

Isotonic muscle contraction

occurs when the muscle is stimulated. The muscle shortens and movement occurs. An example would be lifting an object.

500 ml of air

of air is exchanged with each normal respiration

80 gallons

of glomerular filtrate in 24 hours

arcuate arteries

of the kidney are vessels of the renal circulation. They are located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. They are named after the fact that they are shaped in arcs due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla.

uni- -

one

Muscles are usually attached to two places

one end being joined to an immovable or fixed portion, and the other end being joined to a movable portion on the other side of a joint. The immovable portion is called the origin of the muscle, and the movable portion is called the insertion. When muscles of the head contract, the insertion end is pulled toward the origin.

Cerebellar peduncles

one of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the central nervous system

Red blood cells lifecycle

only about 100 to 120 days in the body.

hyoid bone

only bone that does not directly come in contact with other bones a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

follicular cells

oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells

gated channels

open in response to neurotransmitters, changes in membrane potential, or other stimuli.ions may cross the membrane through leakage channels,

Foramen ovale

opening between two atria that is present in fetus but closs shortly after birth

Esophageal hiatus

opening in diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Ampulla of Vater

opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain

Ostium

opening in the infundibulum formed by fallopian tubes

Tarsus

or ankle, is formed by seven tarsal bones.

tympanic membrane

or eardrum, is an oval sheet of fibrous epithelial tissue that stretches across the inner end of the external auditory canal. The eardrum separates the outer and middle ear. Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, and this vibration transfers the sounds from the external environment to the auditory ossicles.

transverse foramen

or intervertebral foramen; only found in the cervical vertebrae, to allow passage of nerves, the vertebral artery, and a vein.

Organ of Corti

or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential.

Pharynx

or throat, serves both the respiratory and digestive systems and aids in speech. It has a mucous membrane lining that traps microscopic particles in the air and aids in adjusting temperature and humidifying inspired (inhaled) air. The pharynx connects with the mouth and nasal chambers posteriorly.

flattened and fixed

outer end of clavicle is __________ and ________to the scapula.

Trophoblast

outer group of cells in a zygote that develop to become the placents

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm

extra- -

outside, in addition

Oval window

oval opening between the middle ear and the vestible

hyper- -

over, excessive, high

In the recovery stage

oxygen reacts with lactic acid to release carbon dioxide and water.

recovery stage

oxygen reacts with lactic acid to release carbon dioxide and water.

Mesenteric angina

pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis

Tetany

painful muscle spasms

corpora cavernosa

paired dorsal erectile bodies spongy bodies running the length of the top of the penis

inferior nasal conchae

paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

Trypsin

pancreatic enzyme that aids in digestion of protein

Carboxypeptidase

pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Chymotrypsin

pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Lipases

pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

Delta cells

pancreatic-islet cells secrete somatostatin and gastrin helps regulate carbohydrates by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon.

vagus nerve

parasympathetic nerve of the heart; activation slows heart rate the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas

The outer layer (serous coat) of the bladder wall consists of two types of tissue

parietal peritoneum and fibrous connective tissue.

Cerebellum

part of brain locater dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance

Subthalamus

part of diencephalon involved in controlling motor functions

Sinusoids

part of hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs

Glenoid fossa

part of scapula that forms socket for shoulder joint

lateral -

parts of the body that lie farther from the mid-line

The right ventricle pumps the blood

past the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.

Freckles

patches of melanin

Efferent duct

pathway by which spermatozoa leave testes

superior false pelvis

pelvis major portion of pelvis superior to pelvic brim; wide area extending to top of iliac crest blades of ilium above arcuate line functions as lower part of abdominal cavity

inferior true pelvis

pelvis minor pelvic cavity found below the brim of the pelvis; also called the minor or lesser pelvis type of passageway consists inlet, midpelvis, outlet with bony limits of birth canal inferior to pelvic brim

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume made up by RBCs

Specialized cells

perform special functions, such as muscle, which contracts, or epithelial cells of the skin, which protect.

Ameboid movement

permits Leukocytes to leave the blood stream through the capillary wall and to attack pathogenic bacteria. They can travel anywhere in the body and are often named "the wandering cells."

-al -

pertaining to

-ic -

pertaining to

Axillary

pertaining to armpit

Gluteal

pertaining to buttocks

Buccal

pertaining to cheek

Inguinal

pertaining to groin

Cardia

pertaining to heart

Occipital

pertaining to inferior posterior region of the head

Renal

pertaining to kidneys

Hepatic

pertaining to liver

Lumbar

pertaining to lower back

Pulmonary

pertaining to lungs

Umbilical

pertaining to navel

Nasal

pertaining to nose

-algia -

pertaining to pain

Popliteal

pertaining to posterior knee

Sacarl

pertaining to sacrum

Deltoid

pertaining to shoulder

Cutaneous

pertaining to skin

Cranial

pertaining to skull

Plantar

pertaining to sole of foot

Volar

pertaining to sole of foot or palm of hand

Gastric

pertaining to stomach

Parietal

pertaining to superior posterior region of the head

Temporal

pertaining to temples of skull

Orbital

pertaining to the bones surrounding the eye

Mammary

pertaining to the breast

Pectoral

pertaining to the chest

coccygeal

pertaining to the coccyx region of the tailbone or pelvis

Patellar

pertaining to the front of the knee

Perineal

pertaining to the perineum

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin

Temporal lobe

plays role in hearing and memory

Acromioclavicular joint

point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process

inferior -

portion nearest the feet portion

superior -

portion nearest the head

Bundle of His

portion of electrical conduction system in interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the AV junction to the right and left bundle branches

Renal tubule

portion of nephron containing tubular fluid filtered throguh glomerulus

transverse colon

portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

Parietal portion

portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities

prone -

position when lying face down

supine -

position when lying face up

neurohypophysis

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

laryngopharynx

posterior to the pharynx lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems

progesterone

prepares the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum and maintains the lining during pregnancy.

Cholelithiasis

presence of gallstones

Afterload

pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood

Obstruction of either the common hepatic or the common bile duct by a stone or spasm

prevents bile from being ejected into the duodenum.

sympathetic nervous system

primary concern is to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations, also known as fight or flight. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is most active under routine, restful situations.

Hemostasis

process by which clots are formed and bleeding is stopped

opsonization

process by which molecules, like antibodies and complement system, marks a pathogen cell for destruction by phagocytes (death sentence)

Spermatogenesis

process by which sperm cells are formed

lateral malleolus

process forming the outer ankle Lower end of the fibula, seen on the outer ankle. articulates with talus

mastication

process includes the biting and tearing of food into manageable pieces. This usually involves using the incisors and cuspid teeth. The grinding of food is usually performed by the molars and premolars. During the mastication process, food is moistened and mixed with saliva.

Hematopoeisis

process of blood cell production in bone marrow (aka. hemopoiesis)

Lysis

process of disintegration of breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis

Oogenesis

process of egg cell formation which begins at puberty

Gestation

process of fetal development following fertilization

erythropoiesis

process of making RBCs

Glycolysis

process that involves a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions in which glucose is broken down to make lactic or pyruvic acid

Tubular reabsorpion

process that moves substances from the tubular fluid into the blood within the peritubular capillary

DendriteDiffusion

process where molecules move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration

Diapedesis

process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels and move toward tissue where they are needed most

Bartholin's glands

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication. Secrete vaginal lubricant, lies deep in the bulbocavernosus.

Ghrelin

produced by the endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa stimulates the hypothalamus to boost appetite, slow metabolism and fat burning, and may play an important role in obesity.

QRS complex

produced byT cells ventricular depolarization

spermatogenesis

production of sperm

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

progressive and irreversible disease of airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs

Enzyme

promotes chemical reactions by lowering activation energy requirements

deep receptors

proprioceptors - In muscles, tendons, and joints Sense of position and movement

prostate

prostat/o a male gland that lies under the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.

vertebrae

protect the spinal cord and the nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each has an anterior portion, the body, which is the large solid segment of the bone

CD4 antigen

protein found on surface of helper T cells that is adversely affected by exposure to HIV

Atomic weight

protons + neutrons

Exophthalmos

protrusion of eyes

bones of the forearm

radius and ulna

epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle an expanded region superior to a condyle

Deltoid

raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula. insertion is on the lateral side of the humerus. It fits like a cap over the shoulder and is a frequent site of intramuscular injections.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

rate at which nutrients are consumed by body at rest

geniohyoid muscles

re found next to each other, on each side of the midline, directly on top of the mylohyoid muscle, and have the same origin and function as the mylohyoid muscle.

Uterus (Womb)

receive the embryo that results from the fertilization of an egg cell and to sustain its life during development. is a hollow, pear-shaped organ with thick, muscular walls. The uterus is divided into two main regions, the body and cervix

superior vena cava

receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart

The right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae

major calyces

receives urine from the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis empty their waste products into the renal pelvis

Haustra

recesses in colon caused by contraction of the teniae coli

Two types of lymph tissue

red and white pulp

Osteroporosis

reduction in quantity of bony tissue

Recumbent

refers to any position in which pt is lying down or leaning back

posterior -

refers to the back side of the body; dorsal

dorsal -

refers to the back side of the body; posterior side

ventral -

refers to the belly side of the body; anterior side

anterior -

refers to the front side of the body; ventral

Pericardial cavity

region around the heart

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate superior part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

Nodes of ranvier

regions between individual schwann cells in myelinated neurons, between which action potentials jump

menstrual cycle

regular sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body 28 days a monthly series of hormone-controlled changes that prepare the uterine lining for a pregnancy

thyroid

regulates metabolism below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones thyroxine

parathormone

regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones. The amount of calcium is important in certain tissue activities, such as bone formation, coagulation of blood, maintenance of normal muscular excitability, and milk production in the nursing mother. prevents hypocalcemia

The accessory organs of digestion

release secretions into the canal. These secretions assist in preparing food for absorption and use by body tissues.

Sarcomere

repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each skeletal muscle fiber

gonads

reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries

Nervous tissue

requires more oxygen and nutrients than any other body tissue. Is the most complex tissue in the body. It is the substance of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Smooth involuntary muscles are found in the dermis

responsible for controlling the skin surface area. When dilated, these muscles allow for maximum skin surface exposure to aid heat loss. When constricted, the skin surface exposure is decreased, thus impeding heat radiation.

Diminished function or removal of the parathyroid glands

results in a low calcium level in the blood. In extreme cases death may occur, preceded by strong contraction of the muscles (tetany) and convulsions.

phrenic nerve

results when the muscles of respiration relax. Pressure is exerted inwardly as muscles and bones return to their normal position, forcing air from the lungs.

floating ribs

ribs 11-12; last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

Carina

ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi

rugae

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

Anulus fibrosis

ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disk

palate

roof of the mouth separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation. uniaxial

Pronation Joint movement

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward Turning downward, as in placing the palm of the hand down or placing sole of the foot to the outside.

Macula

round darker area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the central visual field

Nucleoli

round, dense structures that contain RNA and synthesize proteins

urinary bladder

saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine

Organizational plan of the nervous system

scheme used by most neurobiologists in studying the nervous system. Both the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) include components in the CNS and PNS. Somatic sensory pathways conduct information toward integrators in the CNS, and somatic motor pathways conduct information toward somatic effectors. In the ANS, visceral sensory pathways conduct information toward CNS integrators, whereas the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways conduct information toward autonomic effectors.

The eyeball is composed of three layers

sclera, choroid, and retina

Sebaceous glands

secrete an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair, keeping them soft and pliable and preventing bacterial invasion.

endocrine glands

secrete hormones directly into the blood, because they have no duct system. The glands of this system are often called ductless glands unlike exocrine glands that secrete their products into ducts.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm

pineal

secretes melatonin endocrine gland shaped like a small pine cone

cuboidal tissue functions in the kidneys

secretion and absorption of fluids

Gustation

sense of taste

Crista ampullaris

sensory organ in a semicircular canal that aids with dynamic equillibrium

Longitudinal fissye

separates left and right hemispheres of cerebrum

Perimetrium

serous membrane coating that makes up the outside layer of the uterine wall

Pleura

serous membranes covering lunds and lining of thoracic cavity

Hyponatremia

serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L

Fallopian Tubes (uterine tubes)

serve as ducts for the ovaries providing a passageway to the uterus. The fallopian tubes are composed of three tissue layers. These tissue layers include an inner mucosal layer, middle muscular layer, and outer serous layer. They are continuous with the layers of the uterus.

inorganic component of bone

serves as a warehouse for calcium and phosphorous, two essential minerals for the body.

septi- -

seven

Ascending reticular activating system

several structures located throughout the brainstem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness

Gamete

sex cell (sperm and ovaries)

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone

duodenojejunal flexure

sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and jejunum

Visceral smooth muscle

sheets of muscle that are found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

Cochlea

shell-shaped structure within the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti

Tibia

shin bone, is the larger of the two leg bones and lies at the medial side. The proximal end articulates with the femur and the fibula. Its distal end articulates with the talus (one of the foot bones) and the fibula.

Crenation

shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves a cell thru osmosis

scoliosis

sideways curvature of the spine

Pseudostratified epithelium

single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights that attach to basement membrane (do not reach free surface)

Endoplasmic reticulum

site of protein and lipid synthesis

The suprarenal (adrenal) gland

sits like a cap on top of each kidney.

sexti- -

six

There are three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Sutures

skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position seams join

brady- -

slow

Pleural fluid

small amount of lubricating fluid that fills pleural space

Otolith

small calcium carbonate stones with gelatinous protein that aid in sensation of motion

Crista

small elevation in each ear canal

Bursae

small fluid-filled sacs located between a tendon and a bone to help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing together

Punctum lacrimale

small opening in the corner of the eye through which tears drain from the lacrimal ducts

Lingula

small portion of the left lung that is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung

Clitoris

small projectile at the anterior end of the vulva between the labia minora. It is richly endowed with sensory nerves that are associated with the feeling of pleasure during sexual stimulation.

Red blood cells (rbcs), or erythrocytes

small, biconcave, nonnucleated disks, formed in the red bone marrow.

Nucleus

small, dense, spherical. Control center of the cell, containing DNA and RNA and responsible for chemical reactions oversight, growth and reproduction.

Internal Sphincters

smooth muscle

motor and sensory nerve fibers are distributed to the

smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries in the dermis and to the smooth muscles around the sweat glands and hair roots. send messages about the external environment to the brain.

synovial (joint) cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

Mediastinum

space between lungs that contains heart, trachea, mainstream bronchi, part of esophagus, and large blood vessels

synaptic cleft

space between neurons

posterior chamber

space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor

Pleural space

space btwn visceral and parietal pleura

infundibulum

space formed in the peritoneum by the distal end of the fallopian tubes

renal sinus

space within kidney that is adjacent to renal medulla, contains calyces and renal pelvis hollow chamber within kidney the medial depression of a kidney

venous Valves

spaced frequently along the larger veins, prevent the backflow of blood.

Raynaud phenomenon

spasms that develop in digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips

Islets of Langerhans

special group of cells in pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced

-logist -

specialist

Meiosis

specialized cell division that produces sperm and egg

Hepatic portal system

specialized part of venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen

Macula

specialized patches of tissue within the utricle and saccule that aid in the sensation of motion

spermatozoa

sperm cells a mature sperm cell the mature final product of spermatogenesis

Vas deferens

spermatic duct of the testicles

Automaticity

state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of spontaneous impulse from within

low-frequency (low-pitch) waves

stimulate hair cells nearer the distal end of the cochlea.

High-frequency (high-pitch) waves

stimulate hair cells nearer the stapes (oval window)

Beta effect

stimulation fo beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states

Alpha effect

stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction

gastr/o -

stomach

Seminal vesicles

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid which empty into the urethra at the prostate

extension -

straightening of a joint

Extension

straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers.

External Sphincters

striated muscle

fibrin

stringy protein fiber that is a component of a blood clot

Achilles tendon

strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus

mesentery

structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall fold of peritoneal membrane that attaches abdominal organ to abdominal wall

proximal -

structures that are close to the trunk (ex. the elbow is more proximal to the shoulder than the wrist)

distal -

structures that are farther from the trunk (the ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee is)

intercalated discs

structures that connect cardiac muscle cells to each other. Specialized junctions between cells that organize them into continuous functional fibers

Heparin

substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting

Metabolism

sum of all chemical processes that take place in the body, resulting in storage or expenditure of energy

Types of Receptors

superficial receptors (exteroceptors), deep receptors (proprioceptors), and internal receptors (visceroceptors).

intercostal nerves

supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall aid in inhalation and relaxation, skin of thorax region, abdominal wall T1-T12

Skeletal System

supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. joined members that make muscle movement possible

somatostatin

suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin inhibits stomach secretion and motility

-ectomy -

surgical removal of

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis

Internal Hemorrhoidal plexus

surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the vaginal venous plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the rectal venous plexus.

The external urethral sphincter

surrounds the urethra about 3 centimeters from the bladder, and is composed of voluntary muscular tissue.

When evaporation cannot handle all the sweat that has been excreted

sweat collects in beads on the surface of the skin.

epistropheus vertebral

synovial (gliding) articulation of between articular processes dens of the axis

Renin-angiotensin system

system located in kidney that helps regulate fluid balance and bp

substrate

target of enzyme action

Herniated disk

tear in anulus fibrosus that results in leakage of nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots

deca- -

ten

tetany

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia

Thompson test

test used to evaluate the integrity of the achilles tendon for possible rupture

sella turcica

the Turkish saddle-shape depression of the sphenoid bone. depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Temporal Bones

the ___________ bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear, located on each side. recognized as "fan-shaped."

Primary immune response

the activation of B or T cells after they first encounter the antigens for which they are specialized to react

What structure of the kidney supplies blood to the glomerulus?

the afferent arteriole

18 and 30 years of age

the age that the five separate sacral vertebrae that gradually fuse together

Calorie

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree C

Oxygen debt

the amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels

eustachian tube

the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tubelinks the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. Its function is to equalize internal and external air pressure and Mucus drainage

During exercise, massage, or ordinary activities

the blood supply of muscles is increased fresh nutritional material, carries away waste products more rapidly, and enables the muscles to build up and restore their efficiency and tone.

Axial Skeleton

the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thorax. Consists of 28 bones, 22 of which form the framework of the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.

Sphenoid Bone

the butterfly-shaped bone posterior to the ethmoid bone at the base of the cranium that extends behind the eyes providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor and sides of the orbits and the base of the skull.

brain's diencephalons region

the caudal (posterior) part of the forebrain, containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle.

vitreous humor

the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball

Aqueous humour

the clear, watery fluid behind the eye (anterior chamber of the globe) filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber

Modiolus

the conical central axis of the cochlea of the ear. It consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.5 times around it. The spiral ganglion is situated inside it.

proximal convoluted (meaning coiled or twisted) tubule

the convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle and functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate — called also proximal tubule.

iliac crest

the crest of the ilium superiormost margin of the coxal bone Most prominent landmark on the ilium and can be easily palpated.

