Chapter 6
Cholecystokinin
-hormone produces in intestine -stimulates production of pancreatic secretions -gallbladder contractions -inhibits gastric motility
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-hormone released from hypothalamus -stimulates uterine lining during menstrual cycle
Oxytocin
-neurohormone produced by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -contraction and lactation
Smooth muscle
-nonstriated -involuntary -found in vessel walls, glands, and GI tract -visceral and multiunit (two types)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-nucleic acid made from DNA in the nucleus of the cell -move to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for production of proteins
Superior vena cava
-one of the two largest veins in the body -carried blood from upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Vestibular gland
-one of two glands that lie on each side of the vaginal opening -secretes mucus into the vestibule to moisten and lubricate vagina for insertion of penis
Multiunit smooth muscle
-one of two types of smooth muscle -formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen)
Organ of corti
-organ that is the primary receptor for sound -made up of thousands of cilia
Allele
-variant form of a gene -can be identical or slightly different in DNA sequence
Two types of smooth muscle
-visceral -multiunit
Skeletal muscle
-voluntary muscle -striated -light and dark striations
Plasma
-yellow fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients -transports cellular waste material to organs of excretion -makes up 55% of total blood volume
Three divisions of the adrenal cortex
-zona fasciculata (corticosteroids) -zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) -zona reticularis (some weak male sex hormones or androgens)
Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
are cubical in shape and are found in the more highly specialized organs of the body, such as the ovary and the kidney
Columnar
Elongated Column shaped cells
Musculoskeletal system
Enables the body to move using muscles. Bones supporting the body and its organs. Human skeleton Joints Ligaments Muscular system Tendons
ductless glands
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, because they have no duct system. The glands of this system are unlike exocrine glands that secrete their products into ducts.
endolymphatic space (within membrane)
Endolymph-filled space contained by the membranous labyrinth.
Salivary Enzymes
Enzymes are present in saliva; they act on food, and start the breakdown process.
Four main groups of tissue classifications
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
External Ear
Funnels sound waves into its opening (external auditory canal) Elastic Cartilage External acoustic meatus.
Epithelial tissue
Lining tissue that covers the interior and exterior surfaces of the body.
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Facial Bones
MAXILLARY BONES MANDIBLE LACRIMAL NASAL BONES
Metatarsal bones
METATARSUS and is made up of five
common iliac vein
Major vein that drains the pelvis empties into inferior vena cava
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
AV node
Picks up signal from SA Node, and makes an electrical signal to make the ventricles contract.
constitutes 50 to 60 percent of whole blood.
Plasma
55 percent
Plasma constitutes ____ ___________ (%) of whole blood (plasma and cells).
Contributes to coagulation
Plasma fibrinogen proteins
92 percent
Plasma is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw-colored liquid consisting of about ____ _________ (%) water.
Mandible Angle
Point where the mandible moves from horizontal to verticle position
Two kinds of neuroglia are found in PNS
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) and Satellite cells
zona glomerulosa
Secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Acini Cells
Secretory cells of the gland Found in the pancreas (exocrine gland) produce digestive amylase
telodendria
Series of fine, terminal extensions branching from the axon tip.
Mandibular foramen
Serves as a passage for the trigeminal nerve. Inferior alveolar nerve and vessels where the nerves and blood vessel for the lower teeth and lip enter the mandible
pars anterior and pars intermedia
The adenohypophysis is further subdivided into the
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
9 meters in length
The alimentary canal (tract) is _____ meters in length, tubular, and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
chief factors in determining one's complexion
The color and quantity of the melanin
frontal sinuses
The two ________ sinuses (air spaces in the bone) are located above each eye socket.
Intercalated disks
branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell
calyx
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis whorl of sepals
acromegaly
enlargement of the extremities enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
At puberty, estrogen stimulates
enlargement of various accessory organs, which include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and external structures.
Where does the optic nerve enter the globe?
enters the globe posteriorly through the optic foramen
Acetylcholinesterase
enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by helping to break down acetylcholine
external respiration
gas exchange between air in the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and the cells
residual volume
gas remains in the lungs simply to keep lungs open
Flatus
gas within colon
Taste hairs
hair-like projections of the gustatory cells of the taste buds
hemi- -
half; one-sided
Each cervical vertebrae
has a transverse foramen to allow passage of nerves, the vertebral artery, and a vein.
The seventh cervical vertebra
has an especially prominent projection that can easily be felt at the nape of the neck. This makes it possible for physicians to count and identify the vertebrae above and below it.
The Vagus Nerve
has many functions, including control of the roof of the mouth, vocal cords, and tone of the voice; hoarseness may also indicate vagus nerve involvement.
The endometrial cycle
has three phases: proliferative phase, the secretory phase, and the menstrual phase
Women
have a lower blood pressure than men.
marking day 1 of the next cycle
if fertilization does not take place, the lining deteriorates and eventually sloughs off,
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
in equal volumes; however, certain physiological conditions may throw this balance off.
Peritoneum
protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
T wave
represents ventricular repolarization
female pelvis
tilted forward, adapted to childbearing, broad, shallow, pubic angle lightweight, 80-90◦ wider and shallower
Inflammatory respones
tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury and promote normalcy INCLUDES; histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds
chief function of Areolar tissue
to bind parts of the body together
There is only one white cell
to every 600 red cells.
organs are grouped together
to form systems, such as the urinary system that is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
ad- -
to, towards
Glottis
vocal cords and the openings between them
Cuboidal
cube shaped cells
-megaly -
enlargement
Femoral
pertaining to thigh
Brachial
pertaining to upper arm
Gluteals
(MAXIMUS, MINIMUS, and MEDIUS) are the large muscles of the buttocks, which extend and laterally rotate the thigh, as well as abduct and medially rotate it. They arise from the ilium, the posterior surface of the lower sacrum, and the side of the coccyx. Their points of insertion include the greater trochanter and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. The gluteus maximus is the site of choice for massive intramuscular injections.
Menarche
1st menstrual period
Gluteus Medius
Abducts and medially rotates thigh Ilium Greater trochanter of femur
fracture
Break in a bone Fx
Medullary canal
In the center of the bone, which contains marrow.
saddle joints
Only one pair exists and is between the thumb and wrist. biaxial each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle
24 movable or true vertebrae
Only the top ________ _______ __ _____ ________ bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. Makes up the Vertebral Column
Lactotrophs
Prolactin secrete prolactin (PRL) Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that produce and secrete prolactin.
Mandible
The lower jaw. Its main function is mastication.
Resting potential
The resting potential describes the unstimulated, polarized state of a neuron (at about -70 millivolts).
left upper quadrant of the abdomen
The stomach
supplies the left side of the head
Three large arteries arise from the aorta
The atlas and the axis
are the only named vertebrae, all others are numbered.
Many of the main muscles are
attached to the vertebrae
motor nerve fiber
carries impulses to the dermal muscles and glands
seven
cervical vertebrae in the neck
Plasmin
clot-dissolving enzyme
-pathy -
disease
oct- -
eight
Corpus cavernosus
erectile tissue found in clitoris and penis
poli/o -
gray
Endocarditis
infection of a heart valve
synthetic hormones
lab produced chemical hormones
Sagittal (lateral) plane
left and right
multi- -
many
-meter -
measuring instrument
Pericardium
membrane surrounding the heart
Spindle fibers
microtubules radiating from centrioles
Centriole
organelles that are essential in cell division
Tibialis anterior
originates at the upper half of the tibia and inserts at the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones. It flexes the foot.
ecto- -
out, outside
Ejection fraction
percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts
axolemma
plasma membrane of axon
erythr/o -
red
Atlas
resembles a bony ring. It supports the head. C1
ipsi- -
same
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Albumins
smallest of plasma proteins that make up about 60% of these proteins by weight
Hydrolysis
splitting of a molecule by adding water
-logy -
study of
Vestibular folds
superior portion of the vocal cords, also called the false vocal cords
Yergason test
supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a pt has bicipital tendinitis
common iliacs arteries
supply the lower extremities
food absorption
takes place in the small intestine
plantar -
the bottom side of the foot
When stained
the various cell structures can be more readily recognized under a microscope.
-oma -
tumor
hypo- -
under, below normal
alb -
white
The phalanges are named for their anatomical position proximal phalanx
is the bone closest to the hand; the distal phalanx is the bone at the end of the finger; and the middle phalanx, the bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges.
Skeletal system
is the bony framework of the body, composed of 206 bones. It supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. joined members that make muscle movement possible.
With the exception of the lower jaw bone (mandible) and the ear bones
all skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position.
When human bone is soaked in dilute acid until all inorganic mineral salts are washed out
all that remains is a flexible piece of tissue that can easily be bent and twisted.
pan- -
all, entire
The lips are very sensitive and act as sensory receptors
allowing food and liquids to be placed in the mouth but guarding the oral cavity against the ingestion of excessively hot or cold substances.
vestibule
is the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum (tympanic cavity), behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals.
Inhalation
is the direct result of the expansion caused by the action of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The increase in chest volume creates a negative (lower than atmospheric) pressure in the pleural cavity and lungs. Air rushes into the lungs through the mouth and nose to equalize the pressure.
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is polarized—that is, there is a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the membrane. The inside is negative with respect to the outside.
diaphysis
is the elongated, cylindrical portion (or "shaft) of the bone
anus
is the external opening at the lower end of the digestive system. Except during bowel movement (defecation), it is kept closed by two sphincters. An internal one made of smooth muscle and external one made of striated muscles
Utricle (In vestibule)
along with the saccule, is one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. balancing apparatus (membranous labyrinth) located within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber).
renal corpuscle
also called malpighian body, filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman's capsule) that opens into a tubule.
Cardiac muscle never completely relaxes
always maintains a degree of tone.
vital capacity
amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and expiration
Cardiac output
amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute
types of joints
amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis, synarthrosis
sigmoid colon
an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum terminal portion of the large intestine that joins with the rectum LLQ
osteomalacia
an abnormal softening of bones because of loss of calcium
urinary meatus
is the external urethral orifice. In the male, the urethra is common to the urinary and reproductive systems; in the female, it belongs only to the urinary system.
Utricle
an enlarged portion of the labyrinth of the inner ear that contains a specialized patch of tissues that aids int he sensation of position and motion
Carbonic anhydrase
an enzyme in rbcs that speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid
Hemoglobin
is the key of the red cell's ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
T cells
an immune system cell that coordinates the immune system and attacks many infected cells Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
Primary respiratory alkalosis
an increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation of CO2
biological clock
an internal control of natural cycles term for the area of the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
Calmodulin
an intracellular protein to which calcium binds, resulting in muscle contraction
Creatine phosphate
an organic compound in muscle tissue that can store and provide energy for muscle contraction
The right and left ovary alternately discharges
an ovum approximately every 28 days.
Each ovary normally releases
an ovum every 56 days.
McBurney point
anatomic landmark in RLQ that represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis
mylohyoid muscles
anatomically and functionally form the floor of the mouth. They elevate the tongue and depress the mandible. Their origin is the mandible and insertion is the upper border of the hyoid bone.
endocrine glands produce
and secrete hormones into the bloodstream
talus
ankle bone the anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
The sequence of air through the nose
anterior nares; vestibule; inferior, middle, and superior meatuses (simultaneously); and posterior nares
Antecubital fossa
anterior surface at the bend of the elbow
Gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.
Hyperesthesia
any of several conditions that result in excess skin sensitivity, especially to touch or cold
Lymphadenopathy
any swelling of the lymph nodes, with or without pain
Secondary immune response
appearance of concentrations of antibodies in the blood plasma, usually 5-10 days after exposure to antigens
New bone growth
appostitional growth through periosteum and endosteum. No interstitial growth.
Pleurae
are airtight membranes that cover the outer surface of the lungs and line the chest wall. They secrete a serous fluid that prevents friction during movements of respiration.
White blood cells (WBC), or leukocytes
are almost colorless, nucleated cells originating in the bone marrow and in certain lymphoid tissues of the body.
greater trochanters
are at the proximal end for the attachment of muscles
SKELETAL MUSCLES
are attached to the bones and give shape to the body. They are responsible for allowing body movement. This type of muscle is sometimes referred to as STRIATED because of the striped appearance of the muscle fibers under a microscope.They are also called VOLUNTARY muscles because they are under the control of our conscious will. These muscles can develop great power.
The first seven pairs of ribs
are attached to the sternum by cartilage and are called true ribs.
The coronary arteries
are branches of what is generally called the ascending aorta, and they supply the heart with blood. The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood. There are three large arteries that arise from the aorta as it arches over the left lung.
Neuroglia (glia)
are cells that support and protect neurons. "glue" Nervous system support cells. Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells are fond in the CNS. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) and Satellite cells are found in PNS
soles of the feet and the palms of the hand
are devoid of Sebaceous glands
Pectoralis major
is the large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle. It rotates the arm inward, pulls a raised arm down toward the chest, and draws the arm across the chest. It originates in the clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of the true ribs, and the external oblique muscle. Its insertion is in the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Aorta
is the large tubelike structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart. It arches upward over the left lung and then down along the spinal column through the thorax and the abdomen, where it divides to send arteries down both legs
Liver
is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the upper abdomen on the right side, just under the diaphragm and superior to the duodenum and pylorus. a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes. RUQ Produces bile
ileum
is the last and longest part of the small intestine; it is approximately 3.5 meters (12 feet) long.
Plasma
is the liquid part of blood; the whole blood minus cells. It is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw-colored liquid consisting of about 92 percent water. The remainder is made up mainly of proteins.
papillary tip
is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid.
humerus
is the longest bone of the upper extremity and is often called the arm bone articulates with the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint, and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow.
Sartorius
is the longest muscle in the body. It extends diagonally across the front of the thigh from its origin at the ilium, down to its insertion near the tuberosity of the tibia. Its function is to flex the thigh and rotate it laterally, and to flex the leg and rotate it slightly medially.
cervix
is the lower one-third portion of the uterus that projects into the upper part of the vagina.
Body of Pancreas
is the main area of the pancreas. It has a prismatic shape and there are three surfaces: the inferior, posterior and anterior surface. The anterior surface points up and forward. Its shape is a bit concave and it has the stomach's posteroinferior surface around it.
Nephrons
is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule.
jejunum
is the middle part of the small intestine; it is approximately 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) long. Its enzymes continue the digestive process.
Arteries
are elastic tubes constructed to withstand high pressure. They carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. The smallest branches of the arteries are called arterioles.
vertebral projections
are for the attachments of muscles and ligaments and for facilitating movement of one vertebra over another.
Smooth, or nonstriated, muscle tissues
are found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and blood vessels, as Striated muscle fibers. well as in the duct glands and in the skin. Under a microscope, the smooth muscle fiber lacks the striped appearance of other muscle tissue . This tissue is also called INVOLUNTARY muscle because it is not under conscious control.
Rectal Sinus
are furrows in the anal canal, that separate the anal columns from one another. The anal sinuses end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves.
skull bones
are further divided into the cranial and facial bones.
The planes of the body
are imaginary lines dividing it into sections. They are used as reference points in locating anatomical structures.
Leukocytes
are important for the protection of the body against disease.
external accessory organs of the female reproductive system
are referred to collectively as the vulva
Mineralocorticoids
are regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance. Sometimes called salt and water hormones because they regulate the excretion and absorption of sodium, chlorine, potassium, and water. In humans, aldosterone is the only physiologically important mineralcorticoid. Its primary function is the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood.
Intercostal Muscles
are situated between the ribs. Their contraction pulls the ribs upward and outward, resulting in an increase in the transverse diameter of the chest (chest expansion).
Red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes
are small, biconcave, nonnucleated disks, formed in the red bone marrow.
Involuntary muscle fibers
are smooth, or nonstriated, and are not under the control of the individual's will. muscles of the stomach
Voluntary muscle fibers
are striated, or striped, and are under the control of the individual's will. Muscles that attach to bone.
The phalanges
are the bones of the toes and are similar in number, structure, and arrangement to the bones of the fingers.
kidneys
are two large, bean-shaped organs approximately 11cm by 7cm by 3cm, designed to filter waste materials from the blood They assist in controlling the rate of red blood cell formation and in the regulation of blood pressure; the absorption of calcium ions; and the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. The kidneys are located in the upper posterior part of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spinal column. The upper end of each kidney reaches above the level of the 12th rib.
Perineum
area between the urethral opening and the anus
Olfactory cortex
area in the brain that receives odor impulses and perceives them as smell
visual cortex
area in the brain where signals from the optic nerve are converted into visual images
Retroperitoneal space
area located posterior to parietal peritoneum that contains kidneys, pancreas, reproductive organs, duodenum, and major blood vessels
Carotid triangle
area of anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Anterior triangle
area of neck that is bordered by sternocleidomastoid muscle, anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible
ovarian (primordial) follicles
areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop Saclike structures that contain the immature oocytes within the ovaries
three predominant types of connective tissue
areolar, adipose, and osseous.
Axilla
armpit
circum- -
around
peri- -
around
Distributors
arteries and arterioles
common carotid
artery supplying blood to most of the head and neck, divided into internal and external branches
right common carotid
artery that comes off the brachiocephalic artery and goes into head
glenoid fossa
articulates with the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint, and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow where a rounded portion of the humerus fits
lateral condyles
articulating projection At the distal end are two bony prominences articulate with the tibia and the patella
sutures
articulations in the cranial bones; immovable joints of skull bones joined together firmly along seams
brachial artery
as it travels down the arm and divides into the ulnar and radial arteries.
Anterior spinothalamic tracts
ascending fiber tracts that carry info to the brain about light touch, pressure, and tickling/itching sensations
Gastrocnemius
together with the Soleus called the calf muscles. Extend the foot and ankle. originates at two points on the femur. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.
Transverse (axial) plane
top and bottom
central incisors
top front teeth any of the four front teeth, located in both the upper and lower jaws cutting and shearing
Posterior or dorsal
toward the back, or dorsal, side of the body.