The small intestine is divided into three contiguous parts

the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

internal respiration

the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues

scrotum

the external pouch that contains the testes

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

duodenum

the first portion of the small intestine is approximately 25 cm (10 inches) long and forms a C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas, posterior to the liver. It has enzymes that start the breakdown of foods and receives enzymes from the pancreas that assist in digestion.

stronger segment of the spine

the five lumbar vertebrae

coccyx

the four fused bones of the coccyx or tailbone provide attachment for ligaments and muscles of the pelvic floor. the tailbone

palmar -

the front region of the hand; the palm

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs a fluid-filled sensory apparatus that aids balance and hearing

vulva

the labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibular glands external female genitalia external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice

aortic valve

the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta one-way valve between left ventricle & aorta;

penile urethra

the longest portion, is about 15 cm long. It lies in the ventral portion of the penis. The urethra terminates with the external orifice at the tip of the penis.

Scala tympani

the lower bony passage of the cochlea. is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the inner ear of the human. It is separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as vestibular duct.

transportation of respiratory gases

the main function of erythrocytes

sacrum

the main function of the sacrum is to connect the spine to the hip bones (iliac). There are five sacral vertebrae, which are fused together. Together with the iliac bones, they form a ring called the pelvic girdle.

carotid arteries

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head branch off aorta and supply blood to head, neck, and brain

corpus spongiosum

the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis

pylorus

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine exit area of the stomach

The eye

the organ of sight, is a specialized structure for the reception of light. It is assisted in its function by accessory structures, such as the eye brows, eyelashes, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus.

integumentary system

the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body. skin acts with hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, these organs together constitute this organ system.

epidermis

the outer skin layer. made up of tough, flat, scale-like epithelial cells.

When there is a fracture

the pain you feel comes from the periosteum, not the bone proper. Periosteum also forms new bone.

ascending colon

the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

descending colon

the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon

medial -

the parts that lie closer to the mid-line

tendon

attaches muscle to bone strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder in which the ureters enter and the urethra exits

ab- -

away from

Dermis

true skin, lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissues. It is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles, and skin appendages.

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

pronated

turning the palm of the hand inferiorly

bi- -

two

Parietal Bones

two ___________ bones are located behind the frontal bone. These bones form the greater part of the right and left sides and the roof of the skull. They each have four borders and are shaped like a curved plate.

turbinates (nasal conchae)

two bones that help to complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall three projections inside nasal cavity which increase air turbulence

nostrils (nares)

two holes; are internal and external (connected)

In the contraction stage

two protein substances (actin and myosin) react to provide energy through the breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid.

contraction stage

two protein substances (actin and myosin) react to provide energy through the breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid.

ejaculatory ducts

two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles receive fluid from accessory glands

Cowper's glands

two small glands located below the prostate and connected by small tubes to the urethra bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicles

two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens

Labia Minora

two smaller folds within the labia majora folds that extend from the clitoris to either side of the vaginal orifice.

red and yellow

two types of marrow

dipl- -

two, double

sub- -

under, beneath

All living thing Organisms

undergo chemical processes by which they sustain life and regenerate cells.

subclavian

underneath the clavicle pertaining to below the clavicles (collar bones) vein that receives blood from the arm via the axillary vein

hinge

uniaxial movement in one plane occurring around one axis hinge, pivot Elbow joint

The eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs

united by their cartilages and joined to the rib above.

Osteons

units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called haversian system

maxilla

upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses and anterior part of hard palate

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum; articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle

Endocytosis

uptake of material thru cell membrane by membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within cell's cytoplasm

Dermal papillae

upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis. The superior surface of the papillary layer.

Micturition

urination

There are six classifications of freely movable joints

ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints

cuticle

band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

hyperpolarizes

becomes more negative

pre- -

before

Females around age 11

begin to experience the female reproductive cycle and continue into middle age, after which it ceases. The female reproductive cycle, or menstrual cycle, is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding (menses).

The vision process

begins with rays of light from an object passing through the cornea. The image is then received by the lens, by way of the iris. Leaving the lens, the image falls on the rods and cones in the retina. The image is then sent by the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation. Note the image received by the retina is upside down, but the brain turns it right-side up.

retro- -

behind

popliteal artery

behind the knee an artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee

normal respiration

being 14 to 18 cycles per minute.

infra- -

below, under

anterior cavity of the eye

between cornea and lens, filled with aqueous humor

condyloid

biaxial joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones occurring around two axes at right angles to each other two planes metacarpal-phalanx

melan/o -

black

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

blood test used in diagnosis of prostate cancer

cyan/o -

blue

Trendelenburg position

body is supine with head lower than feet

bilateral -

body part that appears on both sides of the mid-line (ex. eyes, feet, kidneys)

unilateral -

body part that appears on only side of the mid-line (ex. gallbladder)

Carbaminohemoglobin

bonding of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

oste/o -

bone

Frontal Bone

bone forms the front part of the skull above the eyes, which forms the forehead, contains the frontal sinuses and helps form the eye socket and nasal cavity.

Talus

bone in foot that articulates with tibia and fibula to form ankle joint

middle phalanx

bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges

Ligament

bone to bone

Cribriform plate

bones in skull cavity that are perforated with foramina for the passage of olfactory nerve filaments from nasal cavity

tarsals

bones of the ankle 7 bones that make up the ankle hindfoot bones

metatarsals

bones of the foot between ankle and toes bones forming The sole and instep of the foot is made up of five metatarsal bones. They are similar in arrangement to the metacarpals of the hand.

Metacarpal

bones of the palm . . . 10 are numbered one to five corresponding with the five fingers, or digits, with which they articulate. The fingers are named as follows: 1st thumb; 2nd index; 3rd middle; 4th ring; and 5th little.

22

bones provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.

Cristagalli

bony ridge where meninges are attache

Girdle

bony structures that attach the limbs to the body

ambi- -

both

Dendrites

branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons

sternum

breastbone the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs is an elongated flat bone, forming the middle portion of the upper half of the chest wall in front.

The body's Secondary defenses

bring about inflammation. The swelling, redness, and warmth of the infected area cause the body to call in macrophages and neutrophils to consume the bacteria

Blood Supply to the Muscles (PERFUSION)

brings in fresh nutritional material, carries away waste products more rapidly, and enables the muscles to build up and restore their efficiency and tone.

Aponeurosis

broad sheet of fibers that may attach to bones or coverings of other muscles

24 hours after the food is ingested

building in mass and reaching the rectum

joint classifications

by type of ligaments ; presence of joint cavity; stucture; type of movement they allow synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are important components of contraction of muscles?

calcium and ATP

lymph nodes

called glands but are not true glands, are small bean-shaped bodies of lymphatic tissue found in groups of two to fifteen along the course of the lymph vessels. vary in size and act as filters to remove bacteria and particles from the lymph stream. Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes, which help defend the body against harmful foreign particles, such as bacteria, cells, and viruses.

Accessory Panceatic Duct

called the Duct of Santorini. An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional and may open separately into the second part of the duodenum which is dorsal and usually (in 70%) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla.

The blood vessels of the dermis

can dilate to contain a significant portion of the body's blood supply. This ability, along with the actions of the sweat glands, forms the body's primary temperature regulating mechanism.

Normal blood pressure

can vary considerably with age, weight, and general condition of the individual.

medullary canal

canal inside shaft of bone, where bone marrow is found; aka bone-marrow cavity

Cochlear duct

canal within the cochlea that receives vibrations from the ossicles

Cupula

cap of gelatinous tissue in the ear that is involved in the sensation of balance and movement

Exchangers

capillaries

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

chemical waste products of muscle contractions

carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and acid phosphate make the muscle more irritable

The stomach is divided into the

cardiac, fundus, body, and pyloric regions

Pulmonary circulation

carried blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

sensory nerve fiber

carries impulses from sensory receptors (i.e., detecting touch)

Systemic arterial circulation

carries oxygenated blood from the heart through the AV valve, into the aorta, and out to the body

subclavian veins

carry deoxygenated blood from the arms the the superior vena cava

nerve endings

carry impulses to and from the central nervous system. messages about the external environment are carried to the brain.

subclavian arteries

carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the arms supply blood to the upper extremities forelimbs supplies blood to the front legs

Carpal tunnel syndrom

caused by compression of median nerve

The urination reflex

causes the internal urethral sphincter to open and the external urethral sphincter to relax.

carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood stream

causing the blood to become acidic, the respiratory center signals the lungs to breathe faster to get rid of the carbon dioxide.

Chondroblast

cell that produce cartilage

Chief cells

cells in stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen (important enzyme in digestion of food)

Endocrine cells

cells in stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

Goblet cells

cells that produce a protective mucous lining

Absorptive cells

cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

Fibroblasts

cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bone ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body

multicellular organisms

cells vary in size, shape, and number of nuclei.

oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

The spinal column is divided into five regions

cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral and coccygeal (pelvis).

Major locations of lymph nodes Principal organs of the lymphatic system.

cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity.

zygomatic arch

cheek bone; Bridge-shaped structure that connects the Temporal Bone to the Zygomatic Bone. origin of masseter.

Acetylcholine

chemical neurotransmitter that serves as a mediator in bother sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

thorac -

chest

Mastication

chewing

Autosomes

chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex

Asthma

chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production

Plicae circulates

circular folds that run perpendicular to digestive tract and increase surface area for absorption

Circumduction Joint movement

circular movement of a limb at the far end moving the arm in a circle around the hips and shoulders.

Pupil

circular opening in the center of the eye through which light passes to the lens

superficial -

closer to or on the skin

islets of Langerhans

clusters of specialized cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cells arranged in groups. contain three types of endocrine cells: alpha, beta, and delta.

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

collects secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder (bile) and empties into duodenum -bulbous area where secretions enter the duodenum

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

column shaped cells used for protection and in some cases production of muscus, composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells.

innominate veins

combine with the subclavian veins empty into the superior vena cava

"stiff neck."

common condition When the sternocleidomastoid muscles becomes damaged.

Achilles tendon

common tendon called the calcaneus attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone calcaneal tendon

Innominate

commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Actin

component that makes up most of thin filaments of the myofibrils

206 bones

compose the skeleton framework of the body. supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. The skeletal bones are joined members that make muscle movement possible.

Connective tissue

composed of cells and extracellular materials are highly vascular, surrounding other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body ranging from delicate tissue-paper membranes to rigid bones.

Inner ear

composed of cochlea and semicircular canals

Nails

composed of horny epidermal scales and are found on the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes. They protect the many sensitive nerve endings at the ends of these digits. New formation of nail will occur in the epitheliums of the nail bed. As new nail is formed, the whole nail moves forward, becoming longer.

semen

composed of sperm, seminal fluids, and other secretions

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

composed of thin plate-like or scale-like cells forming a mosaic pattern

Lesser Curvature

concave medial surface of the stomach Right side of stomach, from the entrance of the esophagus to the beginning of the small intestine

Bell palsy

condition caused by damage to the facial nerve resulting in an inability to move facial muscles on the affected side

pericardial tamponade

condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restrict the heart's stroke volume

gap junctions

conduction areas between cells (e.g., in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle cells

Thorax

cone-shaped bony cage is about as wide as it is deep formed by 12 ribs on each side and articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.

costal cartilages

connect the ribs to the sternum hyaline cartilage The cartilages that join the first seven pairs of ribs, referred to as the true ribs, to the sternum

cystic duct

connects the top of the gallbladder's neck to the common hepatic duct. It then joins the common bile duct, which meets pancreatic duct before it empties into the duodenum. In the average adult, the cystic duct measures four centimeters in length.

vagina middle muscular layer

consists mainly of smooth muscles fibers. At the lower end of the vagina is a thin band of smooth muscle that helps close the vaginal opening.

vertebral column

consists of 24 movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone formed by a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord and nerves that branch out from the spinal cord.

Vertebral (spinal) column

consists of 24 movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx, or tail bone. The spinal column is divided into five regions in the following order: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral and coccygeal (pelvis).

perimetrium

consists of an outer serosal layer that covers part of the uterine body and none of the cervix.

myometrium

consists of bundles of interlaced muscular fibers. The muscular layer produces powerful rhythmic contractions important in the expulsion of the fetus at birth.

vagina outer fibrous layer

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue interlaced with elastic fibers. These fibers attach the vagina to the surrounding organs.

Middle ear

consists of inner portion of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles

lacrimal apparatus

consists of structures that produce tears and drains them from the surface of the eyeball Fluid produced by lacrimal glands (tears) streams across the eye surface, enters the canals, and then passes through the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct to enter the nose.

The appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities.

The circulatory system, also called the vascular system

consists of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system. It is the primary fuel supplier of the body. The transportation media is the blood. This system is a closed circuit. At no place does it have access to other tissues of the body except at the capillaries.

The axial skeleton

consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thorax.

The portal system

consists of the veins that drain venous blood from the abdominal part of the digestive tract the spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder, but not the lower rectum and deliver it to the liver. There, it is distributed by a set of venous capillaries. The blood in the portal system conveys absorbed substances from the intestinal tract to the liver for storage, alteration, or detoxification. From the liver the blood flows through the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava.

ground substance

contains proteins, water, salts, and other diffusible substances

White matter

contains the myelinated axons of neurons. The white color is from the myelin sheaths.

Gray matter

contains the unmyelinated portions of neurons cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals), unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.

chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages

contraction and recovery

The heart acts by

contraction and relaxation

negatively charged ions

contribute to the overall negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane as compared to the outside.

Plasma fibrinogen proteins

contributes to coagulation.

The Acoustic Nerve

controls hearing and balance.

thyroxin

controls metabolic rate the major secretion of the thyroid gland that regulates metabolic rate of the body

The Facial Nerve

controls the face muscles. It stimulates the scalp, forehead, eyelids, muscles of facial expression, cheeks, and jaw. Symmetry of the nasolabial folds (lines from nose to outside corners of the mouth) should be observed.

Spermatic cord

cord composed of testicular artery, venous plexus, lymph vessels, connective tissue, and cremaster muscle

parasympathetic system

counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system, and restores the body to a resting state. For example, during an emergency the body's heart and respiration rate increases. After the emergency, the parasympathetic system will decrease heart and respiration rate to normal.

Skin function

covers almost every visible part of the human body. Even the hair and nails are outgrowths from it. It protects the underlying structures from injury, drying, and invasion by foreign organisms; it contains the peripheral endings of many sensory nerves; and it has limited excretory and absorbing powers. It also plays an important part in regulating body temperature. In addition, the skin is a waterproof covering that prevents excessive water loss, even in very dry climates.

The bones of the skull are classified as either

cranial or facial bones

clavicle

curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle the collar bone, a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

axoplasm

cytoplasm of axon cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body

inspiratory reserve volume

deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

zona reticularis

deepest region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the steroid sex hormones called androgens

reasons for Red blood cells short life span

delicate cells have to withstand constant knocking around as they are pumped into the arteries by the heart. These cells travel through blood vessels at high speed, bumping into other cells, bouncing off the walls of arteries and veins, and squeezing through narrow passages. They must adjust to continual pressure changes.

variations Connective tissue

delicate tissue-paper membranes to rigid bones

How muscles work and function

depends on the action of each muscle (movement), the type of joint it is associated with, and the way the muscle is attached on either side of the joint.

Acetabulum

depression on lateral pelvis that articulates with femoral head

articulation with the mandible

depressions of the temporal bone called the glenoid fossae

250-300 ml.

desire to urinate may not occur until the bladder contains

with the aid of a microscope

differences such as the number and type of cells can be seen

Mitral valave

valve in heart that separates left atrium from the left ventricle

pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Collectors

veins and venules

cephalic veins

veins on the outer sides of the arms

Bronchial veins

veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Irregular Bones

vertebrae, mandible, hyoid, and pelvic bones

The left ventricle pumps the blood to all areas of the body

via the aortic valve and the aorta. is considerably thicker than that of the right, because more force is required to pump the blood into the peripheral systemic circulation than into the lungs located only a short distance from the heart.

Spinal curves

viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve. The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column.

alimentary canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

Black lung disease

disease of the lung caused by consistent inhalation of coal dust

Abestosis

disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos particles

medial malleolus

distal process on medial tibial surface inner ankle forms the medial bulge of the ankle

internal receptors

visceroceptors - In the internal organs and blood vessel walls Usually none (except hunger, nausea, pain from stimuli such as chemicals (e.g., aspirin) and distension (e.g., stomach expansion from gas))

The systemic system

divided into the deep and superficial veins. The superficial veins lie immediately under the skin, draining the skin and superficial structures. The deep veins, usually located in the muscle or deeper layers, drain the large muscle masses and various other organs. Deep veins commonly lie close to the large arteries that supply the various organs of the body and typically have the same name as the artery they accompany.

Transverse Plane (horizontal)

divides into superior and inferior sections

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Line passes through coronal suture of the cranium

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm of a cell

Mitosis

division of the nucleus of a cell

Appendicular region

division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body

vagina mucosal layer

does not have mucous glands; mucous found in the vagina comes from the glands of the cervix.

pleura

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

de- -

down from, away

minor calyces

drain pyramids at papillae receive urine from the renal pyramids; form the border of the renal sinuses

external jugular veins

drain the scalp and face drains blood from the scalp and face and connects with the subclavian veins more laterally

epiphyses (sing. epiphysis)

each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate

Atrium

each half is an upper chamber receives blood from the veins The walls of the atria are thin with relatively little muscle fiber because the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles under low pressure.

56 days

each ovary produces a mature ovum every

Absolute refractory period

early phase of repolarization in which cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize

Inotropic effect

effect on contractility of muscle tissue

Hinge joints

elbow, finger, and knee

Thyrohyoid Muscle

elevates the thyroid gland while depressing the hyoid bone. These actions play a role in swallowing and speech. The thyroid gland is located in the center of the neck, just above the collarbone.

nerve impulses

emerges from the cell body at the cone‐shaped axon hillock. Arise in the trigger zone, generally located in the initial segment, an area just outside the axon hillock.

Labia Majora

enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. composed of two round folds of fat tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle, covered by skin. On the outer portion of the labia majora, the skin has numerous hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. The inner portion of skin is thin and hairless.

Lactic acid

end produce of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism

The uterine wall is composed of three layers and has three openings

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. superiorly and laterally, two openings connect the fallopian tubes to the uterus, and inferiorly, an opening leading to the vagina.

macrophages

engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.

glans penis

enlarged tip on the end of the penis

ciliated mucous membrane lining of the Trachea

entraps dust and foreign material. It also propels secretions and exudates from the lungs to the pharynx, where they can be expectorated or swallowed.