Anterior or Ventral
toward the front, or ventral (pertaining to the belly; abdomen), side of the body.
Cranial
toward the head.
limbic system
associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. - hippocampus - amygdala - hypothalamus.
pyloric sphincter
at the duodenal end
xiphoid process
at the inferior aspect of the sternum. sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
The Glossopharyngeal Nerves
transmit sensation from the upper mouth and throat area. It supplies the sensory component of the gag reflex and constriction of the pharyngeal wall when saying "aah."
Cornea
transparent anterior portion of the eye that overlies the iris and pupil
Epidermis
is the outer skin layer. It is made up of tough, flat, scalelike epithelial cells. Four different sublayers of epidermal cells have been identified.
The primary source for estrogen
is the ovaries
mons pubis
is the pad of fatty tissue beneath the skin, which overlies the symphysis pubis.
Lens
transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina
Triceps Brachii
is the primary extensor of the forearm (the antagonist of the biceps brachii). It originates at two points on the humerus and one on the scapula. These three heads join to form the large muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm. The point of insertion is the olecranon process of the ulna.
Triceps brachii
is the primary extensor of the forearm (the antagonist of the biceps brachii). It originates at two points on the humerus and one on the scapula. These three heads join to form the large muscle on the posterior surface of the upper arm. The point of insertion is the olecranon process of the ulna.
Accommodation
is the process by which the lens increases or decreases its curvature to refract light rays into focus on the fovea centralis.
Micturition (Urination)
is the process by which urine is expelled from the bladder. It involves the contraction of the detrusor muscle and pressure from surrounding structures to expel the urine.
Metabolism
is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.
Dark red (venous) blood
is the result of hemoglobin combining with carbon dioxide.
The inner layer of the eye
is the retina (Fig. 6-57). It contains layers of nerve cells, rods, and cones, which are the receptors of the sense of vision. The retina is continuous with the optic nerve, entering the back of the globe carrying visual impulses received by the rods and cones to the brain. The area where the optic nerve enters the eyeball contains no rods and cones and is called the optic disc (blind spot).
gliding Joint movement
is the simplest type of motion. It is one surface moving over another without any rotary or angular motion. This motion exists between two adjacent surfaces.
Gliding
is the simplest type of motion. It is one surface moving over another without any rotary or angular motion. This motion exists between two contiguous or adjacent surfaces.
Gluteus Maximus
is the site of choice for intramuscular injections. Extends thigh Extension and lateral rotation at hip
postovulatory (premenstrual) phase
is the time between ovulation and the onset of the menses and normally lasts 14 days. During this phase the ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If the ovum becomes fertilized during this passage, it will become implanted in and nurtured by the newly developed endometrial lining.
complete cardiac cycle
is the time from onset of one contraction, or heart beat, to the onset of the next.
mediastinum
is the tissue and organs of the thoracic cavity that form a septum between the lungs. It extends from the sternum to the thoracic vertebrae and from the fascia of the neck to the diaphragm. contains the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, a portion of the trachea, and the primary bronchi
main function of erythrocytes
is the transportation of respiratory gases. The red cells deliver oxygen to the body tissues, holding some oxygen in reserve for an emergency. Carbon dioxide is picked up by the same cells and discharged via the lungs.
dead space ventilation
is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. - In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The body's third line of defense
is the way the body remembers specific pathogens and their structures. If the pathogen enters the body again, the body's response will be much quicker than the first time the pathogen invaded the body.
The secondary function of WBCs
is to aid in blood clotting.
Pronation
is turning downward, as in placing the palm of the hand down.
Inversion
is turning inward, as in turning the sole of the foot inward.
Eversion
is turning outward, as in turning the sole of the foot to the outside.
Supination
is turning upward, as in placing the palm of the hand up.
axon
is typically a long, slender process of the cell body that sends nerve impulses.
The crest of the ilium
is used in making anatomical and surgical measurements (e.g., location of the appendix, which is approximately halfway between the crest of the ilium and the umbilicus).
crest of the ilium
is used in making anatomical and surgical measurements (e.g., location of the appendix, which is approximately halfway between the crest of the ilium and the umbilicus). superior border of the wing of the ilium femoral artery
Urination
is usually stimulated by the distention of the bladder as it fills with urine.
When a muscle contracts
it produces chemical waste products (carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and acid phosphate), which make the muscle more irritable.
The bones
itself is a living, highly vascular tissue, which is made up of both inorganic (minerals) and organic (cells & connective tissue fiber) elements.
ligaments of the temporal mandibular joint
joined the mandible is to the cranium
arthr/o -
joint
diarthroses joints consists of
joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial (joint) cavity.
The functions of the three major salivary glands
keep the lining of the mouth moist and to bond with food particles creating a lubricant effect that assists in the swallowing process of food. They act as a cleaning agent to wash away food particles that accumulate in the mouth and on the teeth.
The ligaments that reach across the joints from one bone to another
keep them from getting out of place.
nephr -
kidney
zygomatic bones
known as the cheeckbones, articulate with the frontal bone (forehead) Also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks.
Acetabulum
large hip socket in the pelvic bone made of the ilium, ischium, and pubis IN adults are firmly united to form a cuplike structure into which the head of the femur fits.
Pectoralis Major
large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle. rotates the arm inward, pulls a raised arm down toward the chest, and draws the arm across the chest. It originates in the clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of the true ribs, and the external oblique muscle. Its insertion is in the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Fascia
layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates the individual muscles and individual muscle groups
Substantia nigra
layer of gray matter located in midbrain
Endosteum
layer that lines inner surfaces of bone
Agranulocytes
leukocytes that lack granules
Dermis, or true skin
lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissues. It is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerve endings, smooth muscles, and sweat and oil glands.
Pericardiocentesis
lifesaving procedure to correct a cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid from the heart
hypothalamus
limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
Anatomy Floor of Mouth
lingual frenulum, Openings of minor sublingual ducts, Submanibular Duct, Sublingual Gland
Locations of Columnar tissue
linings of the uterus, in various organs of the digestive system, and in the passages of the respiratory system
hepat -
liver
The xiphoid process
located at the inferior aspect of the sternum, serves as a landmark in the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The neck of the femur
located between the head and the trochanters, is the site on the femur most frequently fractured.
teeth
located in the alveolar process of the maxillae and the mandible. They serve important functions of tearing and masticating food, assisting in swallowing, speaking, and in appearance.
maxillary sinuses
located in the maxillary bones; an infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxillary bones under the eyes
Adductor Longus
located in the quadriceps area adducts, rotates, and flexes the thigh.
Sternocleidomastoid
located on both sides of the neck. Acting individually, these muscles rotate the head left or right. Acting together, they bend the head forward toward the chest. originates in the sternum and clavicle and is inserted in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Temporalis
located on the side of the skull, above and in front of the ear. Closes jaw; fan-shaped Origin - Temporal bone. Insertion - in the coronoid process (a prominence of bone) of the mandible at the anterior border of the ramus
Nasal Cavity
located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways Lining the nasal passages are hairs (cilia), which, together with the mucous membrane, entrap and filter out dust and other minute particles that could irritate the lungs. Incoming air is warmed and moistened in the chambers of the nasal cavity to prevent damage to the lungs.
important functional muscles
location, actions, origins, and insertions
Glycogen
long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver
Loop of Henle
long, U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron (q.v.) of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals. The principal function of the loop of Henle appears to be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine.
shaft
long, slender portion of a long bone
great saphenous vein
longest vein in body; drains blood from foot, leg, and thigh; joins with femoral vein originates on the inner aspect of the foot and extends up the inside of the leg and thigh to join the femoral vein in the upper thigh.
Anemia
low hemoglobin erythrocyte level
Hypokalemia
low potassium in blood
mandible
lower jawbone; mouthpart adapted for biting and grinding food
Pericardial sac
lubricated potential space btwn layers of pericardium
sebaceous (oil) glands
lubricates the hair and skin connected to hair follicles
pulmon/o -
lungs
Prone Position
lying on abdomen, facing downward
Supine Position
lying on back, facing upward
Lateral recumbent
lying position of the body on either side.
Prone
lying position of the body, face down.
Supine
lying position of the body, face up.
femoral arteries
major artery located in the thing and supplies the groin and leg with blood supply the legs with blood major artery located in the thing and supplies the groin and leg with blood deliver blood to the thigh and inner knee
Muscles
make up about one-half of the total body weight.
lacrimal bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts located on medial wall of eye socket
testosterone
male hormone secreted by the testes secreted by the testicles, stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Prostate gland
male sex gland that secretes alkaline viscous ejaculatory fluid
androgens
male sex hormones Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
coronoid process
mandible - A triangular radiopacity superimposed over, or inferior to, the maxillary tuberosity region
extracellular materials
materials found outside the cells include fibers and the ground substance give connective tissue varying amounts of elasticity and strength
Graafian follicle
mature or developed ovum
graafian follicle
mature ovarian follicle that contains a fully developed ovum, or egg A small sac within the ovary that contains the maturing ovum.
expiratory reserve volume
maximum amount of air that you can forcibly breath out after a normal breath
Gluteus
maximus, medius, and minimus - are the large muscles of the buttocks, which extend and laterally rotate the thigh, as well as abduct and medially rotate it. They arise from the ilium, the posterior surface of the lower sacrum, and the side of the coccyx. Their points of insertion include the greater trochanter and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
The number of white cells
may be 15,000 to 20,000 or higher during infection.
Two middle layers of cells
may be present in a particular area of skin, depending on its thickness (the soles of the feet are the thickest skin, the eyelids the thinnest).
Emotional stress, strenuous exercise, high altitudes, and some diseases
may cause an increase in the number of RBCs.
Osmotic pressure
measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
measurement of percentage of carbon dioxide in blood
Sodium-potassium exchange pump
mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out and potassium in
basilic
medial arm A vessel of the forearm sometimes used for venipuncture superficial vein that travels up the posterior forearm
ulna
medial bone of the forearm
tibia
medial leg bone shinbone the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
Lysosome
membrane bound vesicles that contain variety of enzymes functioning as cell's digestive system
Otolithic membrane
membrane within the inner ear that contains otolith and aids in sensation of motion
Serous membranes
membranes that line body cavities that lack openings to outside
Cilia
microscopic hair-like microtubule projections that provide motion to move secretions and other matter along the surfaces from which they extend. They also act as a barrier by preventing foreign matter from entering these cavities.
malleus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer the ossicle attached to the eardrum
mammary glands
milk producing glands modified sweat glands that produce milk
psych -
mind
Hydroxyapatite
mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that make up bone
Surfactant
mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation
Ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands found only in the auditory canal. They secrete a yellow waxy substance called cerumen that protects the eardrum.
menses
monthly uterine bleeding end of one uterine cycle and the beginning of another menstrual flow lasting 5 days.
Smooth, or non-striated Involuntary Muscle tissue is found
mooth, or non-striated hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder. are responsible for the movement of food through the digestive system, constricting blood vessels, and emptying the bladder.
mandible body
most anterior part extending horizontally to the angle of the mandible curved, anterior portion of mandible Main part of the jaw bone, horizontal part, holds lower teeth
abduction -
motion away from the mid-line
adduction -
motion toward the mid-line
Alimentary canal is made up by...
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
insertions
movable portion of a muscle attachment to the movable bone
Osmosis
movement of solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration
Flexion
moving the distal part of a limb closer to the trunk - bending the arm or leg. - bending on a joint
Extension
moving the distal part of a limb farther from the trunk
gastric mucosa
mucosa that lines the stomach the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits
hymen
mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina The vaginal orifice is partially closed by a thin membrane of tissue
Stratified epithelium
multiple layers of cells
Temporal
muscle assists the masseter and draws the mandible backward. It has its origin in the temporal fossa and is inserted in the coronoid process of the mandible.
lesser trochanters
muscle attachment sites
cremaster
muscle found in spermatic cord that raises and lowers the testicles
Deltoid
muscle raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula. Its insertion is on the lateral side of the humerus. It fits like a cap over the shoulder and is a frequent site of intramuscular injections.
Cremaster muscle
muscle that contracts and pulls the testicles close to the body during cold weather
Skeletal
muscle tissues are attached to the bones and give shape to the body. They are responsible for allowing body movement. This type of muscle is sometimes referred to as striated because of the striped appearance of the muscle fibers under a microscope. They are also called voluntary muscles because they are under the control of a person's conscious will.
Tendon
muscle to bone
Trapezius
muscles are a broad, trapezium-shaped pair of muscles on the upper back, which raise or lower the shoulders. They cover approximately one-third of the back. They originate in a large area, which includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the seventh cervical vertebra, and the occipital bone. They have their insertion in the clavicle and scapula.
Sternocleidomastoid
muscles are located on both sides of the neck. Acting individually, these muscles rotate the head left or right. Acting together, they bend the head forward toward the chest. The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle and is inserted in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. This muscle is commonly affected in cases of stiff neck.
The muscles of the head can be classified into two groups
muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication
Antagonists
muscles that work in opposition to one another
Synergists
muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement
iris
muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil colored portion of eye
Adventitia
muscular layer of wall of alimentary canal
spinal cord
myel/o; nervous tissue within the spinal cavity formed by thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body
Skin Appendages
nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands.
appendages of the skin are
nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands.
neck of the bladder
narrow base of bladder
The three divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Skenes glands
near the opening of the female urinary meatus by way of two small ducts.
para- -
near, beside, beyond, apart from
gliding joint
nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other intercarpal joints wrist and ankle and articular process between vertabrae type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones allow some movement in all directions
Muscle Recovery depends on
need rest to allow the blood to carry away the waste materials and bring in fresh glucose, oxygen, and protein to restore the muscle protoplasm and the energy that was used.
Cauda equina
nerve roots that extend from the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebra
neur -
nerves
small openings in the ethmoid bone
nerves pass to the roof of the mouth that are responsible for sense of smell.
Schwann cells
nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons
rete testis
network of tubules between the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the
Satellite cells
neuroglia are found in PNS - are located in ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons.
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
neuroglia are found in PNS - wrap around axons to produce an insulating myelin sheath. Schwann cells provide the same function in the PNS as oligodendrocytes provide in the CNS. As an insulator interrupt the continuous conduction of a nerve impulse along the axon.
Microglia
neuroglia are found in the CNS - are phagocytic macrophages that provide a protective function by engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris.
Oligodendrocytes
neuroglia are found in the CNS - have fewer processes than astrocytes. They wrap these cytoplasmic processes around neurons to create an insulating barrier called a myelin sheath.
Astrocytes
neuroglia are found in the CNS - have numerous processes that give the cell a star‐shaped appearance. Maintain the ion balance around neurons and control the exchange of materials between blood vessels and neurons.
Ependymal cells
neuroglia are found in the CNS - line the fluid‐filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Many are ciliated.
Cholinergic neuron
neuron that secretes acetylcholine
Adrenergic neuron
neuron that secretes norepinephrine
IM cells
neutrophils, macrophages, NKC, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
In the innermost sublayer, the stratum germinativum
new epidermal cells are constantly being produced to replace the sloughed off cells. These newly formed cells push the older cells outward. As they approach the surface, they become drier or more scalelike. Because of this constant activity of the deeper cells of the epidermis, any injury of the outer layer of the skin is repaired in a few days without leaving a scar.
nona- -
nine
Smooth Muscle Tissue
non-striated, and are not under the control of the individual's will. For this reason, this type of muscle tissue is called "involuntary."
Smooth
non-striated, muscle tissues are found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the duct glands and in the skin. Under a microscope, the smooth muscle fiber lacks the striped appearance of other muscle tissue. This tissue is also called involuntary muscle because it is not under conscious control.
Basement membrane
noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that anchors the overlying epithelial tissues
null- -
none
Thermolysis
normal bodily means of heat dissipation or loss
Erect
normal standing position of the body.
Atomic numbr
number of protons in an atom
The first is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs in the lungs between the incoming oxygen and the carbon dioxide present in the capillaries of the lungs (external respiration).
Ovulation
occurs once a month The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month
The second transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs when oxygen brought into the body replaces carbon dioxide build up in the cellular tissue (internal respiration)
Isometric muscle contraction
occurs when the muscle is stimulated and shortens, but no movement occurs, as when a person tenses his or her muscles against an immovable object.
Isotonic muscle contraction
occurs when the muscle is stimulated. The muscle shortens and movement occurs. An example would be lifting an object.
500 ml of air
of air is exchanged with each normal respiration
80 gallons
of glomerular filtrate in 24 hours
arcuate arteries
of the kidney are vessels of the renal circulation. They are located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. They are named after the fact that they are shaped in arcs due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla.
uni- -
one
Muscles are usually attached to two places
one end being joined to an immovable or fixed portion, and the other end being joined to a movable portion on the other side of a joint. The immovable portion is called the origin of the muscle, and the movable portion is called the insertion. When muscles of the head contract, the insertion end is pulled toward the origin.
Cerebellar peduncles
one of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the central nervous system
Red blood cells lifecycle
only about 100 to 120 days in the body.
hyoid bone
only bone that does not directly come in contact with other bones a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
follicular cells
oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
gated channels
open in response to neurotransmitters, changes in membrane potential, or other stimuli.ions may cross the membrane through leakage channels,
Foramen ovale
opening between two atria that is present in fetus but closs shortly after birth
Esophageal hiatus
opening in diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
Ampulla of Vater
opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain
Ostium
opening in the infundibulum formed by fallopian tubes
Tarsus
or ankle, is formed by seven tarsal bones.
tympanic membrane
or eardrum, is an oval sheet of fibrous epithelial tissue that stretches across the inner end of the external auditory canal. The eardrum separates the outer and middle ear. Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, and this vibration transfers the sounds from the external environment to the auditory ossicles.
transverse foramen
or intervertebral foramen; only found in the cervical vertebrae, to allow passage of nerves, the vertebral artery, and a vein.
Organ of Corti
or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential.
Pharynx
or throat, serves both the respiratory and digestive systems and aids in speech. It has a mucous membrane lining that traps microscopic particles in the air and aids in adjusting temperature and humidifying inspired (inhaled) air. The pharynx connects with the mouth and nasal chambers posteriorly.
flattened and fixed
outer end of clavicle is __________ and ________to the scapula.
Trophoblast
outer group of cells in a zygote that develop to become the placents
parietal pleura
outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm
extra- -
outside, in addition
Oval window
oval opening between the middle ear and the vestible
hyper- -
over, excessive, high
In the recovery stage
oxygen reacts with lactic acid to release carbon dioxide and water.
recovery stage
oxygen reacts with lactic acid to release carbon dioxide and water.
Mesenteric angina
pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis
Tetany
painful muscle spasms
corpora cavernosa
paired dorsal erectile bodies spongy bodies running the length of the top of the penis
inferior nasal conchae
paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.
Trypsin
pancreatic enzyme that aids in digestion of protein
Carboxypeptidase
pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
Chymotrypsin
pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
Lipases
pancreatic enzymes that break down fat
Delta cells
pancreatic-islet cells secrete somatostatin and gastrin helps regulate carbohydrates by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon.
vagus nerve
parasympathetic nerve of the heart; activation slows heart rate the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas
The outer layer (serous coat) of the bladder wall consists of two types of tissue
parietal peritoneum and fibrous connective tissue.
Cerebellum
part of brain locater dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance
Subthalamus
part of diencephalon involved in controlling motor functions
Sinusoids
part of hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
Glenoid fossa
part of scapula that forms socket for shoulder joint
lateral -
parts of the body that lie farther from the mid-line
The right ventricle pumps the blood
past the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.
Freckles
patches of melanin
Efferent duct
pathway by which spermatozoa leave testes
superior false pelvis
pelvis major portion of pelvis superior to pelvic brim; wide area extending to top of iliac crest blades of ilium above arcuate line functions as lower part of abdominal cavity
inferior true pelvis
pelvis minor pelvic cavity found below the brim of the pelvis; also called the minor or lesser pelvis type of passageway consists inlet, midpelvis, outlet with bony limits of birth canal inferior to pelvic brim
Hematocrit
percentage of blood volume made up by RBCs
Specialized cells
perform special functions, such as muscle, which contracts, or epithelial cells of the skin, which protect.
Ameboid movement
permits Leukocytes to leave the blood stream through the capillary wall and to attack pathogenic bacteria. They can travel anywhere in the body and are often named "the wandering cells."
-al -
pertaining to
-ic -
pertaining to
Axillary
pertaining to armpit
Gluteal
pertaining to buttocks
Buccal
pertaining to cheek
Inguinal
pertaining to groin
Cardia
pertaining to heart
Occipital
pertaining to inferior posterior region of the head
Renal
pertaining to kidneys
Hepatic
pertaining to liver
Lumbar
pertaining to lower back
Pulmonary
pertaining to lungs
Umbilical
pertaining to navel
Nasal
pertaining to nose
-algia -
pertaining to pain
Popliteal
pertaining to posterior knee
Sacarl
pertaining to sacrum
Deltoid
pertaining to shoulder
Cutaneous
pertaining to skin
Cranial
pertaining to skull
Plantar
pertaining to sole of foot
Volar
pertaining to sole of foot or palm of hand
Gastric
pertaining to stomach
Parietal
pertaining to superior posterior region of the head
Temporal
pertaining to temples of skull
Orbital
pertaining to the bones surrounding the eye
Mammary
pertaining to the breast
Pectoral
pertaining to the chest
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx region of the tailbone or pelvis
Patellar
pertaining to the front of the knee
Perineal
pertaining to the perineum
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin
Temporal lobe
plays role in hearing and memory
Acromioclavicular joint
point at which the clavicle attaches to the acromion process
inferior -
portion nearest the feet portion
superior -
portion nearest the head
Bundle of His
portion of electrical conduction system in interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the AV junction to the right and left bundle branches
Renal tubule
portion of nephron containing tubular fluid filtered throguh glomerulus
transverse colon
portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen
Parietal portion
portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities
prone -
position when lying face down
supine -
position when lying face up
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
laryngopharynx
posterior to the pharynx lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
progesterone
prepares the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum and maintains the lining during pregnancy.
Cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones
Afterload
pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood
Obstruction of either the common hepatic or the common bile duct by a stone or spasm
prevents bile from being ejected into the duodenum.
sympathetic nervous system
primary concern is to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations, also known as fight or flight. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is most active under routine, restful situations.
Hemostasis
process by which clots are formed and bleeding is stopped
opsonization
process by which molecules, like antibodies and complement system, marks a pathogen cell for destruction by phagocytes (death sentence)
Spermatogenesis
process by which sperm cells are formed
lateral malleolus
process forming the outer ankle Lower end of the fibula, seen on the outer ankle. articulates with talus
mastication
process includes the biting and tearing of food into manageable pieces. This usually involves using the incisors and cuspid teeth. The grinding of food is usually performed by the molars and premolars. During the mastication process, food is moistened and mixed with saliva.
Hematopoeisis
process of blood cell production in bone marrow (aka. hemopoiesis)
Lysis
process of disintegration of breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis
Oogenesis
process of egg cell formation which begins at puberty
Gestation
process of fetal development following fertilization
erythropoiesis
process of making RBCs
Glycolysis
process that involves a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions in which glucose is broken down to make lactic or pyruvic acid
Tubular reabsorpion
process that moves substances from the tubular fluid into the blood within the peritubular capillary
DendriteDiffusion
process where molecules move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
Diapedesis
process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels and move toward tissue where they are needed most
Bartholin's glands
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication. Secrete vaginal lubricant, lies deep in the bulbocavernosus.
Ghrelin
produced by the endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa stimulates the hypothalamus to boost appetite, slow metabolism and fat burning, and may play an important role in obesity.
QRS complex
produced byT cells ventricular depolarization
spermatogenesis
production of sperm
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
progressive and irreversible disease of airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs
Enzyme
promotes chemical reactions by lowering activation energy requirements
deep receptors
proprioceptors - In muscles, tendons, and joints Sense of position and movement
prostate
prostat/o a male gland that lies under the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
vertebrae
protect the spinal cord and the nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each has an anterior portion, the body, which is the large solid segment of the bone
CD4 antigen
protein found on surface of helper T cells that is adversely affected by exposure to HIV
Atomic weight
protons + neutrons
Exophthalmos
protrusion of eyes
bones of the forearm
radius and ulna
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle an expanded region superior to a condyle
Deltoid
raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula. insertion is on the lateral side of the humerus. It fits like a cap over the shoulder and is a frequent site of intramuscular injections.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
rate at which nutrients are consumed by body at rest
geniohyoid muscles
re found next to each other, on each side of the midline, directly on top of the mylohyoid muscle, and have the same origin and function as the mylohyoid muscle.
Uterus (Womb)
receive the embryo that results from the fertilization of an egg cell and to sustain its life during development. is a hollow, pear-shaped organ with thick, muscular walls. The uterus is divided into two main regions, the body and cervix
superior vena cava
receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
The right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae
major calyces
receives urine from the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis empty their waste products into the renal pelvis
Haustra
recesses in colon caused by contraction of the teniae coli
Two types of lymph tissue
red and white pulp
Osteroporosis
reduction in quantity of bony tissue
Recumbent
refers to any position in which pt is lying down or leaning back
posterior -
refers to the back side of the body; dorsal
dorsal -
refers to the back side of the body; posterior side
ventral -
refers to the belly side of the body; anterior side
anterior -
refers to the front side of the body; ventral
Pericardial cavity
region around the heart
nasopharynx
region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate superior part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
Nodes of ranvier
regions between individual schwann cells in myelinated neurons, between which action potentials jump
menstrual cycle
regular sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body 28 days a monthly series of hormone-controlled changes that prepare the uterine lining for a pregnancy
thyroid
regulates metabolism below the voice box; regulates body metabolism and causes storage of calcium in bones thyroxine
parathormone
regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones. The amount of calcium is important in certain tissue activities, such as bone formation, coagulation of blood, maintenance of normal muscular excitability, and milk production in the nursing mother. prevents hypocalcemia
The accessory organs of digestion
release secretions into the canal. These secretions assist in preparing food for absorption and use by body tissues.
Sarcomere
repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each skeletal muscle fiber
gonads
reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries
Nervous tissue
requires more oxygen and nutrients than any other body tissue. Is the most complex tissue in the body. It is the substance of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Smooth involuntary muscles are found in the dermis
responsible for controlling the skin surface area. When dilated, these muscles allow for maximum skin surface exposure to aid heat loss. When constricted, the skin surface exposure is decreased, thus impeding heat radiation.
Diminished function or removal of the parathyroid glands
results in a low calcium level in the blood. In extreme cases death may occur, preceded by strong contraction of the muscles (tetany) and convulsions.
phrenic nerve
results when the muscles of respiration relax. Pressure is exerted inwardly as muscles and bones return to their normal position, forcing air from the lungs.
floating ribs
ribs 11-12; last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum
Carina
ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
Anulus fibrosis
ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disk
palate
roof of the mouth separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
pivot joint
rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation. uniaxial
Pronation Joint movement
rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward Turning downward, as in placing the palm of the hand down or placing sole of the foot to the outside.
Macula
round darker area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the central visual field
Nucleoli
round, dense structures that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
urinary bladder
saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine
Organizational plan of the nervous system
scheme used by most neurobiologists in studying the nervous system. Both the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) include components in the CNS and PNS. Somatic sensory pathways conduct information toward integrators in the CNS, and somatic motor pathways conduct information toward somatic effectors. In the ANS, visceral sensory pathways conduct information toward CNS integrators, whereas the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways conduct information toward autonomic effectors.
The eyeball is composed of three layers
sclera, choroid, and retina
Sebaceous glands
secrete an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair, keeping them soft and pliable and preventing bacterial invasion.
endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly into the blood, because they have no duct system. The glands of this system are often called ductless glands unlike exocrine glands that secrete their products into ducts.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm
pineal
secretes melatonin endocrine gland shaped like a small pine cone
cuboidal tissue functions in the kidneys
secretion and absorption of fluids
Gustation
sense of taste
Crista ampullaris
sensory organ in a semicircular canal that aids with dynamic equillibrium
Longitudinal fissye
separates left and right hemispheres of cerebrum
Perimetrium
serous membrane coating that makes up the outside layer of the uterine wall
Pleura
serous membranes covering lunds and lining of thoracic cavity
Hyponatremia
serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
Fallopian Tubes (uterine tubes)
serve as ducts for the ovaries providing a passageway to the uterus. The fallopian tubes are composed of three tissue layers. These tissue layers include an inner mucosal layer, middle muscular layer, and outer serous layer. They are continuous with the layers of the uterus.
inorganic component of bone
serves as a warehouse for calcium and phosphorous, two essential minerals for the body.
septi- -
seven
Ascending reticular activating system
several structures located throughout the brainstem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness
Gamete
sex cell (sperm and ovaries)
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
duodenojejunal flexure
sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and jejunum
Visceral smooth muscle
sheets of muscle that are found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Cochlea
shell-shaped structure within the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti
Tibia
shin bone, is the larger of the two leg bones and lies at the medial side. The proximal end articulates with the femur and the fibula. Its distal end articulates with the talus (one of the foot bones) and the fibula.
Crenation
shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves a cell thru osmosis
scoliosis
sideways curvature of the spine
Pseudostratified epithelium
single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights that attach to basement membrane (do not reach free surface)
Endoplasmic reticulum
site of protein and lipid synthesis
The suprarenal (adrenal) gland
sits like a cap on top of each kidney.
sexti- -
six
There are three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Sutures
skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position seams join
brady- -
slow
Pleural fluid
small amount of lubricating fluid that fills pleural space
Otolith
small calcium carbonate stones with gelatinous protein that aid in sensation of motion
Crista
small elevation in each ear canal
Bursae
small fluid-filled sacs located between a tendon and a bone to help lubricate two surfaces that are rubbing together
Punctum lacrimale
small opening in the corner of the eye through which tears drain from the lacrimal ducts
Lingula
small portion of the left lung that is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung
Clitoris
small projectile at the anterior end of the vulva between the labia minora. It is richly endowed with sensory nerves that are associated with the feeling of pleasure during sexual stimulation.
Red blood cells (rbcs), or erythrocytes
small, biconcave, nonnucleated disks, formed in the red bone marrow.
Nucleus
small, dense, spherical. Control center of the cell, containing DNA and RNA and responsible for chemical reactions oversight, growth and reproduction.
Internal Sphincters
smooth muscle
motor and sensory nerve fibers are distributed to the
smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries in the dermis and to the smooth muscles around the sweat glands and hair roots. send messages about the external environment to the brain.
synovial (joint) cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
Mediastinum
space between lungs that contains heart, trachea, mainstream bronchi, part of esophagus, and large blood vessels
synaptic cleft
space between neurons
posterior chamber
space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor
Pleural space
space btwn visceral and parietal pleura
infundibulum
space formed in the peritoneum by the distal end of the fallopian tubes
renal sinus
space within kidney that is adjacent to renal medulla, contains calyces and renal pelvis hollow chamber within kidney the medial depression of a kidney
venous Valves
spaced frequently along the larger veins, prevent the backflow of blood.
Raynaud phenomenon
spasms that develop in digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips
Islets of Langerhans
special group of cells in pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced
-logist -
specialist
Meiosis
specialized cell division that produces sperm and egg
Hepatic portal system
specialized part of venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen
Macula
specialized patches of tissue within the utricle and saccule that aid in the sensation of motion
spermatozoa
sperm cells a mature sperm cell the mature final product of spermatogenesis
Vas deferens
spermatic duct of the testicles
Automaticity
state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of spontaneous impulse from within
low-frequency (low-pitch) waves
stimulate hair cells nearer the distal end of the cochlea.
High-frequency (high-pitch) waves
stimulate hair cells nearer the stapes (oval window)
Beta effect
stimulation fo beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states
Alpha effect
stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction
gastr/o -
stomach
Seminal vesicles
storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid which empty into the urethra at the prostate
extension -
straightening of a joint
Extension
straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers.
External Sphincters
striated muscle
fibrin
stringy protein fiber that is a component of a blood clot
Achilles tendon
strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus
mesentery
structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall fold of peritoneal membrane that attaches abdominal organ to abdominal wall
proximal -
structures that are close to the trunk (ex. the elbow is more proximal to the shoulder than the wrist)
distal -
structures that are farther from the trunk (the ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee is)
intercalated discs
structures that connect cardiac muscle cells to each other. Specialized junctions between cells that organize them into continuous functional fibers
Heparin
substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting
Metabolism
sum of all chemical processes that take place in the body, resulting in storage or expenditure of energy
Types of Receptors
superficial receptors (exteroceptors), deep receptors (proprioceptors), and internal receptors (visceroceptors).
intercostal nerves
supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall aid in inhalation and relaxation, skin of thorax region, abdominal wall T1-T12
Skeletal System
supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. joined members that make muscle movement possible
somatostatin
suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin inhibits stomach secretion and motility
-ectomy -
surgical removal of
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
Internal Hemorrhoidal plexus
surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the vaginal venous plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the rectal venous plexus.
The external urethral sphincter
surrounds the urethra about 3 centimeters from the bladder, and is composed of voluntary muscular tissue.
When evaporation cannot handle all the sweat that has been excreted
sweat collects in beads on the surface of the skin.
epistropheus vertebral
synovial (gliding) articulation of between articular processes dens of the axis
Renin-angiotensin system
system located in kidney that helps regulate fluid balance and bp
substrate
target of enzyme action
Herniated disk
tear in anulus fibrosus that results in leakage of nucleus pulposus, most commonly against exiting nerve roots
deca- -
ten
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia
Thompson test
test used to evaluate the integrity of the achilles tendon for possible rupture
sella turcica
the Turkish saddle-shape depression of the sphenoid bone. depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
Temporal Bones
the ___________ bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear, located on each side. recognized as "fan-shaped."
Primary immune response
the activation of B or T cells after they first encounter the antigens for which they are specialized to react
What structure of the kidney supplies blood to the glomerulus?
the afferent arteriole
18 and 30 years of age
the age that the five separate sacral vertebrae that gradually fuse together
Calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree C
Oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen that liver cells need to convert lactic acid into glucose, as well as the amount needed by muscle cells to restore adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate levels
eustachian tube
the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tubelinks the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. Its function is to equalize internal and external air pressure and Mucus drainage
During exercise, massage, or ordinary activities
the blood supply of muscles is increased fresh nutritional material, carries away waste products more rapidly, and enables the muscles to build up and restore their efficiency and tone.
Axial Skeleton
the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thorax. Consists of 28 bones, 22 of which form the framework of the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.
Sphenoid Bone
the butterfly-shaped bone posterior to the ethmoid bone at the base of the cranium that extends behind the eyes providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor and sides of the orbits and the base of the skull.
brain's diencephalons region
the caudal (posterior) part of the forebrain, containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle.
vitreous humor
the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball
Aqueous humour
the clear, watery fluid behind the eye (anterior chamber of the globe) filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber
Modiolus
the conical central axis of the cochlea of the ear. It consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.5 times around it. The spiral ganglion is situated inside it.
proximal convoluted (meaning coiled or twisted) tubule
the convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle and functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate — called also proximal tubule.
iliac crest
the crest of the ilium superiormost margin of the coxal bone Most prominent landmark on the ilium and can be easily palpated.