Female Sex Hormones

estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries and various other tissues, such as the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and placenta (during pregnancy).

Pleural effusion

excessive accumulation of fluid within pleural space

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in blood

Hypernatremia

excessive sodium (greater than 145mEq/L)

tidal air

exchanged air

muscle characteristics

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Functional residual capacity

expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

Soleus

extend the foot at the ankle originates at the head of the fibula and the medial border of the tibia. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

Axons

extension off of a nerve cell body that conducts impulses to adjacent cells

Urination also involves the relaxation of the

external urethral sphincter.

superficial receptors

exteroceptors - At or near surface of body Touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

naturally derived hormones

extracted from the glands of animals or produced synthetically

orbit

eye socket

tachy- -

fast, rapid

small muscle, the arrector

fastens to the side of the follicle and is responsible for the gooseflesh appearance of the skin as a reaction to cold or fear.

deep -

father inside the body or tissue & away from the skin

If contraction is continued, the muscle will finally cramp up and refuse to move.

fatigue

ova

female reproductive cells

estrogens

female sex hormones with levels that peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

When muscle fibers are stimulated by an action of a nerve

fibers contract and relax. This interaction between muscle and nervous fibers produces movement. Skeletal muscle. Note the striations of the muscle cell fibers in longitudinal section.

tunica albuginea

fibrous capsule of the testes connective tissue capsule surrounding each testicle and dividing it into sections

Urine is formed through a series of nephron processes

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Protoplasm

viscid, jellylike substance upon which depend all the vital functions of cellular nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement. Has been called "the secret of life."

Bilirubin

waste product of RBC destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

Phalanges

finger bones . . . . . . . 28 The small bones of the fingers Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb which has two. The phalanges are named for their anatomical position proximal phalanx is the bone closest to the hand; the distal phalanx is the bone at the end of the finger; and the middle phalanx, the bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges.

villi

fingerlike projections provide a large absorption surface.

phalanges

fingers and toes are the bones of the toes and are similar in number, structure, and arrangement to the bones of the fingers

primi- -

first

blastocyst

first 2 weeks of the developing embryo a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass

P wave

first wave in ECG complex, representing depolarization of ventricles

quint- -

five

lumbar

five lumbar vertebrae. Located in the small of the back, these vertebrae are the larger and stronger segments of the vertebral column.

false ribs

five pairs or ribs that cartilages do not reach the sternum directly.

Epiglittis

flap that closes over the trachea, to force food to go into the esophagus

motor end plate

flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

Tibialis Anterior

flexes the foot originates at the upper half of the tibia and inserts at the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones

endolymph

fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear

Isotope

when an element's atoms have unequal protons and neutrons

dislocation

when bones are out of place

Pinocytosis

when cell ingests extracellular fluid and its contents

There are five lumbar vertebrae

which are the largest segments of the vertebral column.

The two temporal bones

which help form the sides and base of the skull, also house the auditory, or hearing organs.

nephron secretion process

the peritubular capillary transports certain substances directly into the fluid of the renal tubule. These substances are transported by similar mechanisms as used in the reabsorption process, but done in reverse. For example, certain organic compounds, such as penicillin and histamine, are secreted directly from the proximal convoluted tubule to the renal tubule. Large quantities of hydrogen ions are secreted in this same manner. The secretion of hydrogen ions plays an important role in regulating pH of body fluids.

Mastication

the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion.

Radius and ulna

forearm bones . . . . . . 4 When the arm is in the anatomical position with the palm turned forward, the RADIUS is on the lateral, or thumb, side and the ULNA is on the medial, or little finger, side of the forearm. When the hand is pronated (palm turned downward), the bones rotate on each other and cross in the middle. This makes it possible to turn the wrist and hand as in opening doors. The ulna and the radius articulate at their proximal ends with the humerus, at their distal ends with some of the carpal bones, and with each other at both ends.

prepuce

foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis

lips

form the anterior border of the mouth, are covered externally by skin and internally by the same mucous membranes that line the oral cavity.

palatine bones

form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose Form the floor and outer wall of the nose, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbits.

The two parietal bones

form the roof of the skull.

The two maxillary bones

form the upper jaw, nasal walls, and part of the eye socket. These bones contain large cavities called maxillary sinuses. Frequently these sinuses become infected, causing the individual much discomfort.

nasal bones

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose two bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

Appositional growth

formation of new bone on the surface of a bone

The occipital bone

forms part of the base and back of the skull and contains a large hole

lateral corner of the scapula

forms part of the shoulder joint, articulating with the humerus.

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum unpaired bone that forms the inferior and posterior portions of the nasal septum

Blood Vessal vasodilation and Sweat glands perspiration

forms the body's primary temperature-regulating mechanism

pubis

forms the front part of the pelvis anterior portion of the pelvic bone forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder

Pubis

forms the front part of the pelvis.

Ischium

forms the hard lower part

ischium

forms the hard lower part the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis most inferior part of hip bone; the "sit down" bone

ilium

forms the outer prominence of the hip bone upper pelvic bone the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone

Ilium

forms the outer prominence of the hip bone (crest of the ilium)

The palate

forms the roof of the mouth

Squamous epithelial tissue is the main protective tissue of the body

found in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) as a single layer of cells, or in the free skin surface in multiple layers.

Thin skin

found on most surface areas of the body.

Thick skin

found on surfaces of the palms and soles of the feet.

quad- -

four

tetra- -

four

parathyroids

four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid Their hormone, parathormone (PTH), regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones. The amount of calcium is important in certain tissue activities, such as bone formation, coagulation of blood, maintenance of normal muscular excitability, and milk production in the nursing mother.

Compression fracture

fracture of vertebral body associated with collapse of the body

The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood

from the lungs through four pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle past the mitral valve.

Frontal (coronal) plane

front and back

frontal bone of children

frontal bone develops as two parts. They are usually fused together by age 5 or 6.

Inorganic mineral salts

give bone its strength and hardness.

The inorganic mineral salts

give bone its strength and hardness.

Joint movements are generally divided into four types

gliding, angular, rotation, and circumduction

tongue

gloss/o, lingu/o - is a vascular, thick solid mobile mass of voluntary muscle surrounded by a mucous membrane (epithelium tissue) ocated in the oral cavity. The tip is free moving and can readily change size, shape, and position.

components of hair

the root below the surface and the shaft projecting above the skin.

The Trigeminal Nerve

governs sensation of the forehead and face and the clenching of the jaw. It also supplies the muscle of the ear (tensor tympani) necessary for normal hearing.

The Hypoglossal Nerve

governs the muscle activity of the tongue. An injury to one of the hypoglossal nerves causes the tongue to twist to that side when stuck out of the mouth ."

the five separate sacrum vertebrae

gradually fuse together between 18 and 30 years of age.

chlor/o -

green

Bruxism

grinding together of upper and lower teeth

Fasciculus

group of muscle fibers that are bundles with connective tissue

Tissues

groups of specialized cells similar in structure and function. are classified into five main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular, liquid, and nervous.

semi- -

half;partial

hair has two components

the root below the surface and the shaft projecting above the skin.

The external accessory organs of the male reproductive system

the scrotum and penis

prothrombin

which is formed in the liver, blood platelets, and various factors necessary for the completion of the successive steps in the coagulation process.

Scapula

the shoulder blade; is a triangular bone that lies in the upper part of the back on both sides, between the second and seventh ribs, forming the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle. Its lateral corner forms part of the shoulder joint, articulating with the humerus.

cheeks

the side walls of the mouth. They are made up of layers of skin, a moist inner lining called mucosa, fat tissue, and certain muscles.

epithelium of the nail bed

the site of new formation of nail.

Fibula

the smaller of the two leg bones, is located on the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia. - lateral leg bone the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle calf bone

stapes

the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea

Tail of Pancreas

which is in the lienorenal ligament, reaches the hilum of the spleen. It is vulnerable when this ligament is ligated in splenectomy. LUQ

Skin pigment, called melanin

which is responsible for skin color, is found here in this deepest sublayer.

Five sub-layers or strata of epidermal cells have been identified listed from superficial to deep

the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (not always present), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

The third branch is the left subclavian

which supplies the left arm.

leuk/o -

white

Embryology

the study of the development of the body from a fertilized egg, or ovum.

Fibrin

white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process

Sclera

white part of the eye

Physiology

the study of the processes and functions of the body tissue and organs. Basically, it is the study of how the body works—how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other.

Nerve tissue

the substance of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. the most complex tissue in the body.

pancreas

has two functions: It serves both the endocrine system and the digestive system. The digestive portion of the pancreas produces digestive juices (amylase, proteinase, and lipase) that are secreted through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum. These digestive juices break down carbohydrates (amylase), proteins (proteinase), and fats (lipase) into simpler compounds.

columnar tissue in areas of the nostrils, bronchial tubes and trachea

have a crown of microscopic hair like processes known as cilia

Foreign cells or particles

have nonself molecules that serve as recognition markers for our immune system. The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called self-tolerance

cardi -

heart

Tricuspid valve

heart valve that separates right atrium from right ventricle

elbow

hinge joint forelimb joint formed by distal humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna

Microtubule

hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of a cell and provide movement of the cell, such as flagella and cilia

Cranial cavity

hollow portion of the skull

Renin

hormone produced by cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus when bp is low

Progesterone

hormone released from ovaries that stimulates uterine lining during menstrual cycle

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first 8 weeks of gestation

outer cortex

houses forming gametes

Deglutition

the swallowing of food and involves a complex and coordinated process. It is divided into three phases; the first phase of swallowing is voluntarily; phases two and three are involuntary.

For young adults

the systolic pressure is between 120 and 150 mm of mercury, and the diastolic pressure is between 70 and 90 mm of mercury.

apex -

the tip of a structure

Osmosis

the transfer of fluids through the plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration of particles to an area of higher concentration, is the method of feeding body tissues and eliminating waste materials. This occurs in the capillaries, the smallest of the blood vessels.

sacral

the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five separate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and 30 years of age. The sacrum is connected on each side with the hip bone and with the coccyx to form the posterior wall of the pelvis.

contraction

with a wringing motion, forcing blood into the arteries. followed by limited relaxation or dilation.

endo- -

within

Basilar (spiral) membrane

within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani

transmit and amplify

in the auditory ossicles are three small bones named the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). Their function is to _______ and _______vibrations to the ear drum and inner ear

There are 12 vertebrae

in the thoracic region. These articulate with the posterior portion of the 12 ribs to form the posterior wall of the thoracic, or chest, cage.

Facial bones

include maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible

The body's primary defenses against infection

include the skin, tears, stomach acid, urine, sweat, mucus, and saliva. By having this range of both physical and chemical defenses, the body is able to defend against a range of pathogens.

male accessory sex organs

include two groups of organs: the internal sex organs and the external sex organs.

Axial skeleton

includes skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Lower extremity

includes the bones of the hip, thigh, leg, ankle and foot

Muscles Providing movement

including internal functions such as peristalsis (rhythmic waves of muscular contraction within the intestines)

glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure and atrophy of the optic nerve

hilum

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

two types of marrow

yellow and red

Lymphangitis

infection that spreads beyond the local area into a lymphatic vessel causing red streaks to run from the infected area proximally

-itis -

inflammation

Lymphadenitis

inflammation of a lymph node caused by infection

Costochondritis

inflammation of costal cartilage (Attaching ribs to sternum)

Peritonitis

inflammation of peritoneum

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection requires surgery to correct.

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection

estrogen

influences the development and maintenance of the female accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics, and promotes changes in the mucous lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstrual cycle.

Proprioception

info about body's position of its parts

sensory system & The special sensory receptors

informs areas of the cerebral cortex of changes that are taking place within the body or in the external environment. respond to special individual stimuli such as sound waves, light, taste, smell, pressure, heat, cold, pain, or touch. Positional changes, balance, hunger, and thirst sensations are also detected and passed on to the brain.

Renal corpuscle

initial blood-filtering component of nephron

Acromioclavicular separation

injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula

sprain

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

round and attached

inner end of clavicle is ________and _________ to the sternum

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue serous membrane that covers lungs

Endometrium

inner layer of uterine wall

Cancellous Bone tissue

inner spongy, porous portion with many marrow cavities

Stratum germinaticum

innermost layer of epidermis

Bones of the Lower Extremity

innominate - hip bone femur - thigh bone patella - knee cap tibia - medial leg bone fibula - lateral leg bone tarsals - ankle bones metatarsals - foot bones phalanges - toe bones

intra- -

inside, within

process of respiration

inspiration and expiration

Circle of Willis

interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain

The thin Areolar tissue fibers

interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength

zona fasciculata

intermediate region of the adrenal cortex that produce hormones called glucocorticoids (cortosol)

Peyer patches

intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum

internal urethral sphincter

involuntary smooth muscle at bladder-urethra junction that contracts to open involuntary muscle that keeps urine from entering the urethra while it is stored in the bladder

Physiological respiration (internal respiration)

involves an exchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, at two points in the body. The first is the transfer that occurs in the lungs between the incoming oxygen and the carbon dioxide present in the capillaries of the lungs (external respiration). The second transfer occurs when oxygen brought into the body replaces carbon dioxide build up in the cellular tissue (internal respiration)

Physical, or mechanical respiration (external respiration)

involves the motion of the diaphragm and rib cage. The musculoskeletal action, which resembles that of a bellows, causes air to be inhaled or exhaled

Digestion

involves the physical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat into its simplest forms.

Lordosis

inward curvature of lumbar spine

Normal WBC count

is 6,000 to 8,000 per cubic millimeter.

Saccule (In vestibule)

is a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane.

Two types of specific immunity

(1) cellular immune response -achieved by actions of T lymphocytes or T cells (2) humoral immune response

Regulation of heart function involves (x3)

(1) chronotropic effect -control of heart rate (2) dromotropic effect -conductivity (3) inotropic -strength of contractions

Two types of bone

(1) compact -solid (2) Cancellous -trabecular bone

autonomic nervous system

(ANS) is the portion of the PNS that functions independently, automatically, and continuously, without conscious effort. It helps to regulate the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, digestive tract, blood vessels, sweat and digestive glands, and certain endocrine glands. The autonomic nervous system is not directly under the control of the brain but usually works in harmony with the nerves that are under the brain's control. The autonomic nervous system includes two subdivisions (the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) that act together.

Anal Column

(Columns of Morgagni or less commonly Morgagni's columns) are a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal.

The main contribution to the resting membrane potential

(a polarized nerve) is the difference in permeability of the resting membrane to potassium ions versus sodium ions. The resting membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions resulting in slightly more net potassium ion diffusion (from the inside of the neuron to the outside) than sodium ion diffusion (from the outside of the neuron to the inside) causing the slight difference in polarity right along the membrane of the axon.

Soleus

(calf muscles) extend the foot at the ankle. originates at the head of the fibula and the medial border of the tibia. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.

Gastrocnemius

(calf muscles) extend the foot at the ankle. originates at two points on the femur. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.

Synovial (Diarthrotic) Joints

(diarthrotic joints) freely movable joints Have a synovial (joint) cavity between the articulating bones and are freely movable joints. The classic joints, (stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).

interferon

(interferon proteins interfere with the ability of viruses to cause diseases) is produced so that other cells in that region of the body can block the virus from attacking any healthy cells.

Non-striated

(involuntary) muscle

thoracic spine

(mid back) - 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region. The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the posterior portion of the 12 ribs to form the posterior wall of the thoracic region (chest) or rib cage. the main function is to hold the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited.

Midsagittal plane

(midline) left and right equal halves

interlobar arteries

(or cortical radiate arteries or cortical radial arteries) are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.

Complex carbohydrates

(starches and sugars) change into simple sugars (glucose)

perilymphatic space

(vestibule of the ear) is connected to the subarachnoid space. This works as a type of shunt to eliminate excess perilymph fluid from the perilymphatic space around the cochlea of the ear.

Striated

(voluntary) muscle

Biceps femoris

- (often called the hamstring muscle) - originates at the tuberosity of the ischium and the middle third of the femur. - It is inserted on the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia. - It acts, along with other related muscles, to flex the leg at the knee and to extend the thigh at the hip joint.

Benefits for ventilation that includes dead space.

- Carbon dioxide is retained, making a bicarbonate-buffered blood and interstitium possible. - Inspired air is brought to body temperature, increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, improving O2 uptake. - Particulate matter is trapped on the mucus that lines the conducting airways, allowing its removal by mucociliary transport. - Inspired air is humidified, improving the quality of airway mucus.

Cauda Equina

- Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord "horse's tail", - a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord - Bundle of dorsal and ventral roots for spinal nerves below L2

Ribosomes

- Cytoplasmic organelles that contain RNA and protein - organelles at which proteins are synthesized, bordering the endoplasmic reticulum.

Amylase

- Digestive Juice - Source Salivary glands and pancreas - Substance Acted Upon Starch - Product Complex sugars (maltose)

Circulation plan of lymphatic fluid

- Fluids from the systemic and pulmonary capillaries leave the bloodstream and enter the interstitial space, thus becoming part of the IF (interstitial fluid). - because less fluid is returned to the blood capillary than had left it, IF pressure increases causing IF to flow into the lymphatic capillary - The fluid is then called lymph (lymphatic fluid) and is carried through one or more lymph nodes and finally to large lymphatic ducts - Thus fluid circulates through blood vessels, tissues, and lymphatic vessels in a sort of "open circulation."

Aldosterone

- Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. -one of two main hormones that adjust final composition of urine -increases rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into blood -decreases reabsorption of potassium

Apneustic center

- Inferior portion of pons - Stimulates DRG (Dorsal Respiratory Group) resulting in longer slower resp

Latissimus dorsi

is a broad flat muscle that covers approximately one-third of the back on each side. It rotates the arm inward and draws the arm down and back. It originates from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum and the posterior portion of the crest of the ilium. Its fibers converge to form a flat tendon that has its insertion in the humerus.