The small intestine is divided into three contiguous parts
the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
internal respiration
the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues
scrotum
the external pouch that contains the testes
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine is approximately 25 cm (10 inches) long and forms a C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas, posterior to the liver. It has enzymes that start the breakdown of foods and receives enzymes from the pancreas that assist in digestion.
stronger segment of the spine
the five lumbar vertebrae
coccyx
the four fused bones of the coccyx or tailbone provide attachment for ligaments and muscles of the pelvic floor. the tailbone
palmar -
the front region of the hand; the palm
inner ear
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs a fluid-filled sensory apparatus that aids balance and hearing
vulva
the labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibular glands external female genitalia external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice
aortic valve
the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta one-way valve between left ventricle & aorta;
penile urethra
the longest portion, is about 15 cm long. It lies in the ventral portion of the penis. The urethra terminates with the external orifice at the tip of the penis.
Scala tympani
the lower bony passage of the cochlea. is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the inner ear of the human. It is separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as vestibular duct.
transportation of respiratory gases
the main function of erythrocytes
sacrum
the main function of the sacrum is to connect the spine to the hip bones (iliac). There are five sacral vertebrae, which are fused together. Together with the iliac bones, they form a ring called the pelvic girdle.
carotid arteries
the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head branch off aorta and supply blood to head, neck, and brain
corpus spongiosum
the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis
pylorus
the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine exit area of the stomach
The eye
the organ of sight, is a specialized structure for the reception of light. It is assisted in its function by accessory structures, such as the eye brows, eyelashes, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus.
integumentary system
the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body. skin acts with hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, these organs together constitute this organ system.
epidermis
the outer skin layer. made up of tough, flat, scale-like epithelial cells.
When there is a fracture
the pain you feel comes from the periosteum, not the bone proper. Periosteum also forms new bone.
ascending colon
the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
descending colon
the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon
medial -
the parts that lie closer to the mid-line
tendon
attaches muscle to bone strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
trigone
triangular area in the urinary bladder in which the ureters enter and the urethra exits
ab- -
away from
Dermis
true skin, lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissues. It is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles, and skin appendages.
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
pronated
turning the palm of the hand inferiorly
bi- -
two
Parietal Bones
two ___________ bones are located behind the frontal bone. These bones form the greater part of the right and left sides and the roof of the skull. They each have four borders and are shaped like a curved plate.
turbinates (nasal conchae)
two bones that help to complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall three projections inside nasal cavity which increase air turbulence
nostrils (nares)
two holes; are internal and external (connected)
In the contraction stage
two protein substances (actin and myosin) react to provide energy through the breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid.
contraction stage
two protein substances (actin and myosin) react to provide energy through the breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid.
ejaculatory ducts
two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles receive fluid from accessory glands
Cowper's glands
two small glands located below the prostate and connected by small tubes to the urethra bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens
Labia Minora
two smaller folds within the labia majora folds that extend from the clitoris to either side of the vaginal orifice.
red and yellow
two types of marrow
dipl- -
two, double
sub- -
under, beneath
All living thing Organisms
undergo chemical processes by which they sustain life and regenerate cells.
subclavian
underneath the clavicle pertaining to below the clavicles (collar bones) vein that receives blood from the arm via the axillary vein
hinge
uniaxial movement in one plane occurring around one axis hinge, pivot Elbow joint
The eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs
united by their cartilages and joined to the rib above.
Osteons
units within a compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called haversian system
maxilla
upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses and anterior part of hard palate
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum; articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle
Endocytosis
uptake of material thru cell membrane by membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within cell's cytoplasm
Dermal papillae
upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis. The superior surface of the papillary layer.
Micturition
urination
There are six classifications of freely movable joints
ball-in-socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints
cuticle
band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
hyperpolarizes
becomes more negative
pre- -
before
Females around age 11
begin to experience the female reproductive cycle and continue into middle age, after which it ceases. The female reproductive cycle, or menstrual cycle, is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding (menses).
The vision process
begins with rays of light from an object passing through the cornea. The image is then received by the lens, by way of the iris. Leaving the lens, the image falls on the rods and cones in the retina. The image is then sent by the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation. Note the image received by the retina is upside down, but the brain turns it right-side up.
retro- -
behind
popliteal artery
behind the knee an artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee
normal respiration
being 14 to 18 cycles per minute.
infra- -
below, under
anterior cavity of the eye
between cornea and lens, filled with aqueous humor
condyloid
biaxial joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones occurring around two axes at right angles to each other two planes metacarpal-phalanx
melan/o -
black
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test used in diagnosis of prostate cancer
cyan/o -
blue
Trendelenburg position
body is supine with head lower than feet
bilateral -
body part that appears on both sides of the mid-line (ex. eyes, feet, kidneys)
unilateral -
body part that appears on only side of the mid-line (ex. gallbladder)
Carbaminohemoglobin
bonding of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
oste/o -
bone
Frontal Bone
bone forms the front part of the skull above the eyes, which forms the forehead, contains the frontal sinuses and helps form the eye socket and nasal cavity.
Talus
bone in foot that articulates with tibia and fibula to form ankle joint
middle phalanx
bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges
Ligament
bone to bone
Cribriform plate
bones in skull cavity that are perforated with foramina for the passage of olfactory nerve filaments from nasal cavity
tarsals
bones of the ankle 7 bones that make up the ankle hindfoot bones
metatarsals
bones of the foot between ankle and toes bones forming The sole and instep of the foot is made up of five metatarsal bones. They are similar in arrangement to the metacarpals of the hand.
Metacarpal
bones of the palm . . . 10 are numbered one to five corresponding with the five fingers, or digits, with which they articulate. The fingers are named as follows: 1st thumb; 2nd index; 3rd middle; 4th ring; and 5th little.
22
bones provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.
Cristagalli
bony ridge where meninges are attache
Girdle
bony structures that attach the limbs to the body
ambi- -
both
Dendrites
branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons
sternum
breastbone the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs is an elongated flat bone, forming the middle portion of the upper half of the chest wall in front.
The body's Secondary defenses
bring about inflammation. The swelling, redness, and warmth of the infected area cause the body to call in macrophages and neutrophils to consume the bacteria
Blood Supply to the Muscles (PERFUSION)
brings in fresh nutritional material, carries away waste products more rapidly, and enables the muscles to build up and restore their efficiency and tone.
Aponeurosis
broad sheet of fibers that may attach to bones or coverings of other muscles
24 hours after the food is ingested
building in mass and reaching the rectum
joint classifications
by type of ligaments ; presence of joint cavity; stucture; type of movement they allow synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are important components of contraction of muscles?
calcium and ATP
lymph nodes
called glands but are not true glands, are small bean-shaped bodies of lymphatic tissue found in groups of two to fifteen along the course of the lymph vessels. vary in size and act as filters to remove bacteria and particles from the lymph stream. Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes, which help defend the body against harmful foreign particles, such as bacteria, cells, and viruses.
Accessory Panceatic Duct
called the Duct of Santorini. An accessory pancreatic duct can be functional or non-functional and may open separately into the second part of the duodenum which is dorsal and usually (in 70%) drains into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla.
The blood vessels of the dermis
can dilate to contain a significant portion of the body's blood supply. This ability, along with the actions of the sweat glands, forms the body's primary temperature regulating mechanism.
Normal blood pressure
can vary considerably with age, weight, and general condition of the individual.
medullary canal
canal inside shaft of bone, where bone marrow is found; aka bone-marrow cavity
Cochlear duct
canal within the cochlea that receives vibrations from the ossicles
Cupula
cap of gelatinous tissue in the ear that is involved in the sensation of balance and movement
Exchangers
capillaries
Macronutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
chemical waste products of muscle contractions
carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and acid phosphate make the muscle more irritable
The stomach is divided into the
cardiac, fundus, body, and pyloric regions
Pulmonary circulation
carried blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
sensory nerve fiber
carries impulses from sensory receptors (i.e., detecting touch)
Systemic arterial circulation
carries oxygenated blood from the heart through the AV valve, into the aorta, and out to the body
subclavian veins
carry deoxygenated blood from the arms the the superior vena cava
nerve endings
carry impulses to and from the central nervous system. messages about the external environment are carried to the brain.
subclavian arteries
carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the arms supply blood to the upper extremities forelimbs supplies blood to the front legs
Carpal tunnel syndrom
caused by compression of median nerve
The urination reflex
causes the internal urethral sphincter to open and the external urethral sphincter to relax.
carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood stream
causing the blood to become acidic, the respiratory center signals the lungs to breathe faster to get rid of the carbon dioxide.
Chondroblast
cell that produce cartilage
Chief cells
cells in stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen (important enzyme in digestion of food)
Endocrine cells
cells in stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones
Goblet cells
cells that produce a protective mucous lining
Absorptive cells
cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
Fibroblasts
cells that secrete proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bone ends and at other sites of injury throughout the body
multicellular organisms
cells vary in size, shape, and number of nuclei.
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
The spinal column is divided into five regions
cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral and coccygeal (pelvis).
Major locations of lymph nodes Principal organs of the lymphatic system.
cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity.
zygomatic arch
cheek bone; Bridge-shaped structure that connects the Temporal Bone to the Zygomatic Bone. origin of masseter.
Acetylcholine
chemical neurotransmitter that serves as a mediator in bother sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
thorac -
chest
Mastication
chewing
Autosomes
chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex
Asthma
chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
Plicae circulates
circular folds that run perpendicular to digestive tract and increase surface area for absorption
Circumduction Joint movement
circular movement of a limb at the far end moving the arm in a circle around the hips and shoulders.
Pupil
circular opening in the center of the eye through which light passes to the lens
superficial -
closer to or on the skin
islets of Langerhans
clusters of specialized cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cells arranged in groups. contain three types of endocrine cells: alpha, beta, and delta.
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
collects secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder (bile) and empties into duodenum -bulbous area where secretions enter the duodenum
Columnar Epithelial Tissue
column shaped cells used for protection and in some cases production of muscus, composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells.
innominate veins
combine with the subclavian veins empty into the superior vena cava
"stiff neck."
common condition When the sternocleidomastoid muscles becomes damaged.
Achilles tendon
common tendon called the calcaneus attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone calcaneal tendon
Innominate
commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Actin
component that makes up most of thin filaments of the myofibrils
206 bones
compose the skeleton framework of the body. supports and gives shape to the body; protects vital organs; and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. The skeletal bones are joined members that make muscle movement possible.
Connective tissue
composed of cells and extracellular materials are highly vascular, surrounding other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body ranging from delicate tissue-paper membranes to rigid bones.
Inner ear
composed of cochlea and semicircular canals
Nails
composed of horny epidermal scales and are found on the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes. They protect the many sensitive nerve endings at the ends of these digits. New formation of nail will occur in the epitheliums of the nail bed. As new nail is formed, the whole nail moves forward, becoming longer.
semen
composed of sperm, seminal fluids, and other secretions
Squamous Epithelial Tissue
composed of thin plate-like or scale-like cells forming a mosaic pattern
Lesser Curvature
concave medial surface of the stomach Right side of stomach, from the entrance of the esophagus to the beginning of the small intestine
Bell palsy
condition caused by damage to the facial nerve resulting in an inability to move facial muscles on the affected side
pericardial tamponade
condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restrict the heart's stroke volume
gap junctions
conduction areas between cells (e.g., in visceral smooth muscle) that interconnect individual muscle cells
Thorax
cone-shaped bony cage is about as wide as it is deep formed by 12 ribs on each side and articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.
costal cartilages
connect the ribs to the sternum hyaline cartilage The cartilages that join the first seven pairs of ribs, referred to as the true ribs, to the sternum
cystic duct
connects the top of the gallbladder's neck to the common hepatic duct. It then joins the common bile duct, which meets pancreatic duct before it empties into the duodenum. In the average adult, the cystic duct measures four centimeters in length.
vagina middle muscular layer
consists mainly of smooth muscles fibers. At the lower end of the vagina is a thin band of smooth muscle that helps close the vaginal opening.
vertebral column
consists of 24 movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone formed by a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses and protects the spinal cord and nerves that branch out from the spinal cord.
Vertebral (spinal) column
consists of 24 movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx, or tail bone. The spinal column is divided into five regions in the following order: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral and coccygeal (pelvis).
perimetrium
consists of an outer serosal layer that covers part of the uterine body and none of the cervix.
myometrium
consists of bundles of interlaced muscular fibers. The muscular layer produces powerful rhythmic contractions important in the expulsion of the fetus at birth.
vagina outer fibrous layer
consists of dense fibrous connective tissue interlaced with elastic fibers. These fibers attach the vagina to the surrounding organs.
Middle ear
consists of inner portion of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles
lacrimal apparatus
consists of structures that produce tears and drains them from the surface of the eyeball Fluid produced by lacrimal glands (tears) streams across the eye surface, enters the canals, and then passes through the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct to enter the nose.
The appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities.
The circulatory system, also called the vascular system
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system. It is the primary fuel supplier of the body. The transportation media is the blood. This system is a closed circuit. At no place does it have access to other tissues of the body except at the capillaries.
The axial skeleton
consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thorax.
The portal system
consists of the veins that drain venous blood from the abdominal part of the digestive tract the spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder, but not the lower rectum and deliver it to the liver. There, it is distributed by a set of venous capillaries. The blood in the portal system conveys absorbed substances from the intestinal tract to the liver for storage, alteration, or detoxification. From the liver the blood flows through the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava.
ground substance
contains proteins, water, salts, and other diffusible substances
White matter
contains the myelinated axons of neurons. The white color is from the myelin sheaths.
Gray matter
contains the unmyelinated portions of neurons cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals), unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.
chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages
contraction and recovery
The heart acts by
contraction and relaxation
negatively charged ions
contribute to the overall negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane as compared to the outside.
Plasma fibrinogen proteins
contributes to coagulation.
The Acoustic Nerve
controls hearing and balance.
thyroxin
controls metabolic rate the major secretion of the thyroid gland that regulates metabolic rate of the body
The Facial Nerve
controls the face muscles. It stimulates the scalp, forehead, eyelids, muscles of facial expression, cheeks, and jaw. Symmetry of the nasolabial folds (lines from nose to outside corners of the mouth) should be observed.
Spermatic cord
cord composed of testicular artery, venous plexus, lymph vessels, connective tissue, and cremaster muscle
parasympathetic system
counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system, and restores the body to a resting state. For example, during an emergency the body's heart and respiration rate increases. After the emergency, the parasympathetic system will decrease heart and respiration rate to normal.
Skin function
covers almost every visible part of the human body. Even the hair and nails are outgrowths from it. It protects the underlying structures from injury, drying, and invasion by foreign organisms; it contains the peripheral endings of many sensory nerves; and it has limited excretory and absorbing powers. It also plays an important part in regulating body temperature. In addition, the skin is a waterproof covering that prevents excessive water loss, even in very dry climates.
The bones of the skull are classified as either
cranial or facial bones
clavicle
curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle the collar bone, a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
axoplasm
cytoplasm of axon cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body
inspiratory reserve volume
deepest breath you can take after a normal breath
zona reticularis
deepest region of the adrenal cortex, which produces the steroid sex hormones called androgens
reasons for Red blood cells short life span
delicate cells have to withstand constant knocking around as they are pumped into the arteries by the heart. These cells travel through blood vessels at high speed, bumping into other cells, bouncing off the walls of arteries and veins, and squeezing through narrow passages. They must adjust to continual pressure changes.
variations Connective tissue
delicate tissue-paper membranes to rigid bones
How muscles work and function
depends on the action of each muscle (movement), the type of joint it is associated with, and the way the muscle is attached on either side of the joint.
Acetabulum
depression on lateral pelvis that articulates with femoral head
articulation with the mandible
depressions of the temporal bone called the glenoid fossae
250-300 ml.
desire to urinate may not occur until the bladder contains
with the aid of a microscope
differences such as the number and type of cells can be seen
Mitral valave
valve in heart that separates left atrium from the left ventricle
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Collectors
veins and venules
cephalic veins
veins on the outer sides of the arms
Bronchial veins
veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
Irregular Bones
vertebrae, mandible, hyoid, and pelvic bones
The left ventricle pumps the blood to all areas of the body
via the aortic valve and the aorta. is considerably thicker than that of the right, because more force is required to pump the blood into the peripheral systemic circulation than into the lungs located only a short distance from the heart.
Spinal curves
viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve. The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column.
alimentary canal
digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Black lung disease
disease of the lung caused by consistent inhalation of coal dust
Abestosis
disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos particles
medial malleolus
distal process on medial tibial surface inner ankle forms the medial bulge of the ankle
internal receptors
visceroceptors - In the internal organs and blood vessel walls Usually none (except hunger, nausea, pain from stimuli such as chemicals (e.g., aspirin) and distension (e.g., stomach expansion from gas))
The systemic system
divided into the deep and superficial veins. The superficial veins lie immediately under the skin, draining the skin and superficial structures. The deep veins, usually located in the muscle or deeper layers, drain the large muscle masses and various other organs. Deep veins commonly lie close to the large arteries that supply the various organs of the body and typically have the same name as the artery they accompany.
Transverse Plane (horizontal)
divides into superior and inferior sections
frontal plane (coronal plane)
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Line passes through coronal suture of the cranium
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitosis
division of the nucleus of a cell
Appendicular region
division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body
vagina mucosal layer
does not have mucous glands; mucous found in the vagina comes from the glands of the cervix.
pleura
double-layered membrane surrounding each lung membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
de- -
down from, away
minor calyces
drain pyramids at papillae receive urine from the renal pyramids; form the border of the renal sinuses
external jugular veins
drain the scalp and face drains blood from the scalp and face and connects with the subclavian veins more laterally
epiphyses (sing. epiphysis)
each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate
Atrium
each half is an upper chamber receives blood from the veins The walls of the atria are thin with relatively little muscle fiber because the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles under low pressure.
56 days
each ovary produces a mature ovum every
Absolute refractory period
early phase of repolarization in which cell contains such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize
Inotropic effect
effect on contractility of muscle tissue
Hinge joints
elbow, finger, and knee
Thyrohyoid Muscle
elevates the thyroid gland while depressing the hyoid bone. These actions play a role in swallowing and speech. The thyroid gland is located in the center of the neck, just above the collarbone.
nerve impulses
emerges from the cell body at the cone‐shaped axon hillock. Arise in the trigger zone, generally located in the initial segment, an area just outside the axon hillock.
Labia Majora
enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. composed of two round folds of fat tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle, covered by skin. On the outer portion of the labia majora, the skin has numerous hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. The inner portion of skin is thin and hairless.
Lactic acid
end produce of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism
The uterine wall is composed of three layers and has three openings
endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. superiorly and laterally, two openings connect the fallopian tubes to the uterus, and inferiorly, an opening leading to the vagina.
macrophages
engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris.
glans penis
enlarged tip on the end of the penis
ciliated mucous membrane lining of the Trachea
entraps dust and foreign material. It also propels secretions and exudates from the lungs to the pharynx, where they can be expectorated or swallowed.
Female Sex Hormones
estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries and various other tissues, such as the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and placenta (during pregnancy).
Pleural effusion
excessive accumulation of fluid within pleural space
Hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in blood
Hypernatremia
excessive sodium (greater than 145mEq/L)
tidal air
exchanged air
muscle characteristics
excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
Functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
Soleus
extend the foot at the ankle originates at the head of the fibula and the medial border of the tibia. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
Axons
extension off of a nerve cell body that conducts impulses to adjacent cells
Urination also involves the relaxation of the
external urethral sphincter.
superficial receptors
exteroceptors - At or near surface of body Touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain
naturally derived hormones
extracted from the glands of animals or produced synthetically
orbit
eye socket
tachy- -
fast, rapid
small muscle, the arrector
fastens to the side of the follicle and is responsible for the gooseflesh appearance of the skin as a reaction to cold or fear.
deep -
father inside the body or tissue & away from the skin
If contraction is continued, the muscle will finally cramp up and refuse to move.
fatigue
ova
female reproductive cells
estrogens
female sex hormones with levels that peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
When muscle fibers are stimulated by an action of a nerve
fibers contract and relax. This interaction between muscle and nervous fibers produces movement. Skeletal muscle. Note the striations of the muscle cell fibers in longitudinal section.
tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule of the testes connective tissue capsule surrounding each testicle and dividing it into sections
Urine is formed through a series of nephron processes
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Protoplasm
viscid, jellylike substance upon which depend all the vital functions of cellular nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement. Has been called "the secret of life."
Bilirubin
waste product of RBC destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
Phalanges
finger bones . . . . . . . 28 The small bones of the fingers Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb which has two. The phalanges are named for their anatomical position proximal phalanx is the bone closest to the hand; the distal phalanx is the bone at the end of the finger; and the middle phalanx, the bone located between the proximal and distal phalanges.
villi
fingerlike projections provide a large absorption surface.
phalanges
fingers and toes are the bones of the toes and are similar in number, structure, and arrangement to the bones of the fingers
primi- -
first
blastocyst
first 2 weeks of the developing embryo a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass
P wave
first wave in ECG complex, representing depolarization of ventricles
quint- -
five
lumbar
five lumbar vertebrae. Located in the small of the back, these vertebrae are the larger and stronger segments of the vertebral column.
false ribs
five pairs or ribs that cartilages do not reach the sternum directly.
Epiglittis
flap that closes over the trachea, to force food to go into the esophagus
motor end plate
flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle
Tibialis Anterior
flexes the foot originates at the upper half of the tibia and inserts at the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones
endolymph
fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear
Isotope
when an element's atoms have unequal protons and neutrons
dislocation
when bones are out of place
Pinocytosis
when cell ingests extracellular fluid and its contents
There are five lumbar vertebrae
which are the largest segments of the vertebral column.
The two temporal bones
which help form the sides and base of the skull, also house the auditory, or hearing organs.
nephron secretion process
the peritubular capillary transports certain substances directly into the fluid of the renal tubule. These substances are transported by similar mechanisms as used in the reabsorption process, but done in reverse. For example, certain organic compounds, such as penicillin and histamine, are secreted directly from the proximal convoluted tubule to the renal tubule. Large quantities of hydrogen ions are secreted in this same manner. The secretion of hydrogen ions plays an important role in regulating pH of body fluids.
Mastication
the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion.
Radius and ulna
forearm bones . . . . . . 4 When the arm is in the anatomical position with the palm turned forward, the RADIUS is on the lateral, or thumb, side and the ULNA is on the medial, or little finger, side of the forearm. When the hand is pronated (palm turned downward), the bones rotate on each other and cross in the middle. This makes it possible to turn the wrist and hand as in opening doors. The ulna and the radius articulate at their proximal ends with the humerus, at their distal ends with some of the carpal bones, and with each other at both ends.
prepuce
foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
lips
form the anterior border of the mouth, are covered externally by skin and internally by the same mucous membranes that line the oral cavity.
palatine bones
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose Form the floor and outer wall of the nose, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbits.
The two parietal bones
form the roof of the skull.
The two maxillary bones
form the upper jaw, nasal walls, and part of the eye socket. These bones contain large cavities called maxillary sinuses. Frequently these sinuses become infected, causing the individual much discomfort.
nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose two bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Appositional growth
formation of new bone on the surface of a bone
The occipital bone
forms part of the base and back of the skull and contains a large hole
lateral corner of the scapula
forms part of the shoulder joint, articulating with the humerus.
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum unpaired bone that forms the inferior and posterior portions of the nasal septum
Blood Vessal vasodilation and Sweat glands perspiration
forms the body's primary temperature-regulating mechanism
pubis
forms the front part of the pelvis anterior portion of the pelvic bone forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
Pubis
forms the front part of the pelvis.
Ischium
forms the hard lower part
ischium
forms the hard lower part the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis most inferior part of hip bone; the "sit down" bone
ilium
forms the outer prominence of the hip bone upper pelvic bone the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone
Ilium
forms the outer prominence of the hip bone (crest of the ilium)
The palate
forms the roof of the mouth
Squamous epithelial tissue is the main protective tissue of the body
found in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) as a single layer of cells, or in the free skin surface in multiple layers.
Thin skin
found on most surface areas of the body.
Thick skin
found on surfaces of the palms and soles of the feet.
quad- -
four
tetra- -
four
parathyroids
four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid Their hormone, parathormone (PTH), regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones. The amount of calcium is important in certain tissue activities, such as bone formation, coagulation of blood, maintenance of normal muscular excitability, and milk production in the nursing mother.
Compression fracture
fracture of vertebral body associated with collapse of the body
The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood
from the lungs through four pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle past the mitral valve.
Frontal (coronal) plane
front and back
frontal bone of children
frontal bone develops as two parts. They are usually fused together by age 5 or 6.
Inorganic mineral salts
give bone its strength and hardness.
The inorganic mineral salts
give bone its strength and hardness.
Joint movements are generally divided into four types
gliding, angular, rotation, and circumduction
tongue
gloss/o, lingu/o - is a vascular, thick solid mobile mass of voluntary muscle surrounded by a mucous membrane (epithelium tissue) ocated in the oral cavity. The tip is free moving and can readily change size, shape, and position.
components of hair
the root below the surface and the shaft projecting above the skin.
The Trigeminal Nerve
governs sensation of the forehead and face and the clenching of the jaw. It also supplies the muscle of the ear (tensor tympani) necessary for normal hearing.
The Hypoglossal Nerve
governs the muscle activity of the tongue. An injury to one of the hypoglossal nerves causes the tongue to twist to that side when stuck out of the mouth ."
the five separate sacrum vertebrae
gradually fuse together between 18 and 30 years of age.
chlor/o -
green
Bruxism
grinding together of upper and lower teeth
Fasciculus
group of muscle fibers that are bundles with connective tissue
Tissues
groups of specialized cells similar in structure and function. are classified into five main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular, liquid, and nervous.
semi- -
half;partial
hair has two components
the root below the surface and the shaft projecting above the skin.
The external accessory organs of the male reproductive system
the scrotum and penis
prothrombin
which is formed in the liver, blood platelets, and various factors necessary for the completion of the successive steps in the coagulation process.
Scapula
the shoulder blade; is a triangular bone that lies in the upper part of the back on both sides, between the second and seventh ribs, forming the posterior portion of the shoulder girdle. Its lateral corner forms part of the shoulder joint, articulating with the humerus.
cheeks
the side walls of the mouth. They are made up of layers of skin, a moist inner lining called mucosa, fat tissue, and certain muscles.
epithelium of the nail bed
the site of new formation of nail.
Fibula
the smaller of the two leg bones, is located on the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia. - lateral leg bone the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle calf bone
stapes
the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea
Tail of Pancreas
which is in the lienorenal ligament, reaches the hilum of the spleen. It is vulnerable when this ligament is ligated in splenectomy. LUQ
Skin pigment, called melanin
which is responsible for skin color, is found here in this deepest sublayer.
Five sub-layers or strata of epidermal cells have been identified listed from superficial to deep
the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (not always present), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
The third branch is the left subclavian
which supplies the left arm.
leuk/o -
white
Embryology
the study of the development of the body from a fertilized egg, or ovum.
Fibrin
white insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen in the clotting process
Sclera
white part of the eye
Physiology
the study of the processes and functions of the body tissue and organs. Basically, it is the study of how the body works—how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other.
Nerve tissue
the substance of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. the most complex tissue in the body.
pancreas
has two functions: It serves both the endocrine system and the digestive system. The digestive portion of the pancreas produces digestive juices (amylase, proteinase, and lipase) that are secreted through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum. These digestive juices break down carbohydrates (amylase), proteins (proteinase), and fats (lipase) into simpler compounds.
columnar tissue in areas of the nostrils, bronchial tubes and trachea
have a crown of microscopic hair like processes known as cilia
Foreign cells or particles
have nonself molecules that serve as recognition markers for our immune system. The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called self-tolerance
cardi -
heart
Tricuspid valve
heart valve that separates right atrium from right ventricle
elbow
hinge joint forelimb joint formed by distal humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna
Microtubule
hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of a cell and provide movement of the cell, such as flagella and cilia
Cranial cavity
hollow portion of the skull
Renin
hormone produced by cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus when bp is low
Progesterone
hormone released from ovaries that stimulates uterine lining during menstrual cycle
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first 8 weeks of gestation
outer cortex
houses forming gametes
Deglutition
the swallowing of food and involves a complex and coordinated process. It is divided into three phases; the first phase of swallowing is voluntarily; phases two and three are involuntary.
For young adults
the systolic pressure is between 120 and 150 mm of mercury, and the diastolic pressure is between 70 and 90 mm of mercury.
apex -
the tip of a structure
Osmosis
the transfer of fluids through the plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration of particles to an area of higher concentration, is the method of feeding body tissues and eliminating waste materials. This occurs in the capillaries, the smallest of the blood vessels.
sacral
the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five separate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and 30 years of age. The sacrum is connected on each side with the hip bone and with the coccyx to form the posterior wall of the pelvis.
contraction
with a wringing motion, forcing blood into the arteries. followed by limited relaxation or dilation.
endo- -
within
Basilar (spiral) membrane
within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani
transmit and amplify
in the auditory ossicles are three small bones named the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). Their function is to _______ and _______vibrations to the ear drum and inner ear
There are 12 vertebrae
in the thoracic region. These articulate with the posterior portion of the 12 ribs to form the posterior wall of the thoracic, or chest, cage.
Facial bones
include maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, vomer bone, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, and mandible
The body's primary defenses against infection
include the skin, tears, stomach acid, urine, sweat, mucus, and saliva. By having this range of both physical and chemical defenses, the body is able to defend against a range of pathogens.
male accessory sex organs
include two groups of organs: the internal sex organs and the external sex organs.
Axial skeleton
includes skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Lower extremity
includes the bones of the hip, thigh, leg, ankle and foot
Muscles Providing movement
including internal functions such as peristalsis (rhythmic waves of muscular contraction within the intestines)
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure and atrophy of the optic nerve
hilum
indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
two types of marrow
yellow and red
Lymphangitis
infection that spreads beyond the local area into a lymphatic vessel causing red streaks to run from the infected area proximally
-itis -
inflammation
Lymphadenitis
inflammation of a lymph node caused by infection
Costochondritis
inflammation of costal cartilage (Attaching ribs to sternum)
Peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection requires surgery to correct.
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and muscle caused by infection
estrogen
influences the development and maintenance of the female accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics, and promotes changes in the mucous lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstrual cycle.
Proprioception
info about body's position of its parts
sensory system & The special sensory receptors
informs areas of the cerebral cortex of changes that are taking place within the body or in the external environment. respond to special individual stimuli such as sound waves, light, taste, smell, pressure, heat, cold, pain, or touch. Positional changes, balance, hunger, and thirst sensations are also detected and passed on to the brain.
Renal corpuscle
initial blood-filtering component of nephron
Acromioclavicular separation
injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula
sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
round and attached
inner end of clavicle is ________and _________ to the sternum
visceral pleura
inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue serous membrane that covers lungs
Endometrium
inner layer of uterine wall
Cancellous Bone tissue
inner spongy, porous portion with many marrow cavities
Stratum germinaticum
innermost layer of epidermis
Bones of the Lower Extremity
innominate - hip bone femur - thigh bone patella - knee cap tibia - medial leg bone fibula - lateral leg bone tarsals - ankle bones metatarsals - foot bones phalanges - toe bones
intra- -
inside, within
process of respiration
inspiration and expiration
Circle of Willis
interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain
The thin Areolar tissue fibers
interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength
zona fasciculata
intermediate region of the adrenal cortex that produce hormones called glucocorticoids (cortosol)
Peyer patches
intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum
internal urethral sphincter
involuntary smooth muscle at bladder-urethra junction that contracts to open involuntary muscle that keeps urine from entering the urethra while it is stored in the bladder
Physiological respiration (internal respiration)
involves an exchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, at two points in the body. The first is the transfer that occurs in the lungs between the incoming oxygen and the carbon dioxide present in the capillaries of the lungs (external respiration). The second transfer occurs when oxygen brought into the body replaces carbon dioxide build up in the cellular tissue (internal respiration)
Physical, or mechanical respiration (external respiration)
involves the motion of the diaphragm and rib cage. The musculoskeletal action, which resembles that of a bellows, causes air to be inhaled or exhaled
Digestion
involves the physical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat into its simplest forms.
Lordosis
inward curvature of lumbar spine
Normal WBC count
is 6,000 to 8,000 per cubic millimeter.
Saccule (In vestibule)
is a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane.
Two types of specific immunity
(1) cellular immune response -achieved by actions of T lymphocytes or T cells (2) humoral immune response
Regulation of heart function involves (x3)
(1) chronotropic effect -control of heart rate (2) dromotropic effect -conductivity (3) inotropic -strength of contractions
Two types of bone
(1) compact -solid (2) Cancellous -trabecular bone
autonomic nervous system
(ANS) is the portion of the PNS that functions independently, automatically, and continuously, without conscious effort. It helps to regulate the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, digestive tract, blood vessels, sweat and digestive glands, and certain endocrine glands. The autonomic nervous system is not directly under the control of the brain but usually works in harmony with the nerves that are under the brain's control. The autonomic nervous system includes two subdivisions (the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) that act together.
Anal Column
(Columns of Morgagni or less commonly Morgagni's columns) are a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal.
The main contribution to the resting membrane potential
(a polarized nerve) is the difference in permeability of the resting membrane to potassium ions versus sodium ions. The resting membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions resulting in slightly more net potassium ion diffusion (from the inside of the neuron to the outside) than sodium ion diffusion (from the outside of the neuron to the inside) causing the slight difference in polarity right along the membrane of the axon.
Soleus
(calf muscles) extend the foot at the ankle. originates at the head of the fibula and the medial border of the tibia. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.
Gastrocnemius
(calf muscles) extend the foot at the ankle. originates at two points on the femur. inserted in a common tendon called the calcaneus, or Achilles tendon.
Synovial (Diarthrotic) Joints
(diarthrotic joints) freely movable joints Have a synovial (joint) cavity between the articulating bones and are freely movable joints. The classic joints, (stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).
interferon
(interferon proteins interfere with the ability of viruses to cause diseases) is produced so that other cells in that region of the body can block the virus from attacking any healthy cells.
Non-striated
(involuntary) muscle
thoracic spine
(mid back) - 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region. The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the posterior portion of the 12 ribs to form the posterior wall of the thoracic region (chest) or rib cage. the main function is to hold the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited.
Midsagittal plane
(midline) left and right equal halves
interlobar arteries
(or cortical radiate arteries or cortical radial arteries) are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.
Complex carbohydrates
(starches and sugars) change into simple sugars (glucose)
perilymphatic space
(vestibule of the ear) is connected to the subarachnoid space. This works as a type of shunt to eliminate excess perilymph fluid from the perilymphatic space around the cochlea of the ear.
Striated
(voluntary) muscle
Biceps femoris
- (often called the hamstring muscle) - originates at the tuberosity of the ischium and the middle third of the femur. - It is inserted on the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia. - It acts, along with other related muscles, to flex the leg at the knee and to extend the thigh at the hip joint.
Benefits for ventilation that includes dead space.
- Carbon dioxide is retained, making a bicarbonate-buffered blood and interstitium possible. - Inspired air is brought to body temperature, increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, improving O2 uptake. - Particulate matter is trapped on the mucus that lines the conducting airways, allowing its removal by mucociliary transport. - Inspired air is humidified, improving the quality of airway mucus.