Dorsal or Ventral respiratory group

- Pacemaker for breathing - Respiratory portions of medulla oblongata

Pons Areas / Pons

- Pneumotaxic (pontine) center, apneustic center - Helps regulate DRG (Dorsal Respatory Group) activities

Amphiarthroses

- Slightly movable - Cartilaginous joints, that are slightly movable and found at the symphysis pubis - In slightly movable joints, the bones are held together by broad flattened disks of cartilage and ligaments (e.g., vertebrae and symphysis pubis).

ascending loop of Henle

- Within the nephron of the kidney, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is a segment of the loop of Henle downstream of the descending limb, after the sharp bend of the loop - This part of the renal tubule is divided into a thin and thick ascending limb - the thick portion is also known as the distal straight tubule, in contrast with the distal convoluted tubule downstream

sympathetic

- active during fight or flight response - prepares for emergency, stress, and exercise - increases heart rate and blood pressure - mobilizes energy stores - dilates pupiles - decreases GI and urinary function

parasympathetic

- active during quiet, relaxed states - active in rest and digest - increases GI activity - decreases heart rate and blood pressure

Bowman's capsule

- capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney - performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. - A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac.

chewing process of the Tongue contributions to Digestion

- crushes food against the palate - deposits food between the chewing surfaces of the teeth for mastication - transfers food from one area of the mouth to another - mixes food with saliva, which assists in the digestive process - assists in swallowing - cleans the mouth of residue.

adventitia layer of the Trachea

- form the wall of the trachea - A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs

Adrenals

- glands, located at the superior surface of each kidney, fitting like a cap. - They consist of an outer portion, the cortex, and an inner portion, the medulla. - produces hormone that regulates blood sugar level endocrine makes epinephrine or adrenaline for fight or flight response

Antibodies

- help body resist damage and disease -gamma globulin proteins called immunoglobulins -include: IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG

Biceps brachii

- is the prominent muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm - origin is in the outer edge of the glenoid cavity and its insertion in the tuberosity of the radius - This muscle rotates the forearm outward (supination) and, with the aid of the brachial muscle, flexes the forearm at the elbow

B lymphocytes (B cells)

- lymphocytes that exist in the blood and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen -produce and secrete antibodies that bind to and destroy foreign antigens

first line defense second line defense third line defense

- mechanical and chemical barriers - Inflammatory response and Phagocytosis - Specific immune response & Natural killer cells

Beta cells

- pancreatic-islet cells produce insulin which is essential for carbohydrate metabolism -cells located in islets of Langerhans -secrete insulin

Alpha cells

- pancreatic-islet cells that secrete glucagon -cells located in inlet of Langerhans -secrete glucagon

cervical

- pertaining to neck - seven cervical vertebrae in the neck.

Fibrinogen

- plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation - plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process - plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin

Chromosomes

- the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell, - genetic informations that determine cell function. - structures containing DNA within cell's nucleus - Humans have 23 pairs

Bulbourethral glands

- the two glands that lie inferior to the prostate gland -secrete a lubricating sticky fluid that prepares the penis for sexual intercourse becomes a component of semen.

Antigens

- unique molecules and groups of molecules on their surfaces that can be used to identify them and stimulate immune system - These molecular markers visible to the immune system Human cells have unique cell markers embedded in our plasma membranes that identify each of our cells as self

Carpals

- wrist bones . . . . . . . 16 - There are eight CARPAL bones arranged in two rows, forming the wrist.

How many pairs of ribs?

-12 pairs of ribs -2 floating pairs of ribs

Peripheral nervous system

-31 pairs of spinal nerves and 11 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves -sensory, motor, and connecting nerves

Brachial plexus

-C5 to T1 -musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median

Olfactory nerve

-Cranial nerve (I) -transmits info on smell

Trigeminal nerve

-Cranial nerve (V) -supplies sensation to scalp, forehead, face, and lower jaw -innervates muscles of mastication, throat, and inner ear

Accessory nerve

-Cranial nerve (XI) -provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Squamous epithelium

-Flat sheets of epithelial cells

12 Cranial nerves

-I Olfactory (Smell) -II Optic (Sight) -III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye) -IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs) -V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. chewing; Facial sensations) -VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs) -VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions) -VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) -IX Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, saliva, taste) -X Vagus (Control of PNS e.g. smooth muscles of GI tract) -XI Accessory (Moving head & shoulders, swallowing) -XII Hypoglossal (Tongue muscles - speech & swallowing)

Nasopharynx and oropharynx (start to end point)

-Naso extends from the internal nares to the uvula -Oro extends from the uvula to the epiglottis

PQRST

-PR -QRS (ventricular depolarization) -ST -T (ventricular repolarization)

Erythrocytes

-RBC -hemoglobin -contain antigens on surface

Carpals

-Scaphoid -Lunate -Triquetrum -Pisiform -Trapezium -Trapezoid -Capitate -Hamate

Perception of sound

-Sound waves enter the ear through the auricle and travel through external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane -at the tympanic membrane, vibration against the membrane sets up vibrations in the ossicles -vibrations of the ossicles are transmitted to the cochlear duct at the oval window -this causes fluid within the cochlea to vibrate -these vibrations stimulate hairs at the organ of Corti, which send nerve impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve

Leukocytes

-WBCs -fight infection by production of antibodies or by directly attacking invaders

Neutrophils

-WBCs that are one of three types of granulocytes -multi-lobed nuclei -destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter

Eosinophils

-WBCs with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack -make up 1-3% of leukocytes

Compartment syndrome

-accumulation of blood or fluid in fascial compartment resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue -usually result of trauma -can cause death of muscle and loss of limb

Hormones

-act by binding to receptors -corticosteroids and thyroid hormones bind to receptors located within cells -all other hormones bind to receptors located on surface of cells

Anterior pituitary

-aka. adenohypophysis -hormones produced are not neurohormones because this portion is not considered part of CNS

Recovery position

-aka. left lateral recumbent position -maintains airway in unresponsive pt

Anaerobic metabolism

-alternate form of metabolism that occurs when oxygen levels are low and less energy is produced than during aerobic respiration -lactic acid is produced as a waste product

Circulation to the pelvis and lower extremities involve...

-aorta -two common iliac arteries -internal and external iliac arteries -femoral arteries -popliteal arteries -tibial arteries -dorsalis pedis arteries

Right lower quadrant contains

-appendix -part of large intestine -right ovary -right ureter -part of uterus -urinary bladder

External auditory canal

-area in which sound waves are received from the auricle before they travel to the eardrum -aka. ear canal

Two parts that make up the skeleton

-axial -appendicular

Cellular respiraton

-biochemical process resulting in production of energy in the form of ATP -also called etabolism

Aerobic metabolism

-biochemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in production of ATP -aka. cellular respiration

Parts of sternum

-body, manubrium, xiphoid process

Calcaneus

-bone that is inferior and lateral to the talus -provides support for standing - the largest and strongest of the tarsal bones (heel bone)

Circulation to the head and neck involve...

-brachiocephalic artery -left common carotid artery -left subclavian atery

Respiratory area of the brain

-brainstem, pons, medulla oblongata -stimulated by CO2 in blood (and lesser effect of O2 levels in blood)

Catabolism

-breakdown of energy in the body -destructive component of metabolism -breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones

Battle sign

-bruising over mastoid process -usually due to basilar fracture

Anabolism

-build up of energy reservoirs and molecules in the body -constructive component of metabolism -synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

Organic substances

-carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids

Lymphatic vessels

-carry fluid away from tissues -prevent tissues from becoming edematous by absorbing excess fluid and returning it to central venous circulation

Ear canal

-cavity leading from the exterior atmosphere to the tympanum -aka. external auditory canal

Major abdominal arteries

-celiac trunk -superior mesenteric artery -inferior mesenteric artery

Cell membrane

-cell wall -selectively permeable layer surrounding insides of cell -controls movement of substances in and out of cell

Juxtaglomerular cells

-cells located in afferent arterioles of glomerulus -play part in regulating volume statue of body

Helper T cells

-cells that aid WBCs in carrying out cell-mediated immune functions -maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells -activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

Mast cells

-cells to which antibodies attach -formed in response to allergens -when allergens on the surface of this, they release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis

Major regions of adult brain (x4)

-cerebrum -diencephalon -cerebellum -brainstem

beta-blockers

-common cardiac drug -blocks beta effects, causing decrease in workload of heart by reducing speed of contraction and bp

Diabetes insipidus

-condition caused by pituitary dysfunction -associated with large production of dilute urine

Conn syndrome

-condition resulting in excess secretion of aldosterone -commonly caused by benign tumour

Hyperparathyroidism

-condition resulting in loss of calcium -caused by excess secretion of parathyroid hormones

Neuroglia

-connective and supporting tissues of nervous tissue -one of two types of neural tissue -support, protect, defend, and aid in repair of neural tissue -also regulate composition of nervous system interstitial fluid

Sensation of balance

-consists of static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium

What does the lining of the inner stomach mucosa contain?

-contains gastric pits with parietal, chief, and endocrine cells

External ear

-contains pinna, ear canal, and exterior portion of the tympanic membrane j

Cortisol

-corticosteroid secreted by adrenal cortex -stress hormone

Optic nerve

-cranial nerve (II) -transmits visual information to the brain -only cranial nerve considered to be part of CNS

Oculomotor nerve

-cranial nerve (III) -motion of eyeballs and upper lid

Abducens nerve

-cranial nerve (VI) -lateral movement of eyeball

Facial nerve

-cranial nerve (VII) -supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and cutaneous sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate

Vestibulocochlear nerve

-cranial nerve (VIII) that passes thru internal auditory meatus -hearing and balance

Vagus nerve

-cranial nerve (X) -provides motor function to soft palate, pharynx, and larynx -carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketonic coma (HHNC)

-diabetic emergency that occurs from relative insulin deficiency -hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, absence of significant ketosis

Acromegaly

-disorder caused by overproduction of growth hormone by pit. gland -enlargement of flat bones -aka. gigantism

SA node

-dominant pacemaker of the heart -located in the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium

Meninges

-dura mater -arachnoid -pia mater

Pancreas

-elongated organ -manufacture of digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

Flow of air

-enters at nasopharynx or oropharynx -moves to trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -alveoli in lungs

Types ot tissue

-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous

Three major female hormones

-estrogen -progesterone -human chorionic gonadotropin

Zygote

-fertilized egg -23 chromosomes from each parent

Extracellular fluid

-fluid found outside of cell membrane -contains most of supply of sodium -15% of body weight

Intracellular fluid

-fluid inside cell where more of potassium is contained -45% of total body weight

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

-fluid outside of cell -most of body's supply of sodium is here -accounts for 15% of body weight

Angiotensin II

-form of kinin that plays role in bp maintenance -causes vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation by stimulating adrenal gland to increase aldosterone

Prostaglandins

-group of hormone-like fatty acids produced in many body tissues -act on target organs to produce effects such as uterine contraction, regulation of bp, smooth muscle contraction, pain, and imflammation

Seminiferous tubules

-highly coiled structures inside each lobule of a testis -form network of channels, then ducts, which join the epididymis

Spleen

-highly vascular organ -removal of old blood cells and fighting infection

Most common chemicals in body that promote inflammation (lymphatic system)

-histamines -kinin -complement -prostaglandins -leukotrienes -pyrogens -interferon

Secretin

-hormone produced by duodenum -inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates production of alkaline pancreatic secretions

Gastrin

-hormone produced by endocrine cells of stomach -increases stomach secretions and rate of gastric emptying

Glucagon

-hormone produced by pancreas -controls metabolism and blood glucose level -stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Calcitonin

-hormone produced by thyroid -regulates calcium levels in body

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

-hormone released by hypothalamus -influences release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

-hormone released from pituitary gland -released in monthly intervals that help stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis (stimulates ovulation)

Follicle stimulating hormone

-hormone that regulates eggs, sperm, and reproductive hormones -released from pituitary gland -helps stimulate oocyte to undergo meiosis

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

-hormone that targets adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol -essential for development of cortex of adrenal gland and its secretion of corticosteroids -stimulated by stress, trauma, major surgery, fever, etc.

Medulla

-inferior portion of midbrain that serves as conduction pathway for afferent and efferent nerves -inner portion of adrenal glands -produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Emphysema

-infiltration of any tissue by air or gas -COPD (disease) characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma

Epicondylitis

-inflammation of muscles of elbow joint -aka. tennis elbow

Renal medulla

-inner portion of each kidney -made of conical renal pyramids -has striations

primary functions of respiratory system

-intake of oxygen -removal of carbon dioxide -exchange of gases and ventilation

Trismus

-involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth -occurs during seizures and head injuries

Bicarbonate ions

-ions related to carbonic acid -formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanisms

Auricle

-large outside portion of the ear through which sound waves enter the ear -aka. Pinna

Pinna

-large outside portion of the ear through which soundwaves enter the ear -aka the auricle

Cerebral cortex

-largest part of brain -controls higher thought processes -also called cerebrum

Stratum granulosum

-layer of epidermis that sits between stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum -composed of flattened cells that contain granules of keratohyalin

Right upper quadrant contains

-liver -gallbladder -part of large intestine -right kidney

Basal ganglia

-located in cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain -play an important role in coordination of motor movements

Parathyroid glands

-located on posterior thyroid gland surface -produce parathyroid hormone (maintains calcium in blood and normal neuromuscular function)

Saphenous vein

-longest vein in body -drains leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot

Limbic system

-made up by portions of cerebrum and diencephalon -influences mood, emotions, motivation, and sensations of pain and pleasure

Retina

-made up of 10 layers of nervous tissue -receives light impulses that generate nerve signals that are conducted to the brain through the optic nerve

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

-major source of energy for all chemical reactions in body - is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

Pons

-mass of nerve fibers at the end of the medulla oblongata -portion of brainstem that lies below midbrain -affect sleep adn respiraton

Pituitary gland

-master gland; located as base of brain -secretes hormones that regulate basically F-ing everything -regulate function of many glands in body -is regulatED by the hypothalamus -posterior portion is directly connected to and continuous with the brain (called neurohypophysis... produces neurohormones)

Active transport

-method used to move compounds across a cell membrane -against concentration gradient -required ATP

Tunica media

-middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall -composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in bp and tissue demand

Hypothalamus

-most inferior portion of diencephalon -responsible for control of hr, digestion, sexual development, temp regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of sleep cycle -stimulates secretion of growth hormone

Central disk herniation

-most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into spinal canal -potential to cause neurological injury

Upper airway

-mouth -nasopharynx -oropharynx

Four layers of alimentary canal

-mucosa -submucosa -adventitia (muscle) -serosa (outer lining of bowel)

Detrusor muscle

-muscle surrounding neck of bladder to form internal urethral sphincter -functions in micturition reflex - Smooth muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra. the muscle that controls the appropriate emptying of the urinary bladder

Obturator nerve

-nerve emanating from lumbosacral plexus -innervate muscles that adduct the thigh and rotate it medially

Stratum corneum

-outer layer of epidermis -dead cells

Epidermis

-outer layer of skin made up of stratified squamous epithelium -nerve vessels but no nerve endings -composed of five layers (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum)

Three lymphatic organs comprising the tonsils

-palatine -pharyngeal -lingual tonsils

Diencephalon

-part of brain between brainstem and cerebrum -includes thalamus and hypothalamus

Epithalamus

-part of diencephalon -emotions, circadian rhythms, and connecting limbic system with other parts of brain

Thalamus

-part of diencephalon -processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movement (especially associated with fear or rage)

Left lower quadrant contains

-part of large intestine -left ovary -left ureter -part of uterus -urinary bladder

Distal convoluted tubule

-part of nephron -empties urine into collection duct then carries it to the calyces

Proximal convoluted tubule

-part of nephron -include glomerular capsule

PR segment

-period between atrial depolarization and the onset of ventricular depolarization -signifies the time required for atrial depolarization and passage of the excitation impulse thru the AV junction

Hilum

-point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung -also an indented region of a lymph node where blood vessels and nerves are attached

Oocyte

-precursors to a mature egg -formed in ovaries

Agonist

-prime mover -muscle that contracts to provide mose of a desired movement

Amniocentesis

-procedure of extracting amniotic fluid from the uterus using a needle and ultrasound or CT scan

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

-produced by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -constricts blood vessels and raises bp -targets the collecting tube of the nephron in the kidneys and promotes retention of water (reduces urine output) -vasopressin

Four methods of heat dissipation from body

-radiation -conduction -convection -evaporation

Lymphatic system

-related to cardiovascular system -transports excess tissue fluid to bloodstream -absorbs fats and helps to defend against disease-causing agents -primary organs are thymus and spleen, along with lymph nodes

Parietal lobe

-responsible for reception and evaluation of most sensory info, except smell hearing, and vision

Where do lungs receive blood from?

-right ventricle via pulmonary arteries -bronchial arteries (which branch from thoracic aorta)

Glomerular capsule

-sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus -receives filtered fliud

Vasa recta

-series of peritubular capillaries that surround loop of Henle -water moves here after passing through descending and ascending limbs of loop of Henle

Golgi apparatus

-set of membranes in cytoplasm -formation of sugars and complex proteins

Ways that material can pass thru the cell

-simple diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -active transport

Parts of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

-sinoatrial node -atrioventricular node -bundle of His -bundle branches -Purkinje fibers

Choroid plexus

-specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain -produce cerebrospinal fluid

Lower airway

-starts at larynx -includes glottis, vestibular folds, vocal cords, bronchi, and bronchioles

Left upper quadrant contains

-stomach -spleen -pancreas -part of large intestine -left kidney

Cardiac muscle

-striated -involuntary -has capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses -branched

Nephrons

-structural and functional units of kidney that form urine -composed of glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Ejaculatory duct

-structure formed by vasa deferentia and seminal vesicle -passes through prostate gland to empty into the urethra

Efferent arteriole

-structure of kidney that drains blood from glomerulus

Olfactory bulbs

-structures in the forebrain that are needed to perceive odors -cranial nerve for smell

Circulation to the upper extremities involves...

-subclavian artery -vertebral artery -axillary artery -brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries

Electrolyte

-substances that release ions in water -salt or acids -chemicals dissolved in blood

Coronary arteries

-supply heart with blood -arise from aorta

Five primary taste types

-sweetness -sourness -saltiness -bitterness -umami

Cholecystitis

-symptoms from cholelithiasis -aka gallbladder attack

Iris

-the sphincter muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea -dilate and constrict the pupil -regulate the amount of light that enters the eye -pigment in this tissue gives eye its colour

Ossicles

-thee small bones in middle ear; include malleus, incus, and stapes -transmit vibrations to the cochlear duct at the oval window

Ureter

-thick-walled hollow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder

Eardrum

-thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear -transmits vibrations to the ossicles -aka. tympanic membrane

Myofibrils

-threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other -located within individual muscle cells

Epididymides

-tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within a testis -become vas deferens

Heart valves (x4)

-tricuspid -mitral -pulmonic -aortic

Two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland

-triiodothyronine (T3) -tetraiodothyronine (T4) -hormones produced in response to stimulation from anterior pituitary by thyroid-stimulating hormone

Crypts

-tubular glands located in colon -contain mucus-producing goblet cells

Thermoregulation

-under primary control of hypothalamus -temperature regulation

Latissimus Dorsi

is a broad, flat muscle that covers approximately one-third of the back on each side. It rotates the arm inward and draws the arm down and back. It originates from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum and the posterior portion of the crest of the ilium. Its fibers converge to form a flat tendon that has its insertion in the humerus.