Cauda Equina
- Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord "horse's tail", - a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord - Bundle of dorsal and ventral roots for spinal nerves below L2
Ribosomes
- Cytoplasmic organelles that contain RNA and protein - organelles at which proteins are synthesized, bordering the endoplasmic reticulum.
Amylase
- Digestive Juice - Source Salivary glands and pancreas - Substance Acted Upon Starch - Product Complex sugars (maltose)
Circulation plan of lymphatic fluid
- Fluids from the systemic and pulmonary capillaries leave the bloodstream and enter the interstitial space, thus becoming part of the IF (interstitial fluid). - because less fluid is returned to the blood capillary than had left it, IF pressure increases causing IF to flow into the lymphatic capillary - The fluid is then called lymph (lymphatic fluid) and is carried through one or more lymph nodes and finally to large lymphatic ducts - Thus fluid circulates through blood vessels, tissues, and lymphatic vessels in a sort of "open circulation."
Aldosterone
- Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. -one of two main hormones that adjust final composition of urine -increases rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into blood -decreases reabsorption of potassium
Apneustic center
- Inferior portion of pons - Stimulates DRG (Dorsal Respiratory Group) resulting in longer slower resp
Latissimus dorsi
is a broad flat muscle that covers approximately one-third of the back on each side. It rotates the arm inward and draws the arm down and back. It originates from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum and the posterior portion of the crest of the ilium. Its fibers converge to form a flat tendon that has its insertion in the humerus.
Dorsal or Ventral respiratory group
- Pacemaker for breathing - Respiratory portions of medulla oblongata
Pons Areas / Pons
- Pneumotaxic (pontine) center, apneustic center - Helps regulate DRG (Dorsal Respatory Group) activities
Amphiarthroses
- Slightly movable - Cartilaginous joints, that are slightly movable and found at the symphysis pubis - In slightly movable joints, the bones are held together by broad flattened disks of cartilage and ligaments (e.g., vertebrae and symphysis pubis).
ascending loop of Henle
- Within the nephron of the kidney, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is a segment of the loop of Henle downstream of the descending limb, after the sharp bend of the loop - This part of the renal tubule is divided into a thin and thick ascending limb - the thick portion is also known as the distal straight tubule, in contrast with the distal convoluted tubule downstream
sympathetic
- active during fight or flight response - prepares for emergency, stress, and exercise - increases heart rate and blood pressure - mobilizes energy stores - dilates pupiles - decreases GI and urinary function
parasympathetic
- active during quiet, relaxed states - active in rest and digest - increases GI activity - decreases heart rate and blood pressure
Bowman's capsule
- capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney - performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. - A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac.
chewing process of the Tongue contributions to Digestion
- crushes food against the palate - deposits food between the chewing surfaces of the teeth for mastication - transfers food from one area of the mouth to another - mixes food with saliva, which assists in the digestive process - assists in swallowing - cleans the mouth of residue.
adventitia layer of the Trachea
- form the wall of the trachea - A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs
Adrenals
- glands, located at the superior surface of each kidney, fitting like a cap. - They consist of an outer portion, the cortex, and an inner portion, the medulla. - produces hormone that regulates blood sugar level endocrine makes epinephrine or adrenaline for fight or flight response
Antibodies
- help body resist damage and disease -gamma globulin proteins called immunoglobulins -include: IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG
Biceps brachii
- is the prominent muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm - origin is in the outer edge of the glenoid cavity and its insertion in the tuberosity of the radius - This muscle rotates the forearm outward (supination) and, with the aid of the brachial muscle, flexes the forearm at the elbow
B lymphocytes (B cells)
- lymphocytes that exist in the blood and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and spleen -produce and secrete antibodies that bind to and destroy foreign antigens
first line defense second line defense third line defense
- mechanical and chemical barriers - Inflammatory response and Phagocytosis - Specific immune response & Natural killer cells
Beta cells
- pancreatic-islet cells produce insulin which is essential for carbohydrate metabolism -cells located in islets of Langerhans -secrete insulin
Alpha cells
- pancreatic-islet cells that secrete glucagon -cells located in inlet of Langerhans -secrete glucagon
cervical
- pertaining to neck - seven cervical vertebrae in the neck.
Fibrinogen
- plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation - plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process - plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin
Chromosomes
- the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell, - genetic informations that determine cell function. - structures containing DNA within cell's nucleus - Humans have 23 pairs
Bulbourethral glands
- the two glands that lie inferior to the prostate gland -secrete a lubricating sticky fluid that prepares the penis for sexual intercourse becomes a component of semen.
Antigens
- unique molecules and groups of molecules on their surfaces that can be used to identify them and stimulate immune system - These molecular markers visible to the immune system Human cells have unique cell markers embedded in our plasma membranes that identify each of our cells as self
Carpals
- wrist bones . . . . . . . 16 - There are eight CARPAL bones arranged in two rows, forming the wrist.
How many pairs of ribs?
-12 pairs of ribs -2 floating pairs of ribs
Peripheral nervous system
-31 pairs of spinal nerves and 11 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves -sensory, motor, and connecting nerves
Brachial plexus
-C5 to T1 -musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median
Olfactory nerve
-Cranial nerve (I) -transmits info on smell
Trigeminal nerve
-Cranial nerve (V) -supplies sensation to scalp, forehead, face, and lower jaw -innervates muscles of mastication, throat, and inner ear
Accessory nerve
-Cranial nerve (XI) -provides motor innervation to the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Squamous epithelium
-Flat sheets of epithelial cells
12 Cranial nerves
-I Olfactory (Smell) -II Optic (Sight) -III Oculomotor (Moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts the pupil and lens of the eye) -IV Trochlear (Moves eyeballs) -V Trigeminal (Facial muscles incl. chewing; Facial sensations) -VI Abducens (Moves eyeballs) -VII Facial (Taste, tears, saliva, facial expressions) -VIII Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) -IX Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, saliva, taste) -X Vagus (Control of PNS e.g. smooth muscles of GI tract) -XI Accessory (Moving head & shoulders, swallowing) -XII Hypoglossal (Tongue muscles - speech & swallowing)
Nasopharynx and oropharynx (start to end point)
-Naso extends from the internal nares to the uvula -Oro extends from the uvula to the epiglottis
PQRST
-PR -QRS (ventricular depolarization) -ST -T (ventricular repolarization)
Erythrocytes
-RBC -hemoglobin -contain antigens on surface
Carpals
-Scaphoid -Lunate -Triquetrum -Pisiform -Trapezium -Trapezoid -Capitate -Hamate
Perception of sound
-Sound waves enter the ear through the auricle and travel through external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane -at the tympanic membrane, vibration against the membrane sets up vibrations in the ossicles -vibrations of the ossicles are transmitted to the cochlear duct at the oval window -this causes fluid within the cochlea to vibrate -these vibrations stimulate hairs at the organ of Corti, which send nerve impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve
Leukocytes
-WBCs -fight infection by production of antibodies or by directly attacking invaders
Neutrophils
-WBCs that are one of three types of granulocytes -multi-lobed nuclei -destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter
Eosinophils
-WBCs with a major role in allergic reactions and bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack -make up 1-3% of leukocytes
Compartment syndrome
-accumulation of blood or fluid in fascial compartment resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue -usually result of trauma -can cause death of muscle and loss of limb
Hormones
-act by binding to receptors -corticosteroids and thyroid hormones bind to receptors located within cells -all other hormones bind to receptors located on surface of cells
Anterior pituitary
-aka. adenohypophysis -hormones produced are not neurohormones because this portion is not considered part of CNS
Recovery position
-aka. left lateral recumbent position -maintains airway in unresponsive pt
Anaerobic metabolism
-alternate form of metabolism that occurs when oxygen levels are low and less energy is produced than during aerobic respiration -lactic acid is produced as a waste product
Circulation to the pelvis and lower extremities involve...
-aorta -two common iliac arteries -internal and external iliac arteries -femoral arteries -popliteal arteries -tibial arteries -dorsalis pedis arteries
Right lower quadrant contains
-appendix -part of large intestine -right ovary -right ureter -part of uterus -urinary bladder
External auditory canal
-area in which sound waves are received from the auricle before they travel to the eardrum -aka. ear canal
Two parts that make up the skeleton
-axial -appendicular
Cellular respiraton
-biochemical process resulting in production of energy in the form of ATP -also called etabolism
Aerobic metabolism
-biochemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in production of ATP -aka. cellular respiration
Parts of sternum
-body, manubrium, xiphoid process
Calcaneus
-bone that is inferior and lateral to the talus -provides support for standing - the largest and strongest of the tarsal bones (heel bone)
Circulation to the head and neck involve...
-brachiocephalic artery -left common carotid artery -left subclavian atery
Respiratory area of the brain
-brainstem, pons, medulla oblongata -stimulated by CO2 in blood (and lesser effect of O2 levels in blood)
Catabolism
-breakdown of energy in the body -destructive component of metabolism -breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones
Battle sign
-bruising over mastoid process -usually due to basilar fracture
Anabolism
-build up of energy reservoirs and molecules in the body -constructive component of metabolism -synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Organic substances
-carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids
Lymphatic vessels
-carry fluid away from tissues -prevent tissues from becoming edematous by absorbing excess fluid and returning it to central venous circulation
Ear canal
-cavity leading from the exterior atmosphere to the tympanum -aka. external auditory canal
Major abdominal arteries
-celiac trunk -superior mesenteric artery -inferior mesenteric artery
Cell membrane
-cell wall -selectively permeable layer surrounding insides of cell -controls movement of substances in and out of cell
Juxtaglomerular cells
-cells located in afferent arterioles of glomerulus -play part in regulating volume statue of body
Helper T cells
-cells that aid WBCs in carrying out cell-mediated immune functions -maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells -activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
Mast cells
-cells to which antibodies attach -formed in response to allergens -when allergens on the surface of this, they release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphylaxis
Major regions of adult brain (x4)
-cerebrum -diencephalon -cerebellum -brainstem
beta-blockers
-common cardiac drug -blocks beta effects, causing decrease in workload of heart by reducing speed of contraction and bp
Diabetes insipidus
-condition caused by pituitary dysfunction -associated with large production of dilute urine
Conn syndrome
-condition resulting in excess secretion of aldosterone -commonly caused by benign tumour
Hyperparathyroidism
-condition resulting in loss of calcium -caused by excess secretion of parathyroid hormones
Neuroglia
-connective and supporting tissues of nervous tissue -one of two types of neural tissue -support, protect, defend, and aid in repair of neural tissue -also regulate composition of nervous system interstitial fluid
Sensation of balance
-consists of static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium
What does the lining of the inner stomach mucosa contain?
-contains gastric pits with parietal, chief, and endocrine cells
External ear
-contains pinna, ear canal, and exterior portion of the tympanic membrane j
Cortisol
-corticosteroid secreted by adrenal cortex -stress hormone
Optic nerve
-cranial nerve (II) -transmits visual information to the brain -only cranial nerve considered to be part of CNS
Oculomotor nerve
-cranial nerve (III) -motion of eyeballs and upper lid
Abducens nerve
-cranial nerve (VI) -lateral movement of eyeball
Facial nerve
-cranial nerve (VII) -supplies motor activity to all muscles of facial expression, the sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and cutaneous sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate
Vestibulocochlear nerve
-cranial nerve (VIII) that passes thru internal auditory meatus -hearing and balance
Vagus nerve
-cranial nerve (X) -provides motor function to soft palate, pharynx, and larynx -carries taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketonic coma (HHNC)
-diabetic emergency that occurs from relative insulin deficiency -hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, absence of significant ketosis
Acromegaly
-disorder caused by overproduction of growth hormone by pit. gland -enlargement of flat bones -aka. gigantism
SA node
-dominant pacemaker of the heart -located in the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium
Meninges
-dura mater -arachnoid -pia mater
Pancreas
-elongated organ -manufacture of digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
Flow of air
-enters at nasopharynx or oropharynx -moves to trachea -bronchi -bronchioles -alveoli in lungs
Types ot tissue
-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous
Three major female hormones
-estrogen -progesterone -human chorionic gonadotropin
Zygote
-fertilized egg -23 chromosomes from each parent
Extracellular fluid
-fluid found outside of cell membrane -contains most of supply of sodium -15% of body weight
Intracellular fluid
-fluid inside cell where more of potassium is contained -45% of total body weight
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
-fluid outside of cell -most of body's supply of sodium is here -accounts for 15% of body weight
Angiotensin II
-form of kinin that plays role in bp maintenance -causes vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation by stimulating adrenal gland to increase aldosterone
Prostaglandins
-group of hormone-like fatty acids produced in many body tissues -act on target organs to produce effects such as uterine contraction, regulation of bp, smooth muscle contraction, pain, and imflammation
Seminiferous tubules
-highly coiled structures inside each lobule of a testis -form network of channels, then ducts, which join the epididymis
Spleen
-highly vascular organ -removal of old blood cells and fighting infection
Most common chemicals in body that promote inflammation (lymphatic system)
-histamines -kinin -complement -prostaglandins -leukotrienes -pyrogens -interferon
Secretin
-hormone produced by duodenum -inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates production of alkaline pancreatic secretions
Gastrin
-hormone produced by endocrine cells of stomach -increases stomach secretions and rate of gastric emptying
Glucagon
-hormone produced by pancreas -controls metabolism and blood glucose level -stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Calcitonin
-hormone produced by thyroid -regulates calcium levels in body
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-hormone released by hypothalamus -influences release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-hormone released from pituitary gland -released in monthly intervals that help stimulate one oocyte to undergo meiosis (stimulates ovulation)
Follicle stimulating hormone
-hormone that regulates eggs, sperm, and reproductive hormones -released from pituitary gland -helps stimulate oocyte to undergo meiosis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-hormone that targets adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol -essential for development of cortex of adrenal gland and its secretion of corticosteroids -stimulated by stress, trauma, major surgery, fever, etc.
Medulla
-inferior portion of midbrain that serves as conduction pathway for afferent and efferent nerves -inner portion of adrenal glands -produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Emphysema
-infiltration of any tissue by air or gas -COPD (disease) characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma
Epicondylitis
-inflammation of muscles of elbow joint -aka. tennis elbow
Renal medulla
-inner portion of each kidney -made of conical renal pyramids -has striations
primary functions of respiratory system
-intake of oxygen -removal of carbon dioxide -exchange of gases and ventilation
Trismus
-involuntary contraction of the mouth resulting in clenched teeth -occurs during seizures and head injuries
Bicarbonate ions
-ions related to carbonic acid -formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanisms
Auricle
-large outside portion of the ear through which sound waves enter the ear -aka. Pinna
Pinna
-large outside portion of the ear through which soundwaves enter the ear -aka the auricle
Cerebral cortex
-largest part of brain -controls higher thought processes -also called cerebrum
Stratum granulosum
-layer of epidermis that sits between stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum -composed of flattened cells that contain granules of keratohyalin
Right upper quadrant contains
-liver -gallbladder -part of large intestine -right kidney
Basal ganglia
-located in cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain -play an important role in coordination of motor movements
Parathyroid glands
-located on posterior thyroid gland surface -produce parathyroid hormone (maintains calcium in blood and normal neuromuscular function)
Saphenous vein
-longest vein in body -drains leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot
Limbic system
-made up by portions of cerebrum and diencephalon -influences mood, emotions, motivation, and sensations of pain and pleasure
Retina
-made up of 10 layers of nervous tissue -receives light impulses that generate nerve signals that are conducted to the brain through the optic nerve
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
-major source of energy for all chemical reactions in body - is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.
Pons
-mass of nerve fibers at the end of the medulla oblongata -portion of brainstem that lies below midbrain -affect sleep adn respiraton
Pituitary gland
-master gland; located as base of brain -secretes hormones that regulate basically F-ing everything -regulate function of many glands in body -is regulatED by the hypothalamus -posterior portion is directly connected to and continuous with the brain (called neurohypophysis... produces neurohormones)
Active transport
-method used to move compounds across a cell membrane -against concentration gradient -required ATP
Tunica media
-middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall -composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in bp and tissue demand
Hypothalamus
-most inferior portion of diencephalon -responsible for control of hr, digestion, sexual development, temp regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of sleep cycle -stimulates secretion of growth hormone
Central disk herniation
-most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into spinal canal -potential to cause neurological injury
Upper airway
-mouth -nasopharynx -oropharynx
Four layers of alimentary canal
-mucosa -submucosa -adventitia (muscle) -serosa (outer lining of bowel)
Detrusor muscle
-muscle surrounding neck of bladder to form internal urethral sphincter -functions in micturition reflex - Smooth muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra. the muscle that controls the appropriate emptying of the urinary bladder
Obturator nerve
-nerve emanating from lumbosacral plexus -innervate muscles that adduct the thigh and rotate it medially
Stratum corneum
-outer layer of epidermis -dead cells
Epidermis
-outer layer of skin made up of stratified squamous epithelium -nerve vessels but no nerve endings -composed of five layers (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum)
Three lymphatic organs comprising the tonsils
-palatine -pharyngeal -lingual tonsils
Diencephalon
-part of brain between brainstem and cerebrum -includes thalamus and hypothalamus
Epithalamus
-part of diencephalon -emotions, circadian rhythms, and connecting limbic system with other parts of brain
Thalamus
-part of diencephalon -processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movement (especially associated with fear or rage)
Left lower quadrant contains
-part of large intestine -left ovary -left ureter -part of uterus -urinary bladder
Distal convoluted tubule
-part of nephron -empties urine into collection duct then carries it to the calyces
Proximal convoluted tubule
-part of nephron -include glomerular capsule
PR segment
-period between atrial depolarization and the onset of ventricular depolarization -signifies the time required for atrial depolarization and passage of the excitation impulse thru the AV junction
Hilum
-point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung -also an indented region of a lymph node where blood vessels and nerves are attached
Oocyte
-precursors to a mature egg -formed in ovaries
Agonist
-prime mover -muscle that contracts to provide mose of a desired movement
Amniocentesis
-procedure of extracting amniotic fluid from the uterus using a needle and ultrasound or CT scan
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-produced by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) -constricts blood vessels and raises bp -targets the collecting tube of the nephron in the kidneys and promotes retention of water (reduces urine output) -vasopressin
Four methods of heat dissipation from body
-radiation -conduction -convection -evaporation
Lymphatic system
-related to cardiovascular system -transports excess tissue fluid to bloodstream -absorbs fats and helps to defend against disease-causing agents -primary organs are thymus and spleen, along with lymph nodes
Parietal lobe
-responsible for reception and evaluation of most sensory info, except smell hearing, and vision
Where do lungs receive blood from?