Blood Serum

is a clear, pale yellow liquid. It is the liquid portion of blood after coagulation. Plasma and serum differ in that plasma is whole blood minus the cells, and serum is plasma minus the clotting elements.

The human body

is a combination of organ systems with a supporting framework of muscles and bones and an external covering of skin.

How many cranial nerves?

12 pairs

12 Cranial Nerves - Nerve, Ditty, Name, & Function.

1st O Olfactory 2nd O Optic 3rd O Occulomotor 4th TO Trochlear 5th TOUCH Trigeminal 6th AND Abducens 7th FEEL Facial 8th ANY Acoustic 9th GREAT Glossopharyn 10th VELVET Vagus 11th A Accessory 12th H Hypoglossal

7 tarsal bones

1st medial cuneiform, 2nd intermediate cuneiform, 3rd lateral cuneiform, cuboid, navicular, talus, and calcaneus.

The fingers are named

1st thumb; 2nd index; 3rd middle; 4th ring; and 5th little

How many bones make up the skull?

28 bones

perspiration secreted by Sweat glands

is a combination of water, salts, amino acids, and urea.

Total RBC for females

3.6 - 5.6 mil / mm3

Muscularis

3rd layer made of 2 layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract layer of the wall of the digestive tract that generates peristalsis

abdominal cavity quadrants -

4 equal divisions with the umbilicus being the midpoint for each dividing line RUQ, LUQ RLQ, LLQ

Total RBC for males

4.2 - 6.0 mil / mm3

Blood of the average Women contains

4.5 million RBC's (mm³) per cubic millimeter

Blood of the average man contains

5 million RBC's per cubic millimeter (mm³)

Purkinje Fibers

5 specialized conductive Subendocardinal Fibers; located within the walls of the ventricles This atrioventricular bundle has many mitochondria and glycogen; some peripheral myofibrils. Perform a ventricular systole

Total RBC for newborns

5.0 - 6.5 mil / mm3

Body water content of average adult

50-70% of total body weight

Hemoglobin for females

83 - 110%

Hemoglobin for males

97 - 124%

Hemoglobin for newborns

97-138%

Neurohypophysis

=posterior portion of the pituitary gland that produces hormones called neurohormones -antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Decomposition reaction

=reaction that occurs when bonds within a reactant molecule break and form simpler atoms, molecules, or ions -Example: AB -

Synthesis reaction

=reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (Atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure -Example: A + B -

Exchange reaction

=reaction where parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new produces -example: AB + CD -

Reversible reaction

=reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were -Example: A + B <-- --

Transitional epithelium

=tissues that changes in appearance due to tension -lines urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

the diastolic pressure

A certain amount of blood pressure is maintained in the arteries even when the heart is relaxed. present during diastole, or relaxation of the heart.

prime mover muscle

A contracting muscle moves muscle in one direction The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power.

Thyroid cartilage

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.

Valve

A flap of tissue in the heart or a vein that prevents blood from flowing backward.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration

Submucosa

A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes

digestive juice

A liquid containing enzymes, which break down food. a fluid produced by cells in the lining of the stomach

Axon

A long projection off the cell body of a neruon down which an action potential can be propagated.

epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature. structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored a convoluted tubule in each testis

Rotation Joint movement

A movement in which the bone moves around a central point without being displaced, such as turning the head from side to side. Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Antagonist Muscle

A muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting

Medial malleolus

A prominence easily felt on the inner aspect of the ankle

The Arrector

A small muscle fastens to the side of the follicle

infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Visual (Optic) axis

A straight line that passes through both the centre of the pupil and the centre of the fovea imaginary line from the center or an object through the center of the lens

bolus

A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva The moving of this triggers a ring of contraction in the next region that pushes farther along. The ring of contraction moves like a wave along the GI tract to push forward.

Corticotrophs

ACTH and MSH produce corticotrophin, also called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

The perspiration secreted by Sweat glands

is a combination of water, salts, fatty acids, and urea. Normally, about one liter of this fluid is excreted daily. However, the amount varies with atmospheric temperature and humidity and the amount of exercise taken. When the outside temperature is high, or upon exercise, the glands secrete excessive amounts to cool the body through evaporation.

Cretinism

is a condition characterized by retarded mental and physical development. Hypothyroidism during childhood can lead to the development

Tonicity, or muscular tone

is a continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness.

Osteology

is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics)

Vagina

is a fibromuscular tube capable of great distention. The canal is approximately 7-8 cm long extending from the uterus to the outside. receives the male sperm during intercourse. It forms the lower portion of the birth canal, stretching widely during delivery. In addition, it serves as an excretory duct for uterine secretions and menstrual flow.

cirrh/o -

yellow-orange

Callus

zone of repair in which a mass of exudates and connective tissues forms around a break in a bone... heals

thymus

is a gland located in the mediastinum just beneath the sternum. It is large in children and atrophies as they become adults, once they reach old age it becomes a vestige of fat and fibrous tissue. It has a critical role in the immune system, thought to stimulate the production of T cells.

Quadriceps

is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh. The four muscles of this group are the rectus femoris that originates at the ilium; and the vastus (v.) lateralis, v. medialis, v. intermedius, that originate along the femur. All four are inserted into the tuberosity of the tibia through a tendon passing over the knee joint. The quadriceps serves as a strong extensor of the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh.

Quadriceps

is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh. The rectus femoris originates at the ilium; the vastus femoris, v. lateralis, and v. intermedius originate along the femur. All four are inserted into the tuberosity of the tibia through a tendon passing over the knee joint. The quadriceps serves as a strong extensor of the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh.

The vertebral foramen

is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae and forms the passage for the spinal cord.

vertebral foramen

is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord.

Acute appendicitis

Acute inflammation caused by a hardened piece of feces, a worm, or enlarged lymph node due to lymphoid hyperplasia in children and obstruction by fecalith in adults

heart

is a hollow, muscular organ, somewhat larger than the closed fist, located anteriorly in the chest and to the left of the midline. It is shaped like a cone, its base directed upward and to the right, the apex down and to the left. Lying obliquely in the chest, much of the base of the heart is immediately posterior to the sternum.

20 minutes to 2 hours

After ingestion, it takes ________ ___ ______ _______ for the first portion of the food to pass through the small intestine to the beginning of the large intestine.

Characteristics of living matter

All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.

carry messages

All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that _______ __________ from the central nervous system.

Epiglottis

is a lid-like, leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx. It acts as a trap door to deflect food particles and liquids from entering the larynx and trachea.

Glucocorticoids

Also known as adrenocorticosteroids; are used to regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism steroids that suppress inflammation / immune response & increase blood glucose (among other effects) in times of stress. They increase certain liver functions and have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Principal Digestive Juices

Amylase Hydrochloric acid Bile Proteinase Lipase Carbohydrase Peptidase

alcohol

An exception is _________, which is absorbed directly through the stomach wall. It is for this reason that intoxication occurs quickly when alcohol is taken on an empty stomach.

nourishment

An important function of the periosteum is to supply ______________ to the bone.

Organism level of organization

An organism is a complex series of various organ systems. Collection of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts.

The study of the body is divided into the three following sciences

Anatomy Physiology Embryology

Coronoid process

Anterior projection of the ramus of the mandible, insertion point for the temporalis muscle

incus

Anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear, connects the malleus to the stapes

Exterior epithelium

Apical / Free surface of the skin

nerve endings at the ends of the digits

Are protected by the nails

Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet.

Are the four Taste Sensations types

Anterior chamber (eye)

Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor.

Cytoplasm

Area inside the plasma membrane, external to nucleus made of water-to-gelatinous cytosol or intracellular fluid which all protoplasm vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability and movement are dependent on.

Optic Disk

Area of the retina without rods or cones, where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye.

sites of connective tissue in the body

Areolar (loose) connective tissue. Adipose tissue (fat). Dense irregular connective tissue protects organs from injury. Dense regular connective tissue Tendons and ligaments. Cartilage (gristle) Bone (osseous tissue) Blood

connects the blood vessels and nerves to the surrounding structures

Areolar Connective Tissue

Arterial System

Arterial circulation is responsible for taking freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body begins with the contraction of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta and its branches.

Pubic Symphysis

Articulating Cartilaginous (Symphysis) Between two pubic bones. Slight, particularly during pregnancy and delivery.

Foot

Articulating Synovial (Gliding and Hinge) Between the tarsal bones; Metatarsal Bones and phalanges; phalanges. Gliding: inversion and eversion. Hinge: Flexion, extension, slight abduction and adduction. Hinge: Flexion and extension.

Sacroiliac

Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Between the sacrum and the two ilia. Slight or no movement.

Carpal

Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Between various carpal bones. Gliding movements.

Tibiofibular (proximal)

Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Head of fibula with the lateral condyle of the tibia. Gliding movement.

Knee

Articulating Synovial (Hinge) Between the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of tibia. Flexion and Extension; Slight rotation of the tibia.

Ankle

Articulating Synovial (Hinge) Distal end of the tibia and fibula with the talus. Flexion (dorsiflexion) and extension (plantar flexion).

Thumb and metacarpal

Articulating Synovial (Saddle) Proximal end of the first metacarpal bone with the trapezium. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the thumb and opposition to the fingers.

Hip

Articulating Synovial (ball-and-socket) Head of femur in the acetabulum of the coxal bone. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

Shoulder

Articulating Synovial (ball-and-socket) Head of humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Movements flexion, extension, and circumduction of the upper part of the arm.

Wrist

Articulating Synovial (condyloid) Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones articulate with the radius and articular disk. Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of hand.

Acromioclavicular

Articulating Synovial (gliding) Distal end of the clavicle with the acromion of the scapula. Gliding movements; elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.

Thoracic

Articulating Synovial (gliding) Heads of ribs with bodies of vertebae; Tubercles of ribs with transverse process of vertebrae. Gliding motion.

Sternoclavicular

Articulating Synovial (gliding) Medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum

Finger sections

Articulating Synovial (hinge) Between phalanges. Flexion and extension of finger sections.

Fingers and Metacarpal

Articulating Synovial (hinge) Distal end of the metacarpal bones with the proximal end of the phalanges. Flexion, extension, limited abduction and adduction of the fingers.

Elbow

Articulating Synovial (hinge) Trochlea of the humerus with the semilunar notch of the ulna; head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus. Flexion and Extension movements.

Elbow and Forearm

Articulating Synovial (pivot) Head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna. Supination and pronation of the lower part of the arm and hand; rotation of the lower part of the arm on the upper extremity.

mandibular condyle

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull

Organs

As a group of similar cells form tissues, similar tissues

nephron reabsorption process

As glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubule, some of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood of the peritubular capillary. The filtrate entering the peritubular capillary will repeat the filtration cycle. This process of reabsorption changes the composition of urine. For instance, the filtrate entering the renal tubule is high in sugar content, but because of the reabsorption process, urine secreted from the body does not contain sugar.

Graded potential

is a local event that does not travel far from its origin. a change in the resting potential of the plasma membrane in the response to a stimulus. A graded potential occurs when the stimulus causes Na + or K + gated channels to open. If Na + channels open, positive sodium ions enter, and the membrane depolarizes (becomes more positive). If the stimulus opens K + channels, then positive potassium ions exit across the membrane and the membrane.

Anatomical position

Assumed when the body stands erect with arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward, Thumbs pointed laterally.

The following four neuroglia are found in the CNS

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells

Tendon

At one end of some muscles are long white that attach the muscles to bone

medial condyles

At the distal end are two bony prominences articulate with the tibia and the patella

Lateral and medial condyles

At the distal end are two bony prominences which articulate with the tibia and the patella.

articular cartilage

At the ends of the long bones is a smooth, glossy tissue that forms the joint surfaces. articulates (or joins) with, fits into, or moves in contact with similar surfaces of other bones.

renal pelvis

Attached to the hollow side of each kidney is the dilated upper end of the ureter

Suspensory ligament

Attaches the lens to the ciliary body Holds lens in place membrane of fibers that holds the eye's lens in place

Lateral

Away from the mid sagittal plane of the body

Hypoxic drive

Backup system of respiration is stimulated when oxygen levels fall

Cell

Basic unit of life. Parts include: Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus (ribosomes and DNA).

Flexion angular motion

Bending the arm or leg. Decreases the angle of a joint act of bending a joint

Blood flow with Atrial Contraction

Blood is siphoned, pooling into the Atria from the Vena Cava & Pulmonary Vein. Right & Left Atrium Contract. pushing blood through the Tricuspid & Mitral atrioventricular valves to corresponding ventricles; Aortic & Pulmonary Semilunar valves are closed.

5 million mm³

Blood of the average man contains ________________ (5,000,000 mm³) RBC's per cubic millimeter

4.5 million mm³

Blood of the average women contains _____________ (4,500,000 mm³) RBC'S per cubic millimeter

process of blood coagulation

Blood platelets play an important role in the ____________ _______ _____________, clumping together in the presence of jagged, torn tissue.

Anatomy

Body structures and positional relation to one another

compact Bone tissue

Bone consists of a hard outer shell

radius

Bone in forearm "on the thumb side", larger in the proximal forearm.

*inorganic mineral salts* and an *organic substance* ossein

Bone is made up of inorganic _________ __________ ___________ (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and an _____________ __________ called ossein.

shape

Bones are classified according to __________.

sesamoid bones

Bones like the patella that develop within a tendon small and nodular bones and embedded deep within tendons adjacent to joints, ex. patella

skull

Bones of the cranium form the framework of the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.

Immovable

Bones of the skull are rigidly interlocked along immovable joint lines known as sutures.

Nervous system

Brain Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon The brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum The spinal cord The ventricular system Choroid plexus

ascending aorta

Branches off the left ventricle; carries oxygen rich blood to parts of the body above the heart the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle

Adduction angular motion

Bringing an extremity body part toward the central axis of the body

vomiting occurs

By means of peristalsis, food is pushed along this tube to the stomach. When peristalsis is reversed

Axis

C2; a bony prominence that fits into the ring of the atlas, thus permitting the head to rotate from side to side.

Axis

C2; allows head to turn

Cervical Nerves

C8 C1-C8 Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle. 8 pairs (C1-C8)

Primary waste product of metablolism

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide.

The chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages

CONTRACTION and RECOVERY

Scleral venus sinus

Canal of Schlemm

Vertebral

Cartilaginous (symphyses) articulation between bodies of vertebrae. Slight movement between any two vertebrae but considerable motility for the column as a whole.

Serous Cavities

Cavities which have no communication with the outside of the body and use lining membrane secretes a serous fluid.

target organ cells

Cells acted on by hormones specific receptors only found in certain cells that each hormone moleule binds to.

Multicellular Organisms

Cells vary in size, shape, and number of nuclei. Cells are highly specialized to perform splecial functions.

Organelle level of organization

Chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function. Without it cells are unable to live.

Levels of organization of the human body

Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism levels.

Gracilis

is a long slender muscle located on the inner aspect of the thigh. It adducts the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg. Its origin is in the symphysis pubis, and its insertion is in the medial surface of the tibia, below the condyle.

Circulatory system

Circulates blood around the body via the heart, arteries and veins, delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

The specific bones that form the framework for the upper extremity

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpal Phalanges

Masseter

Closes jaw; flat, thick muscle. Origin - Zygomatic arch. Insertion - Mandible (external surface). muscle raises the mandible, or lower jaw, to close the mouth. It is the chewing muscle in the mastication of food. It originates in the zygomatic process and adjacent parts of the maxilla and is inserted in the mandible.

Medial pterygoid

Closes jaw; parallels masseter muscle. Origin - Sphenoid, palatine, and maxillary bones. Insertion - Inner (medial) surface of the ramus

Major Duodenal Papilla

Collects from common bile duct and main pancreatic duct entrance of the main pancreatic duct into the GI tract elevation of mucosa The ampulla opens into the duodenum via this volcano-shaped opening

Epithelial little intercellular fluid and may be further subdivided into three types:

Columnar Squamous Cuboidal

Three categories of epithelial tissue

Columnar, Squamous, and Cuboidal.

Human Body

Combination of organ systems with supporting framework of bones, muscles, and external covering.

Rotation

is a movement in which the bone moves around a central point without being displaced, such as turning the head from side to side.

Organ level of organization

Complex structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function. Have unique shape, size, appearance and placement in the body.

Cardiac muscle

Composed of a special branched (cardiac) muscle Cell, making involuntary muscles that is striated. Forms the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels. Fibers are shorter and branch into a complicated network. Contract to pump blood out of the heart.

Hair

Compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers, is an epithelial structure found on almost every part of the surface of the body. Made of keratin. Protects scalp from light from sun.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone reach across the joints from one bone to another and keep the bone stable.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Constricts blood vessels, raise blood pressure. Oxytocin Neurohypophysis -Stores hormones produced by hypothalamus -Secretes ADH and Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone

Abdominal Cavity

Contains digestive viscera contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Ciliary body

Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens Produces aqueous humor Holds lens in place

Retina

Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eyeball; contains receptor cells

Systole

Contraction of the heart and the period of work.

Esophagus

is a muscular tube about 25 cm (10 inches) long and pierces the diaphragm on its way to the stomach It is the passageway between the pharynx and the stomach.

smooth layer of cartilage

Cover the ends of the bones in diarthroses type of joint

nails

Covers and protects the dorsal surfaces of the distal bones of the fingers and toes. Created when epidermal cells on fingers and toes fill with keratin and become hard and plate like.

Gallbladder

is a pear-shaped sac, stained dark green by the bile it contains. It is located in the hollow underside of the liver receives bile from the liver and then concentrates and stores it. It secretes bile when the small intestine is stimulated by the entrance of fats.

cochlear structures

is a portion of the inner ear that looks like a snail shell (cochlea is Greek for snail.) receives sound in the form of vibrations, which cause the stereocilia to move. The stereocilia then convert these vibrations into nerve impulses which are taken up to the brain to be interpreted.

diabetes mellitus

DM metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness

Muscle fatigue

Damage to spent muscle cells not able to recover fully, resulting in cramping and weakness, caused by continued muscle contraction. excessive muscle strain is damaging.

refraction

Deflection or bending of light rays results when light passes through substances of varying densities in the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor).

Osseous Connective Tissue

Dense fibrous connective "bone tissue" that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones serving as the supporting framework of the body.

Dense regular connective tissue.

Densely spaced, parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Binds bones together and attaches muscle to bone; transfers force from muscle to bone Tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue.

Densely spaced, randomly arranged fibers and fibroblasts. Toughness; protects organs from injury; provides protective capsules around many organs Dermis of skin; capsules around liver, spleen, and other organs; fibrous sheath around bones

Through the Pulmonary Artery to the lungs

Deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the right ventricle via the The tricuspid valve

Structures of the Eye

Designed to receive light and produce electrical signals Eyelids Eyelashes and eyebrows Lacrimal (tearing) apparatus Eye muscles

Plasma membrane

is a selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell. In addition to holding the cell together, the membrane selectively controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means.

Patella

is a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint. It is enclosed within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.

type of melanin present

Detirmines the color of hair

Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

Development of the breasts and the ductile system of the mammary glands within the breasts Increased quantities of fatty (or adipose) tissue in the subcutaneous layer, especially in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks Increased vascularization of the skin

has three openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels

Diaphragm

primary muscle of respiration

Diaphragm modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically.

Characteristic functions necessary for survival

Digestion, metabolism, and homeostasis

Hydrochloric acid

Digestive Juice Source Gastric glands Substance Acted Upon Pepsinogen (Proteins) Product Pepsin (Split proteins)

Carbohydrase

Digestive Juice Source Intestinal glands Substance Acted Upon Complex sugars (maltose, sucrose, and lactose) Product Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose)

Peptidase

Digestive Juice Source Intestinal glands Substance Acted Upon Peptides and polypeptides Product Amino acids

Bile

Digestive Juice Source Liver Substance Acted Upon Fats Product Emulsified fats

Lipase

Digestive Juice Source Pancreas Substance Acted Upon Fats Product Fatty acids

Proteinase

Digestive Juice Source Pancreas Substance Acted Upon Proteins and split proteins Product Peptides and polypeptides

Small Intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place is a muscular, convoluted, coiled tube, about 7 meters (23 feet) long and attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesentery.

Blood Vessels of the Dermis Layer

Dilate to contain a significant portion of the body's blood supply. constriction or dilation of these blood vessels affects blood pressure and the volume of blood available to the internal organs.

Nasal bones

Directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

pituitary

is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, the Turkish saddle-shape depression of the sphenoid bone. The pituitary is connnected to the hypothalamus by the stalk called infundibulum. gland that is the master gland of the endocrine system Growth hormone is produced in the

membranous urethra

is about 2 cm in length and is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter.

Male Urethra

is about 20 cm long and is divided into three parts: the prostatic, membranous, and penile portions.

Female Urethra

is about 4 cm long, extending from the bladder to the external orifice.

The chemical breakdown of food in the stomach

is accomplished through the production of digestive juices (enzymes) by small (gastric) glands in the wall of the stomach.

The blood vessels of the body fall into three distinct classifications

Distributors Exchangers Collectors

V/Q mismatch

Disturbance in balance of exchange of the surface area available for ventilation and the Amount of blood flowing through the alveoli available for gas exchange

rupture of their eardrums

Divers who ascend too fast to allow pressure to adjust may experience

sagittal plane (median plane)

Division on the vertical axis dividing into left and right halves. Passing through the sagittal suture of the cranium and any plane parallel

Canal of Schlemm

Duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous humor to the veins and bloodstream Drains the aqueous humor of the eye An impediment through what structure leads to glaucoma?

Skin structure

EPIDERMIS DERMIS

except the thumb which has two

Each finger has three phalanges

thumb has two

Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

Enlargement of the larynx (Adam's apple) and thickening of the vocal cords, which produces a lower-pitched voice Thickening of the skin Increased muscle growth, broadening of the shoulder and narrowing of the waist Thickening and strengthening of the bones

Blood.

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, Circulates in cardiovascular system

contraceptives or birth control pills

Estrogen and progesterone hormones (naturally derived) The combination of hormones released through a monthly series of pills fools the body into not preparing (building-up of uterine lining) for implantation of an embryo. As the uterus has not prepared for implantation, pregnancy cannot occur.

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive production of parathormone muslce weakness, cardiac dystitmia, renal calculi, pathological fracture Excess PTH secretion

hyperthyroidism

Excessive secretion of thyroxin raises the metabolic rate overactive thyroid condition an over secretion of thyroid that leads to high metabolism and exopthalmia goiter This condition is characterized by a fast pulse rate, dizziness, increased basal metabolism, profuse sweating, tremors, nervousness, and a tremendous appetite coupled with weight loss.

Sensory organs

Eye Cornea Iris Ciliary body Lens Retina Ear Outer ear Earlobe Eardrum Middle ear Ossicles Inner ear Cochlea Vestibule of the ear Semicircular canals Olfactory epithelium Tongue Taste buds

Vestibular fold

False vocal cord When these are brought together functions in holding breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity.

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body or point of origin

Duodenal Bulb

First, or superior, portion of the duodenum.

The more common types of angular motion are:

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

common types of angular motion

Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction.

urine

Fluid wastes removed from the body by the kidneys fluid excreted by the kidney containing urea, water, salts, etc

Interior epithelium

Forms the lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracks; blood and lymph vessels; serous cavities; and tubules of certain secretory glands.

diarthroses

Freely movable synovial joints These joints have much more complex structures than the immovable and slightly movable joints. The ends of the bones in this type of joint are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage.

46 chromosomes

Full set of chromosomes in a normal human cell. 23 from mom-23 from dad-normal # of chromosomes

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GERD the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain

Joint movements Joint movements are generally divided into four types

GLIDING ANGULAR ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION

Scala Vestibuli

the upper bony passage of the cochlea. is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct. It is separated from the cochlear duct by Reissner's membrane and extends from the vestibule of the ear to the helicotrema where it joins the tympanic duct.

Sublingual Salivary Gland

Gland located in the floor of the mouth just under the tongue. -Bartholin's duct On each side underneath the tongue, in the floor of the mouth Multiple separate ducts Smallest of salivary glands, secretes, thick stringy mucus.

salivary glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

Parotid Salivary Gland

Glandular structure which lies inferior & anterior to the external auditory meatus Near the Masseter Inside cheek, opposite maxillary second molar Parotid ducts go through the buccinator muscles and enter the mouth opposite maxillary second molars Largest of salivary glands. Secretes clear watery fluid.

chief function of columnar tissue in digestive system

Goblet or Mucus-producing cells the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods

Tissue level of organization

Group of many specialized similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function. Make up the fabric of the body.

human chorionic gonadotropin

HCG This hormone is high during the first 3 months of pregnancy to tell the female's gonads to maintain the uterine lining instead of falling away as in menstruation. HCG is the hormone used for early pregnancy tests.

median cubital

the vein in the bend of the elbow that is commonly used as a site for venipuncture

divided into two sections

Hard palate Soft palate

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

male pelvis

Has a subacute pubic angle. heavier and thicker due to forces exerted by stronger muscles pubic arch is less than 90 degrees, heart shaped inlet of true pelvis, more curved sacrum

Animals

Have sensations, the power voluntary movement, and require oxygen and organic food.

Flat Bones

Have thin roughly parallel surfaces, form the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.

Cardiovascular system

Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries

To return this blood to the heart for reoxygenation

the venous system begins with the merging of capillaries into venules, venules into small veins, and small veins into larger veins.

nerves are distributed to the smooth muscles in

the walls of the arteries in the dermis and to the smooth muscles around the sweat glands and hair roots.

Clinically use of Glucocorticoids

they are used to suppress inflammatory reactions, to promote healing, to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and maintain normal blood pressure.

Rugae

thick folds of the stomach wall

Myometrium

thick muscular middle layer of uterine all

femur

thigh bone the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton The proximal end is rounded and has a head supported by a constricted neck that fits into the acetabulum.

Femur

thigh bone, is the longest bone in the body. The proximal end is rounded and has a head supported by a constricted neck that fits into the acetabulum. Two processes called the GREATER and LESSER TROCHANTERS are at the proximal end for the attachment of muscles.

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Occipital Bone

Hindmost bone of the cranium, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape, joins with the parietal and temporal bones.

Somatotropin

Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.

Self

Human cells have unique cell markers embedded in our plasma membranes that identify each of our cells as self—that is, belonging to us as an individual.

Joints are classified according to the amount of movement they permit

IMMOVABLE SLIGHTLY MOVABLE FREELY MOVABLE

circulating blood will not clot

If blood components and linings of vessels are normal

fatigue

If it is carried too far, the muscle cells will not recover and permanent damage will result. Muscles, therefore, need rest to allow the blood to carry away the waste materials and bring in fresh glucose, oxygen, and protein to restore the muscle protoplasm and the energy that was used.

synarthroses

Immovable Fibrous joints, that are immovable and found in the sutures of skull Bones of the skull are an example of an immovable joint. Immovable joints are characterized by the bones being in close contact with each other and little or no movement occurring between the bones.

Chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting/prolapsing

Sarcolemma

thin transparent sheath surrounding striated muscle fiber

covered with a smooth layer of cartilage

In a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow joint, the ends of the bones

The kidneys are effective blood purifiers and fluid balance regulators

In addition to maintaining a normal pH of the blood (acid-base balance), the kidneys keep the blood slightly alkaline by removing excess substances from it. The end product of these functions is the formation of urine, which is excreted from the body.

36 mm long

In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately

the ilium, ischium, and pubis

In children these three parts are separate bones, but in adults they are firmly united to form a cuplike structure called the acetabulum, into which the head of the femur fits.

Arteries of the abdomen

In the abdomen, the aorta gives off branches to the abdominal viscera, including the stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. The aorta later divides into the left and right common iliacs, which supply the lower extremities

vasa recta vessels

In the blood supply of the kidney, the straight arterioles of kidney (or vasa recta renis) are a series of straight capillaries in the medulla (Latin: vasa, "vessels"; recta, "straight"). They lie parallel to the loop of Henle.

Slightly movable

In these joints the bones are held together by broad flattened disks of cartilage and ligaments (e.g., vertebrae and symphysis pubis).

14 major bones of the face

Inferior nasal concha (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Mandible. Maxilla (2) Nasal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer. Zygomatic bones (2)

blood clot

Initially is a fluid, but soon it becomes thick and then sets into a soft jelly that quickly becomes firm enough to act as a plug. This plug is the result of a swift, sure mechanism that changes one of the soluble blood proteins

Internal

Inside

Opthalmoscope

Instrument to view the eye an instrument for inspecting the retina and other parts of the eye

11 major systems that make up the human body

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

results in a heart attack

Interference with the blood supply to the heart

Female reproductive system

Internal reproductive organs Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External reproductive organs Vulva Clitoris Placenta

Male reproductive system

Internal reproductive organs Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral glands External reproductive organs Penis Scrotum

Cytosol

Intracellular fluid - the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended

Blood Platelets, or *Thrombocytes*

Irregular- or oval-shaped discs in the blood that contain no nucleus, only cytoplasm. The blood also contains cellular fragments are smaller than red blood cells and average about 250,000 per cubic millimeter of blood.

Each end of the esophagus

Is encircled by muscular sphincters that act as valves to regulate passage of material

chemical level of organization

Is the beginning level of the organization of the body. More than 100 different chemical building blocks of nature called Atoms.

Abdominal part of Esophagus

Is the portion inferior to the diaphram passed the Esophageal Hiatus

The cell

Is the smallest unit of life, is the basic structural unit of all living things and a functional unit all by itself. made up of the plasma membrane, a nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

The middle layer of the eye is the choroid

It is a highly vascular, pigmented tissue that provides nourishment to the inner structures. Continuous with the choroid is the ciliary body. The ciliary body is formed by a thickening of the choroid and fits like a collar into the area between the retina and iris. Attached to the ciliary body are the suspensory ligaments, which blend with the elastic capsule of the lens and holds it in place

The uppermost epidermisis called the horny layer (stratum corneum)

It is composed of scaly dead cells that form a protective surface and are gradually sloughed off naturally or by irritation (e.g., sunburn) or abrasion. This scaly layer, if unbroken, can block the passage of almost every known type of germ; however, its protective powers are reduced if the skin is not cleansed regularly.

bones and muscles

It is important to understand the relationship of the _______ and _______as they work together to provide support and movement for the human body.

melantonin

It is known as the biological clock levels rise when sunlight is absent triggering sleepiness. This hormone is released from the pineal gland. It regulates the sleep cycle and stimulates puberty.

round window

It is sealed by the secondary tympanic membrane (round window membrane), which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.

Of the liver's many functions, the following are important

It metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins preparatory to their use or excretion It forms and excretes bile salts and pigment from bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cell destruction It stores blood; glycogen; vitamins A, D, and B-12; and iron It detoxifies the end products of protein digestion and drugs It produces antibodies and essential elements of blood-clotting mechanisms

Key branches of the aorta

Key arterial branches of the aorta are the coronary, innominate (brachiocephalic), left common carotid, and left subclavian.

Lumbar Nerves

L5 5 pairs (L1-L5) Femoral, Obturator

lower extremity

LE; includes the bones of the hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

LES is at the junction with the stomach which help keeps food in, when this is damaged or does not work properly a patient gets heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

tri- -

three

Adipose tissue (fat)

Large fat-filled adipocytes and scanty extracellular matrix. Stores energy, conserves body heat, cushions and protects many organs, fills space, shapes body Beneath skin; around kidneys, heart, and eyes; breast; abdominal membranes (mesenteries)

foramen magnum

Large opening in the center, underside (inferior) portion of the cranium through which nerve fibers from the brain pass and enter into the spinal cord. - This opening permits passage of the spinal cord from the cranium into the spinal column.

Dartos muscle

Layer of cutaneous muscle within the scrotum that contracts during cold weather and causes the skin to become firm and wrinkled

Shape, arrangement, and function

Leads to the Classification of epithelial tissues

diapedesis

Leukocytes can squeeze between the cells that form blood cell walls. permits them to leave the blood stream through the capillary wall and attack pathogenic bacteria. They can travel anywhere in the body and are often named the wandering cells.

Orbicularis oris Muscle

Located between the skin and mucous membranes of the lips. Makes lips close and pucker. Origin - Encircles the mouth (no attachement to bone). Insertion - Corners of the mouth

Palatine Tonsil

Located in the posterior part of the mouth (oropharynx), on both sides of the tongue, are two masses of almond-shaped lymphatic tissue that assist the body to protect against infections. Are visible through the open mouth.

five lumbar vertebrae

Located in the small of the back, these vertebrae are the larger and stronger segments of the vertebral column.

Buccinator Muscle

Located in the walls of the cheeks, holds food in contact with teeth when chewing, and assists in blowing air out of the mouth. Prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth. Origin - Alveolar process of maxilla and mandible. Insertion - Orbicularis oris at the corner of the mouth

Bones are classified according to shape

Long Short Flat Irregular

Bone Classifications

Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones

vas deferens

Long, narrow tube carrying sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Lateral recumbent position

Lying on the side

Important functional muscles

MASSETER TEMPORAL STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID TRAPEZIUS LATISSIMUS DORSI PECTORALIS MAJOR DIAPHRAGM DELTOID BICEPS BRACHII TRICEPS BRACHII GLUTEALS QUADRICEPS SARTORIUS BICEPS FEMORIS GASTROCNEMIUS and SOLEUS TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

The cardiac muscle cells

Make involuntary muscles and are located only in the heart, they are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells

superficial skeletal muscles

Masseter, Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Biceps Brachii, Latissimus Dorsi, Adductor Longus, Gracilis, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Achilles tendon, Tibialis Anterior, Soleus, Temporalis, Triceps Brachii, Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Orbicularis oris, Buccinator, Mentalis, Zygomaticus Major, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid.

Digestive system / Excretory system

Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. Eliminates waste from the body. Mouth Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Mesentery Pancreas

Nuclei of neuroglia

Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels).

Bicuspid

Mitral Valve - Left AV valve Having two points; a bicuspid heart valve has two flaps Between left atrium and left ventricle

Diffusion

Molecules / elements an area of higher concentration or density achieving equalibrium moving from to an area of lower concentration or density. Solids and gases, such as oxygen, proteins, carbohydrates, and mineral salts, pass through the plasma membrane by this process

System level of organization

Most complex of the organizational units of the body. Varying numbers of kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body.

Angular Joint movement

Motion decreases or increases the angle between two adjoining bones.

Abduction angular motion

Moving an extremity away from the midline of the body

Vocal Folds

Mucosal folds that function in voice production (speech); also called the true vocal cords. The opening into the glottis is surrounded by the

Stratified

Multiple layers

Contractibility

Muscle tissue has a highly developed ability to contract. enables a muscle to become shorter or thicker, and this ability, along with interaction with other muscles, produces movement in internal and external body parts. Muscle contraction in a tissue or organ produces motion and provides power and speed for body activity.

Muscle Contractibility

Muscle tissue has a highly developed ability to contract. enables a muscle to become shorter or thicker, and this ability, along with interaction with other muscles, produces movement of internal and external body parts. ________ ___________ in a tissue or organ produces motion and provides power and speed for body activity.

extensibility

Muscles are capable of stretching when force is applied

one-half of the total body weight

Muscles make up about one-half of the total body weight.

elasticity

Muscles regaining their original form when that force is removed

seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes. approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal cavity, Pharynx & Larynx

The Spinal Accessory

Nerve controls the turning of the head from side to side and shoulder shrug against resistance.

Oxygen and Nutrients

Nerve tissue requires more __________ and ____________ than any other tissue in the body.

Peripheral nervous system

Nerves Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia Enteric nervous system

auditory ossicles

three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear malleus, incus, stapes the three bones of the middle ear that transmit the vibrations of the eardrum to the oval window

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Muscles Providing heat

through chemical changes that take place during muscle activity, such as exercise that warms the body

Muscles Maintaining body posture

through muscle tone, as in the muscles of the head, neck and shoulders, which keep the head up

1,200 ml of blood

through the kidneys

epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. fight or flight

atmospheric temperature and humidity

Normally, about one liter of this fluid is excreted daily. However, the amount varies with __________ ____________and ___________ and the amount of exercise.

Structure of a typical lymphatic capillary

Notice that interstitial fluid enters through clefts between overlapping endothelial cells that form the wall of the vessel. Valves ensure one-way flow of lymph out of the tissue. Small fibers anchor the wall of the lymphatic capillary to the surrounding ECM (extracellular matrix) and cells, thus holding it open to allow entry of fluids and small particles.

Areolar (loose) connective tissue.

Nourishes and cushions epithelia, immune defense pathway, binds organs together, allows passage for nerves and blood vessels through other tissues. Under all epithelia and outer coverings of blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, fascia between muscles; pleural and pericardial sacs.

Adam's apple

thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence on thyroid cartilage Helps protect VF

Thyrotropin

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates function of the thyroid gland

The olfactory receptors

Odor is perceived upon stimulation of the receptor cells in the olfactory membrane of the nose. very sensitive, but they are easily fatigued. This tendency explains why odors that are initially very noticeable are not sensed after a short time. Smell is not as well developed in man (350 odorant receptors) as it is in other mammals such as mice, which have 1,000 receptors.

Surface (Dorsal Aspect)

On the surface of the tongue are rough projections called papillae. They provide the tongue with friction in handling food and also act as taste buds.

Papillae

On the surface of the tongue are rough projections provide the tongue with friction in handling food and also act as taste buds.

Lateral pterygoid

Opens jaw; allows grinding action side to side, and protrudes the mandible. Origin - Sphenoid bone. Insertion - Anterior surface of mandibular condyle.

Muslces of Facial Expression

Orbicularis oris Buccinator Mentalis Zygomaticus Major

External

Outside

Peripheral

Outward part or surface of a structure

Glenoid fossa of the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)

Oval depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle.

Left Side - via the Mitral Valve

Oxygenated blood enters what side of the heart

Cuneiform Cartilage

Paired, small. Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds. Help keep airway open by stiffening tissue. club shaped, elastic infront of corniculate cartilage and supports the epiglottis

Mental protuberance

Part of the mandible that forms the chin Chin. Part of mandible that protrudes anteriorlly.

Phase Two of Deglutition

Passage of food through the pharynx into the beginning of the esophagus.

The specific bones that form the framework of the lower extremity are

Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Innominate Metatarsals Femur Phalanges

Hemophilia

is an inherited disease characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage. Hemophiliacs can bleed to death as a result of minor wounds.

Gastroesophageal Opening

Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus

DRG (Dorsal Resp Group) sends signals down / VRG (Ventral respiratory group)

Phrenic nerve to diaphragm / Helps provide for forced inspiration or expiration as needed

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. There are two phases of respiration:

Physical, or mechanical respiration (external respiration) Physiological respiration (internal respiration)

Alveolar process

Portion of the maxillary bones that form the support for teeth of the maxillary arch a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth

Oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth POSTERIOR PITUITARY -> BREAST & UTERUS: milk letdown and uteral contractions

Condyloid process

Posterior process of upper ramus Posterior projection of mandible bone which attaches to temporal bone

myelin sheath

is an insulation formed by Schwann cells around axons. consists of numerous Schwann cell wrappings along the length of the axon. provides insulation between adjacent nerve fibers, preventing the crossover of one nerve impulse to an adjacent axon.

Diaphragm

is an internal (as opposed to superficial) muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the ceiling of the abdominal cavity.

Diaphragm

is an internal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the ceiling of the abdominal cavity. It is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically. It has three openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

infraorbital foramina (sing. foramen)

is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve.

Greater Curvature

Provides attachment for greater omentum convex lateral surface of the stomach Outer margin of the curved stomach

Endocrine system

Provides chemical communications within the body using hormones. Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas

primary muscle functions.

Providing movement Maintaining body posture Providing heat Other essential bodily functions as respiration, blood circulation, digestion, and other functions such as speaking and seeing

Principal arteries of the body

Pulmonary. L & R Coronary Arch of Aorta; Right Sublavian, Right Common Carotid, Left Common Carotid, Left Sublavian. Brachiocephalic. Axilary; Brachial, Radial & Ulnar, Deep pulmar & Superfiscial pulmar arch, Digital. Aorta; Splenic, Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Renal. Abdominal Aorta: Inferior Mesenteric, Common Iliac, Internal Iliac (hypogastric), External Iliac. Deep Medial Sircumflex Femoral; Descending branch of latera circumflex femoral, Deep artery of thigh, Perforating arteries of thigh. Femoral; Popliteal, Anterior Tibial, Peroneal, Posterior Tibial, Arcuate, Dorsal Pedis.

Mentalis Muscle

Raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin and decreases and protrudes the lower lip. Origin - Mandible. Insertion - Skin of chin.

Zygomaticus Major Muscle

Raises the corner of the mouth when smiling. Origin - Zygomatic bone. Insertion - Orbicularis oris (angle of the mouth).

Articular eminence the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)

Ramp-shaped segment of the temporal bone located anterior to the glenoid fossa.

hypothyroidism

is caused by an insufficient secretion of thyroxin. The patient exhibits a decrease in basal metabolism, and sweating is almost absent. There may be a weight gain and constant fatigue. The heart rate may be slow, and a simple goiter may form. There may also be personality changes characterized by slow, lethargic mental functioning.

pulmonary veins systems

is composed of four vessels, two from each lung, which empty into the left atrium. These are the only veins in the body that carry freshly oxygenated blood.

pectoral girdle

is composed of the two clavicles and two scapulae (shoulder blades). It functions as a support for the arms and serves as an attachment for several muscles.

The venous system

is comprised of vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the heart. Veins begin as tiny venules formed from the capillaries. Joining together as tiny rivulets, veins connect and form a small stream. The force of muscles contracting adjacent to veins aids in the forward propulsion of blood on its return to the heart.

The formed elements of blood

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) constitute the formed elements of blood.

Lacrimal caruncle

Red fleshy globe-like nodule in the medial commissure that contains sebaceous and sweat glands

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart with limited dilation and the period of rest

Plants

Require only carbon dioxide and inorganic matter for food and have neither voluntary movement nor special sensory organs

Tricuspid valve

Right AV valve an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle

lingual frenulum

Root of Tongue; Located on the underneath side of the tongue anchors the tongue in the midline to the floor of the mouth.

Short Bones

Roughly cuboidal in shape, include the ankle and wrist bones.

Secral Nerves

S5

types of movement generally used to indicate specific anatomical positions

SUPINATION PRONATION EVERSION INVERSION

Simple

Single layer

Simple or Undifferentiated Cell

Single one-celled organism that has not acquired disinguishing characteristics, yet must be able to carry on all processes necessary for life.

Integumentary system/ Exocrine system

Skin, hair, nails, sweat and other exocrine glands. Mammary glands Skin Subcutaneous tissue

Mental foramen

Small openings in the jaw bone through which blood vessels/nerves exit Lateral view of the mandible (Also seen in anterior view) *tip*Literal translation: chin hole

Tubules

Small tubes which convey fluids

Rectal Valves

Smooth muscles at end of rectum

Pituitary hormones

Some of the major hormones of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis and their principal target organs. -posterior: vasopressin, oxytocin FSH and LH

intrapleural space

Space between the two membranes, visceral pleura and parietal pleura, that cover the lungs. fluid filled negative pressure region between parietal and visceral pleura potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

neurofibral nodes / nodes of Ranvier

Spaces occur between adjacent Schwann cells, leaving uninsulated areas along the axons.

Perilymph

is continuous with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space. CSF pressure abnormalities do not generally have clinical impact on the inner ear which is explained physically by the bore diameter and length of the perilymphatic duct. This duct goes through the skull and is parallel with but not directly associated with the endolymphatic duct. The duct is lined by an epithelium

Violent exercise is never good excessive muscle strain

is damaging

Adrenal Cortex

Specialized cells in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex produce three types of steroid hormones that are of vital importance.

Cones

Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.

Rods

Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.

The color of the red blood cell

is determined by the hemoglobin content.

Bright red (arterial) blood

is due to the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin.

simple sugars (glucose)

Starches are digested into ________________ before they are transported to cells.

Polarization

is established by maintaining an excess of sodium ions (Na +) on the outside and an excess of potassium ions (K +) on the inside. A certain amount of Na + and K + is always leaking across the membrane through leakage channels, but Na +/K + pumps in the membrane actively restore the ions to the appropriate side.

Extension angular motion

Straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers. straightening a limb at a joint Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb

Isthmus of thyroid gland

Structure that connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland Location: Midline of thyroid gland, narrow connection between lateral lobes and pyramidal lobe

Major Salivary Glands

Sublingual, Submandibular, and Parotid.

Freely movable

Such joints include the knee, hip, and shoulder. These joints are further subdivided into HINGE JOINTS AND BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS

Pneumotaxic (pontine) center

Superior portion of pons

Plasma Membrane

Surrounds each cell. Selectively permeable. Controls exchange of materials by chemical and physical means.

Atlantoepistropheal

Synovial (pivot) joint with Articulating anterior arch of the atlas rotates about the dens of the axis. Pivoting or partial rotation of the head.

Thoracic Nerves

T12 12 pairs (T1-T12) Nerves that exit the spine in the chest area

temporal mandibular joint

TMJ the location where the mandible of the jaw attaches to the temporal bone of the skull

Blood

is fluid tissue composed of formed elements (cells) suspended in plasma. It is pumped by the heart through miles of arteries, capillaries, and veins to all parts of the body.

The optic nerve

is for vision. It functions in the recognition of light and shade and in the perception of objects. Blurring of vision, loss of vision, spots in the visual field or peripheral vision loss (tunnel vision) are also indicative of nerve involvement.

encloses

Temporal bone _________ the internal ear structures

common iliac artery

Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, supplies pelvic organs after aortic bifurcation, before internal and external iliac arteries above external iliac

Cranial Bones

is formed by (8) eight major bones, most of which are in pairs: (1) Frontal Bone, (2) Parietal Bones, (2) Temporal Bones, (1) Occipital Bone, (1) Ethmoid Bone, (1) Sphenoid Bone

Blood flows through the Tricuspid Valve: (Entering what Chamber)

The Right Ventricle (from what Valve)

Appendicular Skeleton

The SKELETAL bones of the arms (UPPER EXTREMITY) and legs (LOWER EXTREMITY) along with the bones of the pelvis (PELVIC GIRDLE) and shoulder area (SHOULDER GIRDLE)

atlas and axis

The ______ and the ______ are the only named vertebrae; all others are numbered

residual air

The amount of air left in the lungs after forceful exhalation is about 1,200 ml

vermilion border

The area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins the junction between the skin aspect of the lip and the vermilion zone

Symphysi Pubis

The area where the two pubic bones meet is often used in anatomical measurements

Symphysis pubis

The area where the two pubic bones meet is often used in anatomical measurements.

neuron

The basic cell of the nerve tissue. This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from and conducts impulses to all parts of the body.

Neuron

The basic cell of the nervous tissue This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from, and conducts impulses to, all parts of the body.

600 ml of urine

The bladder can hold up to

constitute 45 percent of whole blood

The blood cells suspended in the plasma

45 %

The blood cells suspended in the plasma constitute ___ percent of whole blood

lactation

The breasts are responsible for the secretion of milk for the nourishment of newborn infants. production and release of milk by mammary glands

Arteries of the head, neck, and brain

The carotid arteries divide into internal and external branches. The external supplies the muscle and skin of the face and the internal supplies the brain and the eyes.

external os

The cervical opening into the vagina the opening of the cervical canal of the uterus into the vagina inferior opening of cervix

middle ear

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones. hammer, anvil, stirrup structures in the middle of the ear that vibrate sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear amplifies sound

Columnar epithelial tissue

The chief functions of this tissue are to secrete digestive fluids and absorb digested foods and fluids. It consists of long narrow cells set close together, resembling a palisade-type fence. In certain areas, such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea, this tissue has a crown of microscopic hairlike processes known as cilia.

The cranium

is formed by eight cranial bones, six of which are essential to know.

inner ovarian medulla

is largely composed of loose connective tissue, numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. Figure

Plicea Circulares

The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares / valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.

shaped like a flat letter S

The clavicle (commonly called the "collar bone") lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is ________________________________.

Cornea (Transparent)

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

Clavicle

The collarbone; forms the front part of the shoulder girdle. It lies nearly horizontally just above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S. Its inner end is round and attached to the sternum; its outer end is flattened and fixed to the scapula. Fractures easily.

Phase One of Deglutition

The collection and swallowing of masticated food.

Sinoatrial node, commonly called the pacemaker

The contractions of the heart are stimulated and maintained by the of the heart, which is a group of hundreds of cells in the upper part of the right atrium that sets off electrical impulses, causing both atria to contract simultaneously.

Pulse pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Identify the location and function of each part of the digestive system.

The digestive system includes organs that digest and absorb food substances, and eliminate the unused residuals. is both mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is chewed, swallowed, and propelled by a wave-like motion called peristalsis

hepatic duct

The duct formed by the junction of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right half of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left half of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.

Common Bile Duct

The duct that carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine (duodenum). Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.

free openings

The fallopian tubes are in contact with the ovaries but are not continuous with them. Their funnel-shaped openings

ovaries

The female gonads, the ovaries, produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone

The cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the walls and septa (partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the great blood vessels.

The fibers differ from those of the skeletal and smooth muscles in that they are shorter and branch into a complicated network . the most abundant blood supply of any muscle in the body, receiving twice the blood flow of the highly vascular skeletal muscles and far more than the smooth muscles. muscles con- tract to pump blood out of the heart and through the cardiovascular system.

joint capsule

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint. connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid fibrous capsule reinforcing joint

Four pairs of muscles in the mandible make chewing movements possible. These muscles can be grouped into two different functions.

The first group includes three pairs of muscles that elevate the mandible to close the mouth as in biting down. The last group includes one pair that can depress the mandible (open the mouth), make grinding actions side to side, and can make the mandible go forward in a protruding motion.

true ribs

The first seven pairs of ribs

Myelination

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron the process of development or formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fibre. Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission

Taste Buds

The four types of taste sensations are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty-all resulting from stimulation of the taste buds. Most are located on the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

Oral Hygene

The health of the teeth affects the health of the entire body.

Pericardium

The heart is enclosed in a membranous sac

Systolic pressure,

The highest pressure is caused when the heart is in systole, or contraction.

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions

axial and appendicular

The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the _______ skeleton and the _________ skeleton.

regulate body temperature

The hypothalamus, a structure in the brain, synthesizes chemicals that are secreted to the pituitary gland to release hormones and to help

origin

The immovable portion of the muscle attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

endometrium

The inner lining consists of specialized epithelium, which undergoes partial destruction approximately every 28 days in the non-pregnant female.

Adrenal Medulla

The inner portion of the adrenal glands; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Endocardium

The inner surface of the heart is lined with a delicate serous membrane. similar to and continuous with that of the inner lining of blood vessels.

Interventricular septum

The interior of the heart is divided into two parts by a wall called the

200 or more cone shaped lobules (small lobes)

The interior of the testis is divided into 200 or more cone shaped lobules (small lobes). Each lobule contains 1 to 3 highly coiled, convoluted tubules called seminiferous tubules.

absorption of calcium ions

The kidneys assist in

controlling the rate of red blood cell formation and in the regulation of blood pressure

The kidneys assist in

pH of body fluids

The kidneys assist in

Condyle the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)

The knuckle-shaped portion of the mandibular ramus found on the end of the condyloid process. It is positioned underneath the glenoid fossa and makes up the hinge joint of the TMJ.

Axillary artery

The large artery going to the arm becomes the brachial artery Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle. Artery that carries blood to the axilla (armpit) area

Spinal Body

The large solid segment of the anterior portion of each vertebra that support not only the spinal cord but other structures of the body as well.

Obturator foramen

The largest foramen (opening) is located in the hip bone, between the ischium and the pubis

obturator foramen

The largest foramen, or opening, is located in the hip bone, between the ischium and the pubis opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami an opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh

During the act of swallowing

The larynx is pulled upward and forward toward the base of the tongue.

rectum

The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated is approximately 17-20 cm (7 or 8 inches) long and follows the contour of the sacrum and coccyx until it curves back into the short 2.5 cm (inch) anal canal.

Arteries of the lower extremities

The left and right common iliacs, upon entering the thigh, become the femoral arteries. At the knee, this same vessel is named the popliteal artery

Epithelial

The lining tissue of the body is called epitheliums. It forms the outer covering of the body known as the free surface of the skin. It also forms the lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood and lymph vessels; serous cavities; and tubules of certain secretory glands, such as the liver and kidneys.

speech

The lips help to maintain the position of the teeth and are very important in _________.

External *Seal* of the mouth

The lips provide a ______ for the mouth to keep food and saliva from escaping.

Humerus

The longest bone of the UE and articulates with the shoulder girdle to form the shoulder joint and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow. Its anatomical portions include a head, a rounded portion that fits into a recess of the scapula called the glenoid fossa.

6,200 ml of air

The lungs, when filled to capacity

testes

The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. testosterone

promotes the growth of skeletal muscles

The male hormone testosterone

increasing the production of red blood cells

The male hormone testosterone As a result, the average number of red blood cells in blood is usually greater in males than in females.

28 days

The menstrual cycle in most women is approximately

metacarpal bones are numbered one to five

The metacarpal bones are numbered one to five, corresponding with the five fingers, or digits, with which they articulate.

Insertion

The more flexible attachments, especially to a movable bone

Coccygeal Nerve

The most caudal of the spinal nerves

serve as secondary respiratory structures.

The mouth and nose

Convergence

The movement of the globes toward the midline causes a viewed object to come into focus on corresponding points of the two retinas. This process produces clear, three-dimensional vision.

facial expression

The muscles underneath the skin of the face and mouth express surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and pain. are responsible for helping communicate feelings through _______ ________.

about 72 beats per minute

The normal heart rate, or number of contractions

The sensation of taste

is limited to sour, sweet, bitter, savory, and salty. It does not matter where on the tongue an object is placed; it can detect different tastes everywhere on the tongue. Many foods and drinks tasted are actually smelled, and their taste depends upon their odor.

Olfactory

The olfactory nerve provides the sense of smell.

Esophageal Hiatus (Of Diaphram)

The opening where the esophagus pass through the diaphragm An opening in the diaphragm located near the junction between the terminal esophagus and the stomach

heart valves

The openings between the chambers on each side of the heart are separated by flaps of tissue that act as valves to prevent backward flow of the continuously forward moving column of blood.

Phase Three of Deglutition

The passage of food into the stomach.

pain center

The periosteum is the ________ _________ of the bone.

for their anatomical position

The phalanges are named

the ultraviolet rays of the sun (tanning)

The pigment can be darkened by exposure

prevents friction during movements of respiration

The pleurae secrete a serous fluid that

Origin

The point of fixed attachment of a muscle to bone

Blood pressure

The pressure blood exerts on the walls of the arteries.

oocyte

The primordial follicles consist of a single large cell a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions

Lateral malleolus

The prominence at the distal end forms the outer ankle

Three principal venous systems

The pulmonary system The portal system The systemic system

renal pyramids

The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder. The point of each pyramid, called the papilla, projects into a calyx.

renal artery

The renal arteries normally arise off the left interior side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle (90 degrees).

renal columns

The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material.

renal cortex

The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (cortical columns) that extend down between the pyramids.

renal medulla

The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the interlobar arteries.

renal papillae

The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen.

temporal mandibular joints

The right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs) are formed by the articulation of the temporal bone and the mandible. This is where TMJs connect with the rest of the skull.

Lymphatic drainage

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right quadrant (dark blue) of the body into the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body (green) into the left subclavian vein. The lymphatic fluid is thus returned to the systemic blood just before entering the heart.

hair follicle

The root is embedded in a pit-like depression. is associated with two or more subaceous glands.

two to three pints of saliva daily

The salivary glands produce two to three pints of saliva daily, which greatly aids in the digestion process.

longest muscle

The sartorius is the __________ __________ in the body. It extends diagonally across the front of the thigh from its origin at the ilium, down to its insertion near the tuberosity of the tibia.

left common carotid

The second branch is the left common carotid, which supplies the left side of the head. One of three vessels coming off the aortic arch.

vertebra has a prominent projection

The seventh cervical _________that can easily be felt at the bottom of the neck. This landmark makes it possible for physicians to count and identify the vertebrae above and below it.

Respiratory system

The sex organs required for the production of offspring. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Diaphragm

Simple or undifferentiated cell

The simplest living organism consists of a single cell. The amoeba is a unicellular animal. The single cell of such a one-celled organism must be able to carry on all processes necessary for life.

Submandibular Salivary Gland

The size of a walnut, located in the deep floor of the mouth. -Wharton's duct a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva Posterior portion of mandible, lingual to mandibular incisors Opens under the tongue, close to the frenulum Walnut sized. Secretes watery fluid with some mucus. More viscous (thick) than parotid secretion.

206

The skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of ____ bones

motor and sensory

The skin contains two types of nerve fibers __________ and ___________. that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system

the epidermis and the dermis

The skin, or integument, consists of two layers, the ____________ and the ____________ , and supporting structures and appendages

The integumentary system

The skin, or integument, is the outer covering of the body. It consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis, and supporting structures and appendages

28

The skull consists of ___ bones, 22 of which form the framework of the head and provide protection

Cellular level of organization

The smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter. Specialized to perform unique functions.

the pericardial fluid

The smooth surfaces of the heart and pericardium are lubricated by a serous secretion

marrow

The soft connective tissue that fills the internal center of the bone is the medullary canal spaces in bone.

Metatarsus

The sole and instep of the foot

cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter

The sphincter at the esophageal end

Fragments of red blood cells are found in the spleen and other body tissues.

The spleen is the graveyard where old, worn out cells are removed from the blood stream.

Arteries of the upper extremities

The subclavian arteries are so named because they run underneath the clavicle. They supply the upper extremities, branching off to the back, chest, neck, and brain through the spinal column

Nucleoplasm

The substance contained in the nucleus. It is also important in the cell's reproduction, since genetic information for the cell is stored there.

neurilemma

is loose and contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles of the Schwann cell.

Osseous tissue

is made up of inorganic mineral salts, calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent, and an organic substance called ossein. This type is a dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone . These tissues form the supporting framework of the body.

Red marrow

is one of the manufacturing centers of red blood cells and is found in the articular ends of long bones and in cancellous tissue.

Lymphatic system / Immune system

The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph. Defends the body against pathogenic viruses that may endanger the body . Lymphatic vessel Lymph node Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Tonsils

Renal system / Urinary system

The system where the kidneys filter blood. Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

descending loop of Henle

The thin descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea, while being highly permeable to water. The loop has a sharp bend in the renal medulla going from descending to ascending thin limb. The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, but it is permeable to ions.

periosteum

The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone

Periosteum

The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone. An important function of the periosteum is to supply nourishment to the bone. Capillaries and blood vessels run through the periosteum and dip into the bone surface, supplying it with blood and nourishment. The periosteum is the pain center of the bone.

12 ribs

The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the posterior portion of the _____ _____ to form the posterior wall of the thoracic region (chest) or rib cage.

Iodine

The thyroid secretes the iodine containing hormone thyroxin (TSH), which controls the rate of cell metabolism.

postmenstrual phase

The time between the last day of the menses and ovulation is known as the ______________ _______________. It lasts from day 6 through day 13 or 14 and is characterized by proliferation of endometrial cells in the uterus, which develop under the influence of the hormone estrogen.

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

cecum

The unabsorbed food or waste material passes through the blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

White matter and Gray matter

The white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord are distinguished by the presence or absence of myelin sheaths

Encases diarthroses joints

The whole joint is enclosed in a watertight sac or membrane containing a small amount of lubricating fluid. This lubrication enables the joint to work with little friction.

Structure of the adrenal gland

The zona glomerulosa of the cortex secretes aldosterone. The zona fasciculata secretes abundant amounts of glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol. The zona reticularis secretes minute amounts of sex hormones and glucocorticoids.

12

There are ______ vertebrae in the thoracic region.

eight carpal

There are _______ _______ bones, arranged in two rows, forming the wrist

Seven (7)

There are ________ cervical vertebrae in the neck.

3. Oculomotor, 4. Trochlear, 5. Abducens

These three nerves control eye movements in the six directions (fields) and eye movement towards the tip of the nose (giving a "crossed-eyed" look). The oculomotor nerve is responsible for movement of the pupils.

Malpighian corpuscle

They are also known as: Renal corpuscles — the initial filtering component of nephrons in the kidneys. White pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules, or white nodules — follicles in the white pulp of the spleen, containing many lymphocytes.

Squamous

Thin flattened cells

Ethmoid Bone

Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye. situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium. Through small openings in this bone pass nerves to the roof of the mouth that are responsible for sense of smell.

Cuboidal epithelial tissue

This is both a secretory and protective tissue whose cells are cubical. It is found in the more highly specialized organs of the body, such as the ovary and the kidney.

Squamous epithelial tissue

This is the main protective tissue of the body. It is composed of thin platelike or scalelike cells forming a mosaic pattern. This tissue is found in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) as a single layer of cells or in the free skin surface in multiple layers.

Connective

This is the supporting tissue of the various structures of the body. It has many variations and is the most widespread tissue of the body. It is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body. the more predominant types of connective tissues are: Areolar, Adipose, Osseous.

Yellow marrow

is ordinary bone marrow in which fat cells predominate. It is found in the medullary canals and cancellous tissue of long bones.

All types of muscles respond to stimulus

This property is called EXCITABILITY or IRRITABILITY. The mechanical muscular action of shortening or thickening is activated by a stimulus sent through a motor nerve. All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that carry messages from the central nervous system.

stimulated muscle response

This property is called excitability or irritability. The mechanical muscular action of shortening or thickening (also called contraction) is activated by a stimulus sent through a motor nerve. All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that carry messages from the central nervous system.

Soft palate

This section forms a soft muscular arch in the posterior part of the palate. The uvula is located on the back portion of the soft palate.

Hard palate

This section is formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bones and is located in the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It has irregular ridges or folds behind the central incisors called rugae.

*Adipose* (connective tissue)

This tissue is generally called "*fatty tissue*". Acts as a *energy reservoir*; Helps to *reduce body heat loss* because of its poor heat conductivity; Serves as *support / scaffolding* for various organs and fragile structures, such as the kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves.

Osseous (bone) connective tissue

This type is a dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone. These tissues form the supporting framework of the body.

three semicircular canals

This works as a type of motion sensor, as the movements of the cilia are communicated to the brain. As a result, the brain knows how to keep the body balanced, regardless of the posture. The semicircular canals of each ear contain three main parts: anterior, posterior, and horizontal canals.

Fovea centralis

Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision Area of acute or discriminatory vision

Muscular tissue

Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction, when stimulated to produce motion. There are two types, voluntary and involuntary. With a specialized type heart (cardiac) muscle

Venous circulation

is responsible for returning the blood to the heart after exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes have occurred between the blood and body cells

Blood Coagulation

To protect the body from excessive blood loss, blood has its own power to coagulate, or clot.

Medial

Toward the mid-sagittal plane of the body

Caudel

Toward the tail or lower end of the body

Proximal

Towards the trunk or nearest to the point of origin

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea Left & Right Primary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar duct, Alveoli & Alveolar Sac

Bones of the hand and wrist

Trapezoid, Trapezium, Scaphiod, Hamate, Pisoform, Capitate, Triquetrum, Lunate

Ball-and-socket joints

Triaxial joint - permits a combination of angular movements and rotation movement in three planes. These joints consist of a ball-shaped bone head that articulates with a cup-shaped cavity of another. The hip and shoulder are in this joint category.

Blood Flow with Ventricular Contraction

Tricuspid & Mitral Atrioventricular Valves are closed. Right & Left Ventricles contraction force blood through the Aortic & Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valves into the Pulmonary Vein & Aortic arch; causing Oxygenation of hemoglobin in RBC's and purfusing Oxygenated Blood through the Arteries.

Inversion Joint movement

Turning inward, as in turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion Joint movement

Turning outward, as in turning the sole of the foot outward. Turn sole of foot laterally Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally

Supination Joint movement

Turning upward, as in placing the palm of the hand up.

Arytenoid Cartilage

Two small cartilages in the larynx, the movements of which abduct and adduct the vocal folds. paired pyramidal structures; (triangular) vocal processes run forward to attach to vocal fold

Loop of Henle

U-shaped portion of renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule

upper extremity

UE; bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

UES - the cervical part of the esophagus helps prevent air entering the esophagus during respiration it is also the valve that is relaxed when a person belches.

ensuing vibrations

is responsible for the production of vocal sound (voice). This sound production is accomplished by the passing of air over the vocal cords. produce the sounds of speech or singing.

Large Intestine

is so called because it is larger in diameter than the small intestine. It is considerably shorter, being about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long. It is divided into three parts: cecum, colon, and rectum.

The heart muscle, the myocardium

is striated like the skeletal muscles of the body, but involuntary in action, like the smooth muscles.

Skeletal (voluntary) muscle fiber

is striated, or striped, and is under the control of the individual's will, usually attached to bones

prostatic urethra

is surrounded by the prostate gland; it contains the orifices of the prostatic and ejaculatory ducts. This portion of the male urethra is about 2.5 cm long.

Function of the Skin

Underlying Structures protection from Injury & Infection; Peripheral Nerve Endings for Sensation; Temperature regulation, prevents excessive water loss.

Amoeba

Unicellular animal, simplest living organism.

touch or feeling

Until the beginning of the last century was treated as a single sense. Thus, warmth or coldness, pressure, and pain, were thought to be part of a single sense of

nephron filtration process

Urine formation begins when water and various dissolved substances are filtered out of blood plasma from a glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule. The filtered substance (glomerular filtrate) leaves the glomerular capsule and enters the renal tubule.

placenta

Vascular organ associated with the uterine wall during pregnancy, which is formed on the lining of the uterus as an interface between the mother's circulatory systems and the developing baby, allows the embryo to be nourished with the blood of the mother serving as a temporary endocrine gland.

internal jugular veins

Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck. the venous return

Right Side - via Vena Cava

Venous blood enters what side of heart

Long Bones

Very strong, broad at the ends, and large surfaces for muscle attachment ie: humerus and femur.

Serosa

Visceral peritoneum Serous membrane outer lining that is part of the peritoneum

Bacteriolysins

WBC's protect the body from disease is by producing these to dissolve the foreign bacteria. initiate damage to bacterial membranes

Basophils

WBCs that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response and make up approximately 1% of leukocytes

quadriceps muscle

What is the effector in the patellar reflex?

preovulatory

What is the second phase of the reproductive cycle?

bone fractures

When a _____________ ______________, the pain that is felt comes from the periosteum, not the bone proper.

rigor mortis

When a muscle dies, it becomes solid and rigid and no longer reacts. This stiffening, which occurs from 10 minutes to several hours after death the stiffness or rigidity of skeletal muscles that occurs after death

buffy coat

When blood components are separated, the WBCs and platelets form a thin layer between the layers of plasma and RBCs.

The female reproductive cycle

When females reach puberty, they begin to experience the two recurring female cycles, the ovarian and endometrial.

uvula

When swallowing, the __________ is drawn upward and backward by the muscles of the soft palate. This process blocks the opening between the nasal cavity and pharynx, not allowing food to enter the nasal cavity. The soft palate must function properly to allow good speech quality.

evaporation

When the outside temperature is high, or upon exercise, the glands secrete large amounts of perspiration to cool the body through ______________.

Pyramidal lobe of thyroid

When the thyroglossal duct persists

25 mm hg

When there is a pressure increase inside the eye, and the level exceeds ___ mm hg, damage will occur and may cause blindness; this condition is called glaucoma.

respiratory center signals the lungs to breathe faster

When too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood stream breathing faster to get rid of the carbon dioxide.

leukocytosis

When white cells are undermanned, more are produced, causing an increase in their number and a condition

a joint is formed

Whenever two bones are attached to each other

Sclera

White part of the eye Dense fibrous opaque outer coat enclosing the eyeball except the part covered by the cornea

Bone (osseous tissue).

Widely spaced cells in lacunae; much of matrix in concentric onionlike layers; hard mineralized matrix. Physically supports body, provides movement, encloses and protects soft organs, stores and releases calcium and phosphorus Skeleton

Cartilage (gristle).

Widely spaced cells in small cavities (lacunae); rubbery matrix. Eases joint movements; resists compression at joints; holds airway open; shapes outer ear; moves vocal cords; forerunner of fetal skeleton; growth zone of children's bones External ear, larynx, rings around trachea, joint surfaces and growth zones of bones, between ribs and sternum, intervertebral discs

Trachea

Windpipe membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi

lower jaw bone and ear bones

With the exception of the _______ _______ bone and the ____ bones, all skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position.

Capillaries and blood vessels

__________ and __________ run through the periosteum and dip into the bone surface, supplying it with blood and nutrients.

Hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle tissue that connects muscle to muscle fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

Levator ani Muscle

a broad, thin muscle, situated on either side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of each side of the lesser pelvis, and these unite to form the greater part of the pelvic floor. The coccygeus muscle completes the pelvic floor which is also called the pelvic diaphragm. It supports the viscera in the pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures that pass through it. is the main pelvic floor muscle and painfully contracts during vaginismus.

Trapezius

a broad, trapezium-shaped pair of muscles on the upper back, which raise or lower the shoulders. cover approximately one-third of the back. They originate in a large area which includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the seventh cervical vertebra, and the occipital bone. They have their insertion in the clavicle and scapula.

Once blood escapes from its vessels

a chemical reaction begins that causes it to become solid.

glomerulus

a cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels, in particular. a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood.

interior alveolus nerve

a common area where the dental officer will inject anesthetic to block the nerve impulses and make the teeth on that side insensitive (numb).

Vestibule

is the area enclosed by the labia minora that includes those vaginal and urethral openings. The vestibule contains a pair of vestibular glands, more commonly known as the Bartholin's glands.

The kidneys are protected by a considerable amount

a considerable amount of fat and supported by connective tissue and the peritoneum.

Sweat glands

a control mechanism to reduce the body's heat by evaporating water from its surface. found in almost every part of the skin.

Primary respiratory acidosis

a decrease in blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2

The radial artery

is the artery at the wrist that is felt when taking the patient's pulse

Simple goiter

a diffuse and painless enlargement of the thyroid gland, was common in areas of the United States where the iodine content of the soil and water was inadequate. the gland enlarges to compensate for the lack of iodine. To prevent formation, iodine-containing foods, such as vegetables, iodized salt, and seafood, should be eaten.

rickets

a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency

Axial region

a division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk

osteogenesis imperfecta

a genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones

Choroid

a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

Insulin

a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by synthesizing glycogen.

Vitreous humour

a jelly-like substance found in the posterior compartment of the eye between the lens and the retina

articulation

a joint; the point where two bones come together

Homeostasis

is the body's self-regulated control of its internal environment. It allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equilibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment.

appendix

a long narrow tube with a blind end, is a pouch-like structure of the cecum located near the junction of the ileum and the cecum. There is no known function of this structure. The appendix can become infected, causing inflammation to develop.

Gracilis

a long slender muscle located on the inner aspect of the thigh. It adducts the thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg. Its origin is in the symphysis pubis, and its insertion is in the medial surface of the tibia, below the condyle.

Ventricle

a lower chamber which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries. comprise the bulk of the heart, are thick and muscular.

distal phalanx

is the bone at the end of the finger

peritubular capillary

a member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron

mucosa

a moist inner lining mucous membrane mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior

peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

atrophies

a muscle cell that does not work becoming weak and decreasing in size.

internal accessory organs of the female reproductive system

a pair of fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina

proximal phalanx

is the bone closest to the hand

Corniculate Cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage

Embolus

a piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another

phagocytosis

a process of Leukocytes protect the body tissues by engulfing disease-bearing bacteria and foreign matter

Repeated muscle contractions (shivering)

a rapid means of the Smooth involuntary muscles are found in the dermis generating body heat.

the gooseflesh appearance (goose bumps) of the skin

a reaction to cold or fear is a result of arrector contraction

troponin

a regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin

peristalsis

a ring of reflex contraction appears in the walls of the alimentary canal. As the wave moves along, it pushes the canal's contents ahead of it

Erythroblastosis fetalis

a serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus' blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation adn destroy fetus' RBCs

Turbinates

a set of bony convulsions formed by the conchae ni the nasopharynx that help to maintain smooth airflow

glenoid fossae

a shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint such as the Temporal bone depressions that form the articulation with the mandible.

zygomatic process

a slender J- or U-shaped radiopacity process of the temporal bone located superior to the maxillary or first molar region, that forms the lateral part and strengthens the zygomatic arch.

Lacrimal

a small bone forming part of the eye socket.

patella

a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint. It is enclosed within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.

morula

a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits solid ball of 16-64 cells

Conjuctiva

a thin, transparent membrane that covers the sclera and internal surfaces of the eyelids

scapula

a triangular bone that lies in the upper part of the back on both sides, between the second and seventh ribs, forming the posterior portion of the pectoral girdle

The whole joint is enclosed in

a watertight sac or membrane containing a small amount of lubricating fluid. This enables the joint to work with little friction.

Intrinsic automaticity

ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity

excitability

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

irritability

ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse

Pneumothorax

abnormal accumulation of air within pleural space

Pericardial effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid within pericrdial sac

Bruit

abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flood within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in carotid arteries

hypoglycemia

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet

supra- -

above, over

epi- -

above, upon, on

Minor duodenal papilla

accessory pancreatic duct lies 1-2cm superomedial to the major duodenal papilla. It receives the accessory pancreatic duct.

axillary vein

accompanying vein of axillary artery,located medial & superficial to axillary artery a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein

trans- -

across, beyond, through

Liquid tissues

act as a medium for supplying the body with nutrients and as a vehicle for eliminating waste material. They form the blood, lymph, and tissue fluids.

expectorated

act of coughing up material from airways that lead to the lungs to spit, to expel mucus or phlegm from the throat or lungs.

tropomyosin

actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin related mechanical function of the body

salutatory conduction

action potential jumps from node to node, which speeds up the impulse. the rapid skipping of an action potential from node to node on myelinated neurons

Stomach

acts as an initial storehouse for swallowed material and helps in the chemical breakdown of food substances. is a saccular enlargement of the gastrointestinal tube and lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen

Addisonian crisis

acute adrenocortical insufficiency

prostate gland

adds a chemical fluid to the semen a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.

The constriction or dilation of these blood vessels

affects blood pressure and the volume of blood available to the internal organs.

Norepinephrine

affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood, undersupply leads to depression A precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses.

post- -

after

Twelve hours

after the meal, the waste material passes slowly through the colon

contra- -

against, opposite

Curare

agent that blocks transmission of neural motor impulses at neuromuscular junction