-right ventricle via pulmonary arteries -bronchial arteries (which branch from thoracic aorta)
Glomerular capsule
-sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus -receives filtered fliud
Vasa recta
-series of peritubular capillaries that surround loop of Henle -water moves here after passing through descending and ascending limbs of loop of Henle
Golgi apparatus
-set of membranes in cytoplasm -formation of sugars and complex proteins
Ways that material can pass thru the cell
-simple diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion -active transport
Parts of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
-sinoatrial node -atrioventricular node -bundle of His -bundle branches -Purkinje fibers
Choroid plexus
-specialized cells within hollow areas in the ventricles of the brain -produce cerebrospinal fluid
Lower airway
-starts at larynx -includes glottis, vestibular folds, vocal cords, bronchi, and bronchioles
Left upper quadrant contains
-stomach -spleen -pancreas -part of large intestine -left kidney
Cardiac muscle
-striated -involuntary -has capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses -branched
Nephrons
-structural and functional units of kidney that form urine -composed of glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
Ejaculatory duct
-structure formed by vasa deferentia and seminal vesicle -passes through prostate gland to empty into the urethra
Efferent arteriole
-structure of kidney that drains blood from glomerulus
Olfactory bulbs
-structures in the forebrain that are needed to perceive odors -cranial nerve for smell
Circulation to the upper extremities involves...
-subclavian artery -vertebral artery -axillary artery -brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries
Electrolyte
-substances that release ions in water -salt or acids -chemicals dissolved in blood
Coronary arteries
-supply heart with blood -arise from aorta
Five primary taste types
-sweetness -sourness -saltiness -bitterness -umami
Cholecystitis
-symptoms from cholelithiasis -aka gallbladder attack
Iris
-the sphincter muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea -dilate and constrict the pupil -regulate the amount of light that enters the eye -pigment in this tissue gives eye its colour
Ossicles
-thee small bones in middle ear; include malleus, incus, and stapes -transmit vibrations to the cochlear duct at the oval window
Ureter
-thick-walled hollow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder
Eardrum
-thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear -transmits vibrations to the ossicles -aka. tympanic membrane
Myofibrils
-threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other -located within individual muscle cells
Epididymides
-tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within a testis -become vas deferens
Heart valves (x4)
-tricuspid -mitral -pulmonic -aortic
Two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland
-triiodothyronine (T3) -tetraiodothyronine (T4) -hormones produced in response to stimulation from anterior pituitary by thyroid-stimulating hormone
Crypts
-tubular glands located in colon -contain mucus-producing goblet cells
Thermoregulation
-under primary control of hypothalamus -temperature regulation
Latissimus Dorsi
is a broad, flat muscle that covers approximately one-third of the back on each side. It rotates the arm inward and draws the arm down and back. It originates from the upper thoracic vertebrae to the sacrum and the posterior portion of the crest of the ilium. Its fibers converge to form a flat tendon that has its insertion in the humerus.
Blood Serum
is a clear, pale yellow liquid. It is the liquid portion of blood after coagulation. Plasma and serum differ in that plasma is whole blood minus the cells, and serum is plasma minus the clotting elements.
The human body
is a combination of organ systems with a supporting framework of muscles and bones and an external covering of skin.
How many cranial nerves?
12 pairs
12 Cranial Nerves - Nerve, Ditty, Name, & Function.
1st O Olfactory 2nd O Optic 3rd O Occulomotor 4th TO Trochlear 5th TOUCH Trigeminal 6th AND Abducens 7th FEEL Facial 8th ANY Acoustic 9th GREAT Glossopharyn 10th VELVET Vagus 11th A Accessory 12th H Hypoglossal
7 tarsal bones
1st medial cuneiform, 2nd intermediate cuneiform, 3rd lateral cuneiform, cuboid, navicular, talus, and calcaneus.
The fingers are named
1st thumb; 2nd index; 3rd middle; 4th ring; and 5th little
How many bones make up the skull?
28 bones
perspiration secreted by Sweat glands
is a combination of water, salts, amino acids, and urea.
Total RBC for females
3.6 - 5.6 mil / mm3
Muscularis
3rd layer made of 2 layers of smooth muscle that move food along the GI tract layer of the wall of the digestive tract that generates peristalsis
abdominal cavity quadrants -
4 equal divisions with the umbilicus being the midpoint for each dividing line RUQ, LUQ RLQ, LLQ
Total RBC for males
4.2 - 6.0 mil / mm3
Blood of the average Women contains
4.5 million RBC's (mm³) per cubic millimeter
Blood of the average man contains
5 million RBC's per cubic millimeter (mm³)
Purkinje Fibers
5 specialized conductive Subendocardinal Fibers; located within the walls of the ventricles This atrioventricular bundle has many mitochondria and glycogen; some peripheral myofibrils. Perform a ventricular systole
Total RBC for newborns
5.0 - 6.5 mil / mm3
Body water content of average adult
50-70% of total body weight
Hemoglobin for females
83 - 110%
Hemoglobin for males
97 - 124%
Hemoglobin for newborns
97-138%
Neurohypophysis
=posterior portion of the pituitary gland that produces hormones called neurohormones -antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Decomposition reaction
=reaction that occurs when bonds within a reactant molecule break and form simpler atoms, molecules, or ions -Example: AB -
Synthesis reaction
=reaction that occurs when two or more reactants (Atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure -Example: A + B -
Exchange reaction
=reaction where parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new produces -example: AB + CD -
Reversible reaction
=reaction where the products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were -Example: A + B <-- --
Transitional epithelium
=tissues that changes in appearance due to tension -lines urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra
the diastolic pressure
A certain amount of blood pressure is maintained in the arteries even when the heart is relaxed. present during diastole, or relaxation of the heart.
prime mover muscle
A contracting muscle moves muscle in one direction The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power.
Thyroid cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.
Valve
A flap of tissue in the heart or a vein that prevents blood from flowing backward.
Glucagon
A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration
Submucosa
A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes
digestive juice
A liquid containing enzymes, which break down food. a fluid produced by cells in the lining of the stomach
Axon
A long projection off the cell body of a neruon down which an action potential can be propagated.
epididymis
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature. structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored a convoluted tubule in each testis
Rotation Joint movement
A movement in which the bone moves around a central point without being displaced, such as turning the head from side to side. Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement
Antagonist Muscle
A muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting
Medial malleolus
A prominence easily felt on the inner aspect of the ankle
The Arrector
A small muscle fastens to the side of the follicle
infundibulum
A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
Visual (Optic) axis
A straight line that passes through both the centre of the pupil and the centre of the fovea imaginary line from the center or an object through the center of the lens
bolus
A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva The moving of this triggers a ring of contraction in the next region that pushes farther along. The ring of contraction moves like a wave along the GI tract to push forward.
Corticotrophs
ACTH and MSH produce corticotrophin, also called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
The perspiration secreted by Sweat glands
is a combination of water, salts, fatty acids, and urea. Normally, about one liter of this fluid is excreted daily. However, the amount varies with atmospheric temperature and humidity and the amount of exercise taken. When the outside temperature is high, or upon exercise, the glands secrete excessive amounts to cool the body through evaporation.
Cretinism
is a condition characterized by retarded mental and physical development. Hypothyroidism during childhood can lead to the development
Tonicity, or muscular tone
is a continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness.
Osteology
is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics)
Vagina
is a fibromuscular tube capable of great distention. The canal is approximately 7-8 cm long extending from the uterus to the outside. receives the male sperm during intercourse. It forms the lower portion of the birth canal, stretching widely during delivery. In addition, it serves as an excretory duct for uterine secretions and menstrual flow.
cirrh/o -
yellow-orange
Callus
zone of repair in which a mass of exudates and connective tissues forms around a break in a bone... heals
thymus
is a gland located in the mediastinum just beneath the sternum. It is large in children and atrophies as they become adults, once they reach old age it becomes a vestige of fat and fibrous tissue. It has a critical role in the immune system, thought to stimulate the production of T cells.
Quadriceps
is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh. The four muscles of this group are the rectus femoris that originates at the ilium; and the vastus (v.) lateralis, v. medialis, v. intermedius, that originate along the femur. All four are inserted into the tuberosity of the tibia through a tendon passing over the knee joint. The quadriceps serves as a strong extensor of the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh.
Quadriceps
is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh. The rectus femoris originates at the ilium; the vastus femoris, v. lateralis, and v. intermedius originate along the femur. All four are inserted into the tuberosity of the tibia through a tendon passing over the knee joint. The quadriceps serves as a strong extensor of the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh.
The vertebral foramen
is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae and forms the passage for the spinal cord.
vertebral foramen
is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord.
Acute appendicitis
Acute inflammation caused by a hardened piece of feces, a worm, or enlarged lymph node due to lymphoid hyperplasia in children and obstruction by fecalith in adults
heart
is a hollow, muscular organ, somewhat larger than the closed fist, located anteriorly in the chest and to the left of the midline. It is shaped like a cone, its base directed upward and to the right, the apex down and to the left. Lying obliquely in the chest, much of the base of the heart is immediately posterior to the sternum.
20 minutes to 2 hours
After ingestion, it takes ________ ___ ______ _______ for the first portion of the food to pass through the small intestine to the beginning of the large intestine.
Characteristics of living matter
All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.
carry messages
All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that _______ __________ from the central nervous system.
Epiglottis
is a lid-like, leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that covers the entrance to the larynx and separates it from the pharynx. It acts as a trap door to deflect food particles and liquids from entering the larynx and trachea.
Glucocorticoids
Also known as adrenocorticosteroids; are used to regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism steroids that suppress inflammation / immune response & increase blood glucose (among other effects) in times of stress. They increase certain liver functions and have an anti-inflammatory effect.
Principal Digestive Juices
Amylase Hydrochloric acid Bile Proteinase Lipase Carbohydrase Peptidase
alcohol
An exception is _________, which is absorbed directly through the stomach wall. It is for this reason that intoxication occurs quickly when alcohol is taken on an empty stomach.
nourishment
An important function of the periosteum is to supply ______________ to the bone.
Organism level of organization
An organism is a complex series of various organ systems. Collection of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts.
The study of the body is divided into the three following sciences
Anatomy Physiology Embryology
Coronoid process
Anterior projection of the ramus of the mandible, insertion point for the temporalis muscle
incus
Anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear, connects the malleus to the stapes
Exterior epithelium
Apical / Free surface of the skin
nerve endings at the ends of the digits
Are protected by the nails
Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet.
Are the four Taste Sensations types
Anterior chamber (eye)
Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor.
Cytoplasm
Area inside the plasma membrane, external to nucleus made of water-to-gelatinous cytosol or intracellular fluid which all protoplasm vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability and movement are dependent on.
Optic Disk
Area of the retina without rods or cones, where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye.
sites of connective tissue in the body
Areolar (loose) connective tissue. Adipose tissue (fat). Dense irregular connective tissue protects organs from injury. Dense regular connective tissue Tendons and ligaments. Cartilage (gristle) Bone (osseous tissue) Blood
connects the blood vessels and nerves to the surrounding structures
Areolar Connective Tissue
Arterial System
Arterial circulation is responsible for taking freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body begins with the contraction of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta and its branches.
Pubic Symphysis
Articulating Cartilaginous (Symphysis) Between two pubic bones. Slight, particularly during pregnancy and delivery.
Foot
Articulating Synovial (Gliding and Hinge) Between the tarsal bones; Metatarsal Bones and phalanges; phalanges. Gliding: inversion and eversion. Hinge: Flexion, extension, slight abduction and adduction. Hinge: Flexion and extension.
Sacroiliac
Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Between the sacrum and the two ilia. Slight or no movement.
Carpal
Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Between various carpal bones. Gliding movements.
Tibiofibular (proximal)
Articulating Synovial (Gliding) Head of fibula with the lateral condyle of the tibia. Gliding movement.
Knee
Articulating Synovial (Hinge) Between the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of tibia. Flexion and Extension; Slight rotation of the tibia.
Ankle
Articulating Synovial (Hinge) Distal end of the tibia and fibula with the talus. Flexion (dorsiflexion) and extension (plantar flexion).
Thumb and metacarpal
Articulating Synovial (Saddle) Proximal end of the first metacarpal bone with the trapezium. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the thumb and opposition to the fingers.
Hip
Articulating Synovial (ball-and-socket) Head of femur in the acetabulum of the coxal bone. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Shoulder
Articulating Synovial (ball-and-socket) Head of humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Movements flexion, extension, and circumduction of the upper part of the arm.
Wrist
Articulating Synovial (condyloid) Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones articulate with the radius and articular disk. Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of hand.
Acromioclavicular
Articulating Synovial (gliding) Distal end of the clavicle with the acromion of the scapula. Gliding movements; elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.
Thoracic
Articulating Synovial (gliding) Heads of ribs with bodies of vertebae; Tubercles of ribs with transverse process of vertebrae. Gliding motion.
Sternoclavicular
Articulating Synovial (gliding) Medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum
Finger sections
Articulating Synovial (hinge) Between phalanges. Flexion and extension of finger sections.
Fingers and Metacarpal
Articulating Synovial (hinge) Distal end of the metacarpal bones with the proximal end of the phalanges. Flexion, extension, limited abduction and adduction of the fingers.
Elbow
Articulating Synovial (hinge) Trochlea of the humerus with the semilunar notch of the ulna; head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus. Flexion and Extension movements.
Elbow and Forearm
Articulating Synovial (pivot) Head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna. Supination and pronation of the lower part of the arm and hand; rotation of the lower part of the arm on the upper extremity.
mandibular condyle
Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull
Organs
As a group of similar cells form tissues, similar tissues
nephron reabsorption process
As glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubule, some of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood of the peritubular capillary. The filtrate entering the peritubular capillary will repeat the filtration cycle. This process of reabsorption changes the composition of urine. For instance, the filtrate entering the renal tubule is high in sugar content, but because of the reabsorption process, urine secreted from the body does not contain sugar.
Graded potential
is a local event that does not travel far from its origin. a change in the resting potential of the plasma membrane in the response to a stimulus. A graded potential occurs when the stimulus causes Na + or K + gated channels to open. If Na + channels open, positive sodium ions enter, and the membrane depolarizes (becomes more positive). If the stimulus opens K + channels, then positive potassium ions exit across the membrane and the membrane.
Anatomical position
Assumed when the body stands erect with arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward, Thumbs pointed laterally.
The following four neuroglia are found in the CNS
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells
Tendon
At one end of some muscles are long white that attach the muscles to bone
medial condyles
At the distal end are two bony prominences articulate with the tibia and the patella
Lateral and medial condyles
At the distal end are two bony prominences which articulate with the tibia and the patella.
articular cartilage
At the ends of the long bones is a smooth, glossy tissue that forms the joint surfaces. articulates (or joins) with, fits into, or moves in contact with similar surfaces of other bones.
renal pelvis
Attached to the hollow side of each kidney is the dilated upper end of the ureter
Suspensory ligament
Attaches the lens to the ciliary body Holds lens in place membrane of fibers that holds the eye's lens in place
Lateral
Away from the mid sagittal plane of the body
Hypoxic drive
Backup system of respiration is stimulated when oxygen levels fall
Cell
Basic unit of life. Parts include: Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus (ribosomes and DNA).
Flexion angular motion
Bending the arm or leg. Decreases the angle of a joint act of bending a joint
Blood flow with Atrial Contraction
Blood is siphoned, pooling into the Atria from the Vena Cava & Pulmonary Vein. Right & Left Atrium Contract. pushing blood through the Tricuspid & Mitral atrioventricular valves to corresponding ventricles; Aortic & Pulmonary Semilunar valves are closed.
5 million mm³
Blood of the average man contains ________________ (5,000,000 mm³) RBC's per cubic millimeter
4.5 million mm³
Blood of the average women contains _____________ (4,500,000 mm³) RBC'S per cubic millimeter
process of blood coagulation
Blood platelets play an important role in the ____________ _______ _____________, clumping together in the presence of jagged, torn tissue.
Anatomy
Body structures and positional relation to one another
compact Bone tissue
Bone consists of a hard outer shell
radius
Bone in forearm "on the thumb side", larger in the proximal forearm.
*inorganic mineral salts* and an *organic substance* ossein
Bone is made up of inorganic _________ __________ ___________ (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and an _____________ __________ called ossein.
shape
Bones are classified according to __________.
sesamoid bones
Bones like the patella that develop within a tendon small and nodular bones and embedded deep within tendons adjacent to joints, ex. patella
skull
Bones of the cranium form the framework of the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears; six are ear bones.
Immovable
Bones of the skull are rigidly interlocked along immovable joint lines known as sutures.
Nervous system
Brain Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon The brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum The spinal cord The ventricular system Choroid plexus
ascending aorta
Branches off the left ventricle; carries oxygen rich blood to parts of the body above the heart the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle
Adduction angular motion
Bringing an extremity body part toward the central axis of the body
vomiting occurs
By means of peristalsis, food is pushed along this tube to the stomach. When peristalsis is reversed
Axis
C2; a bony prominence that fits into the ring of the atlas, thus permitting the head to rotate from side to side.
Axis
C2; allows head to turn
Cervical Nerves
C8 C1-C8 Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle. 8 pairs (C1-C8)
Primary waste product of metablolism
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide.
The chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages
CONTRACTION and RECOVERY
Scleral venus sinus
Canal of Schlemm
Vertebral
Cartilaginous (symphyses) articulation between bodies of vertebrae. Slight movement between any two vertebrae but considerable motility for the column as a whole.
Serous Cavities
Cavities which have no communication with the outside of the body and use lining membrane secretes a serous fluid.
target organ cells
Cells acted on by hormones specific receptors only found in certain cells that each hormone moleule binds to.
Multicellular Organisms
Cells vary in size, shape, and number of nuclei. Cells are highly specialized to perform splecial functions.
Organelle level of organization
Chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function. Without it cells are unable to live.
Levels of organization of the human body
Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism levels.
Gracilis
is a long slender muscle located on the inner aspect of the thigh. It adducts the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg. Its origin is in the symphysis pubis, and its insertion is in the medial surface of the tibia, below the condyle.
Circulatory system
Circulates blood around the body via the heart, arteries and veins, delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
The specific bones that form the framework for the upper extremity
Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpal Phalanges
Masseter
Closes jaw; flat, thick muscle. Origin - Zygomatic arch. Insertion - Mandible (external surface). muscle raises the mandible, or lower jaw, to close the mouth. It is the chewing muscle in the mastication of food. It originates in the zygomatic process and adjacent parts of the maxilla and is inserted in the mandible.
Medial pterygoid
Closes jaw; parallels masseter muscle. Origin - Sphenoid, palatine, and maxillary bones. Insertion - Inner (medial) surface of the ramus
Major Duodenal Papilla
Collects from common bile duct and main pancreatic duct entrance of the main pancreatic duct into the GI tract elevation of mucosa The ampulla opens into the duodenum via this volcano-shaped opening
Epithelial little intercellular fluid and may be further subdivided into three types:
Columnar Squamous Cuboidal
Three categories of epithelial tissue
Columnar, Squamous, and Cuboidal.
Human Body
Combination of organ systems with supporting framework of bones, muscles, and external covering.
Rotation
is a movement in which the bone moves around a central point without being displaced, such as turning the head from side to side.
Organ level of organization
Complex structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function. Have unique shape, size, appearance and placement in the body.
Cardiac muscle
Composed of a special branched (cardiac) muscle Cell, making involuntary muscles that is striated. Forms the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels. Fibers are shorter and branch into a complicated network. Contract to pump blood out of the heart.
Hair
Compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers, is an epithelial structure found on almost every part of the surface of the body. Made of keratin. Protects scalp from light from sun.
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone reach across the joints from one bone to another and keep the bone stable.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Constricts blood vessels, raise blood pressure. Oxytocin Neurohypophysis -Stores hormones produced by hypothalamus -Secretes ADH and Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone
Abdominal Cavity
Contains digestive viscera contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Ciliary body
Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens Produces aqueous humor Holds lens in place
Retina
Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eyeball; contains receptor cells
Systole
Contraction of the heart and the period of work.
Esophagus
is a muscular tube about 25 cm (10 inches) long and pierces the diaphragm on its way to the stomach It is the passageway between the pharynx and the stomach.
smooth layer of cartilage
Cover the ends of the bones in diarthroses type of joint
nails
Covers and protects the dorsal surfaces of the distal bones of the fingers and toes. Created when epidermal cells on fingers and toes fill with keratin and become hard and plate like.
Gallbladder
is a pear-shaped sac, stained dark green by the bile it contains. It is located in the hollow underside of the liver receives bile from the liver and then concentrates and stores it. It secretes bile when the small intestine is stimulated by the entrance of fats.
cochlear structures
is a portion of the inner ear that looks like a snail shell (cochlea is Greek for snail.) receives sound in the form of vibrations, which cause the stereocilia to move. The stereocilia then convert these vibrations into nerve impulses which are taken up to the brain to be interpreted.
diabetes mellitus
DM metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia metabolic syndrome caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency and/or ineffectiveness
Muscle fatigue
Damage to spent muscle cells not able to recover fully, resulting in cramping and weakness, caused by continued muscle contraction. excessive muscle strain is damaging.
refraction
Deflection or bending of light rays results when light passes through substances of varying densities in the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor).
Osseous Connective Tissue
Dense fibrous connective "bone tissue" that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones serving as the supporting framework of the body.
Dense regular connective tissue.
Densely spaced, parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Binds bones together and attaches muscle to bone; transfers force from muscle to bone Tendons and ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue.
Densely spaced, randomly arranged fibers and fibroblasts. Toughness; protects organs from injury; provides protective capsules around many organs Dermis of skin; capsules around liver, spleen, and other organs; fibrous sheath around bones
Through the Pulmonary Artery to the lungs
Deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the right ventricle via the The tricuspid valve
Structures of the Eye
Designed to receive light and produce electrical signals Eyelids Eyelashes and eyebrows Lacrimal (tearing) apparatus Eye muscles
Plasma membrane
is a selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell. In addition to holding the cell together, the membrane selectively controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means.
Patella
is a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint. It is enclosed within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.
type of melanin present
Detirmines the color of hair
Female Secondary Sex Characteristics
Development of the breasts and the ductile system of the mammary glands within the breasts Increased quantities of fatty (or adipose) tissue in the subcutaneous layer, especially in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks Increased vascularization of the skin
has three openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels
Diaphragm
primary muscle of respiration
Diaphragm modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically.
Characteristic functions necessary for survival
Digestion, metabolism, and homeostasis
Hydrochloric acid
Digestive Juice Source Gastric glands Substance Acted Upon Pepsinogen (Proteins) Product Pepsin (Split proteins)
Carbohydrase
Digestive Juice Source Intestinal glands Substance Acted Upon Complex sugars (maltose, sucrose, and lactose) Product Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
Peptidase
Digestive Juice Source Intestinal glands Substance Acted Upon Peptides and polypeptides Product Amino acids
Bile
Digestive Juice Source Liver Substance Acted Upon Fats Product Emulsified fats
Lipase
Digestive Juice Source Pancreas Substance Acted Upon Fats Product Fatty acids
Proteinase
Digestive Juice Source Pancreas Substance Acted Upon Proteins and split proteins Product Peptides and polypeptides
Small Intestine
Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place is a muscular, convoluted, coiled tube, about 7 meters (23 feet) long and attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesentery.
Blood Vessels of the Dermis Layer
Dilate to contain a significant portion of the body's blood supply. constriction or dilation of these blood vessels affects blood pressure and the volume of blood available to the internal organs.
Nasal bones
Directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
pituitary
is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, the Turkish saddle-shape depression of the sphenoid bone. The pituitary is connnected to the hypothalamus by the stalk called infundibulum. gland that is the master gland of the endocrine system Growth hormone is produced in the
membranous urethra
is about 2 cm in length and is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter.
Male Urethra
is about 20 cm long and is divided into three parts: the prostatic, membranous, and penile portions.
Female Urethra
is about 4 cm long, extending from the bladder to the external orifice.
The chemical breakdown of food in the stomach
is accomplished through the production of digestive juices (enzymes) by small (gastric) glands in the wall of the stomach.
The blood vessels of the body fall into three distinct classifications
Distributors Exchangers Collectors
V/Q mismatch
Disturbance in balance of exchange of the surface area available for ventilation and the Amount of blood flowing through the alveoli available for gas exchange
rupture of their eardrums
Divers who ascend too fast to allow pressure to adjust may experience
sagittal plane (median plane)
Division on the vertical axis dividing into left and right halves. Passing through the sagittal suture of the cranium and any plane parallel
Canal of Schlemm
Duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous humor to the veins and bloodstream Drains the aqueous humor of the eye An impediment through what structure leads to glaucoma?
Skin structure
EPIDERMIS DERMIS
except the thumb which has two
Each finger has three phalanges
thumb has two
Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb
Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
Enlargement of the larynx (Adam's apple) and thickening of the vocal cords, which produces a lower-pitched voice Thickening of the skin Increased muscle growth, broadening of the shoulder and narrowing of the waist Thickening and strengthening of the bones
Blood.
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, Circulates in cardiovascular system
contraceptives or birth control pills
Estrogen and progesterone hormones (naturally derived) The combination of hormones released through a monthly series of pills fools the body into not preparing (building-up of uterine lining) for implantation of an embryo. As the uterus has not prepared for implantation, pregnancy cannot occur.
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of parathormone muslce weakness, cardiac dystitmia, renal calculi, pathological fracture Excess PTH secretion
hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of thyroxin raises the metabolic rate overactive thyroid condition an over secretion of thyroid that leads to high metabolism and exopthalmia goiter This condition is characterized by a fast pulse rate, dizziness, increased basal metabolism, profuse sweating, tremors, nervousness, and a tremendous appetite coupled with weight loss.
Sensory organs
Eye Cornea Iris Ciliary body Lens Retina Ear Outer ear Earlobe Eardrum Middle ear Ossicles Inner ear Cochlea Vestibule of the ear Semicircular canals Olfactory epithelium Tongue Taste buds
Vestibular fold
False vocal cord When these are brought together functions in holding breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body or point of origin
Duodenal Bulb
First, or superior, portion of the duodenum.
The more common types of angular motion are:
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction
common types of angular motion
Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction.
urine
Fluid wastes removed from the body by the kidneys fluid excreted by the kidney containing urea, water, salts, etc
Interior epithelium
Forms the lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracks; blood and lymph vessels; serous cavities; and tubules of certain secretory glands.
diarthroses
Freely movable synovial joints These joints have much more complex structures than the immovable and slightly movable joints. The ends of the bones in this type of joint are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage.
46 chromosomes
Full set of chromosomes in a normal human cell. 23 from mom-23 from dad-normal # of chromosomes
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GERD the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain
Joint movements Joint movements are generally divided into four types
GLIDING ANGULAR ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION
Scala Vestibuli
the upper bony passage of the cochlea. is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct. It is separated from the cochlear duct by Reissner's membrane and extends from the vestibule of the ear to the helicotrema where it joins the tympanic duct.
Sublingual Salivary Gland
Gland located in the floor of the mouth just under the tongue. -Bartholin's duct On each side underneath the tongue, in the floor of the mouth Multiple separate ducts Smallest of salivary glands, secretes, thick stringy mucus.
salivary glands
Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
Parotid Salivary Gland
Glandular structure which lies inferior & anterior to the external auditory meatus Near the Masseter Inside cheek, opposite maxillary second molar Parotid ducts go through the buccinator muscles and enter the mouth opposite maxillary second molars Largest of salivary glands. Secretes clear watery fluid.
chief function of columnar tissue in digestive system
Goblet or Mucus-producing cells the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods
Tissue level of organization
Group of many specialized similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function. Make up the fabric of the body.
human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG This hormone is high during the first 3 months of pregnancy to tell the female's gonads to maintain the uterine lining instead of falling away as in menstruation. HCG is the hormone used for early pregnancy tests.
median cubital
the vein in the bend of the elbow that is commonly used as a site for venipuncture
divided into two sections
Hard palate Soft palate
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
male pelvis
Has a subacute pubic angle. heavier and thicker due to forces exerted by stronger muscles pubic arch is less than 90 degrees, heart shaped inlet of true pelvis, more curved sacrum
Animals
Have sensations, the power voluntary movement, and require oxygen and organic food.
Flat Bones
Have thin roughly parallel surfaces, form the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.
Cardiovascular system
Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries
To return this blood to the heart for reoxygenation
the venous system begins with the merging of capillaries into venules, venules into small veins, and small veins into larger veins.
nerves are distributed to the smooth muscles in
the walls of the arteries in the dermis and to the smooth muscles around the sweat glands and hair roots.
Clinically use of Glucocorticoids
they are used to suppress inflammatory reactions, to promote healing, to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and maintain normal blood pressure.
Rugae
thick folds of the stomach wall
Myometrium
thick muscular middle layer of uterine all
femur
thigh bone the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton The proximal end is rounded and has a head supported by a constricted neck that fits into the acetabulum.
Femur
thigh bone, is the longest bone in the body. The proximal end is rounded and has a head supported by a constricted neck that fits into the acetabulum. Two processes called the GREATER and LESSER TROCHANTERS are at the proximal end for the attachment of muscles.
Superior
Higher on the body, nearer to the head
Occipital Bone
Hindmost bone of the cranium, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape, joins with the parietal and temporal bones.
Somatotropin
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
Self
Human cells have unique cell markers embedded in our plasma membranes that identify each of our cells as self—that is, belonging to us as an individual.
Joints are classified according to the amount of movement they permit
IMMOVABLE SLIGHTLY MOVABLE FREELY MOVABLE
circulating blood will not clot
If blood components and linings of vessels are normal
fatigue
If it is carried too far, the muscle cells will not recover and permanent damage will result. Muscles, therefore, need rest to allow the blood to carry away the waste materials and bring in fresh glucose, oxygen, and protein to restore the muscle protoplasm and the energy that was used.
synarthroses
Immovable Fibrous joints, that are immovable and found in the sutures of skull Bones of the skull are an example of an immovable joint. Immovable joints are characterized by the bones being in close contact with each other and little or no movement occurring between the bones.
Chordae tendineae
thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting/prolapsing
Sarcolemma
thin transparent sheath surrounding striated muscle fiber
covered with a smooth layer of cartilage
In a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow joint, the ends of the bones
The kidneys are effective blood purifiers and fluid balance regulators
In addition to maintaining a normal pH of the blood (acid-base balance), the kidneys keep the blood slightly alkaline by removing excess substances from it. The end product of these functions is the formation of urine, which is excreted from the body.
36 mm long
In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
In children these three parts are separate bones, but in adults they are firmly united to form a cuplike structure called the acetabulum, into which the head of the femur fits.
Arteries of the abdomen
In the abdomen, the aorta gives off branches to the abdominal viscera, including the stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. The aorta later divides into the left and right common iliacs, which supply the lower extremities
vasa recta vessels
In the blood supply of the kidney, the straight arterioles of kidney (or vasa recta renis) are a series of straight capillaries in the medulla (Latin: vasa, "vessels"; recta, "straight"). They lie parallel to the loop of Henle.
Slightly movable
In these joints the bones are held together by broad flattened disks of cartilage and ligaments (e.g., vertebrae and symphysis pubis).
14 major bones of the face
Inferior nasal concha (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Mandible. Maxilla (2) Nasal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer. Zygomatic bones (2)
blood clot
Initially is a fluid, but soon it becomes thick and then sets into a soft jelly that quickly becomes firm enough to act as a plug. This plug is the result of a swift, sure mechanism that changes one of the soluble blood proteins
Internal
Inside
Opthalmoscope
Instrument to view the eye an instrument for inspecting the retina and other parts of the eye
11 major systems that make up the human body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
results in a heart attack
Interference with the blood supply to the heart
Female reproductive system
Internal reproductive organs Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External reproductive organs Vulva Clitoris Placenta
Male reproductive system
Internal reproductive organs Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral glands External reproductive organs Penis Scrotum
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid - the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended
Blood Platelets, or *Thrombocytes*
Irregular- or oval-shaped discs in the blood that contain no nucleus, only cytoplasm. The blood also contains cellular fragments are smaller than red blood cells and average about 250,000 per cubic millimeter of blood.
Each end of the esophagus
Is encircled by muscular sphincters that act as valves to regulate passage of material
chemical level of organization
Is the beginning level of the organization of the body. More than 100 different chemical building blocks of nature called Atoms.
Abdominal part of Esophagus
Is the portion inferior to the diaphram passed the Esophageal Hiatus
The cell
Is the smallest unit of life, is the basic structural unit of all living things and a functional unit all by itself. made up of the plasma membrane, a nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
The middle layer of the eye is the choroid
It is a highly vascular, pigmented tissue that provides nourishment to the inner structures. Continuous with the choroid is the ciliary body. The ciliary body is formed by a thickening of the choroid and fits like a collar into the area between the retina and iris. Attached to the ciliary body are the suspensory ligaments, which blend with the elastic capsule of the lens and holds it in place
The uppermost epidermisis called the horny layer (stratum corneum)
It is composed of scaly dead cells that form a protective surface and are gradually sloughed off naturally or by irritation (e.g., sunburn) or abrasion. This scaly layer, if unbroken, can block the passage of almost every known type of germ; however, its protective powers are reduced if the skin is not cleansed regularly.
bones and muscles
It is important to understand the relationship of the _______ and _______as they work together to provide support and movement for the human body.
melantonin
It is known as the biological clock levels rise when sunlight is absent triggering sleepiness. This hormone is released from the pineal gland. It regulates the sleep cycle and stimulates puberty.
round window
It is sealed by the secondary tympanic membrane (round window membrane), which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.
Of the liver's many functions, the following are important
It metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins preparatory to their use or excretion It forms and excretes bile salts and pigment from bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cell destruction It stores blood; glycogen; vitamins A, D, and B-12; and iron It detoxifies the end products of protein digestion and drugs It produces antibodies and essential elements of blood-clotting mechanisms
Key branches of the aorta
Key arterial branches of the aorta are the coronary, innominate (brachiocephalic), left common carotid, and left subclavian.
Lumbar Nerves
L5 5 pairs (L1-L5) Femoral, Obturator
lower extremity
LE; includes the bones of the hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
LES is at the junction with the stomach which help keeps food in, when this is damaged or does not work properly a patient gets heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
tri- -
three
Adipose tissue (fat)
Large fat-filled adipocytes and scanty extracellular matrix. Stores energy, conserves body heat, cushions and protects many organs, fills space, shapes body Beneath skin; around kidneys, heart, and eyes; breast; abdominal membranes (mesenteries)
foramen magnum
Large opening in the center, underside (inferior) portion of the cranium through which nerve fibers from the brain pass and enter into the spinal cord. - This opening permits passage of the spinal cord from the cranium into the spinal column.
Dartos muscle
Layer of cutaneous muscle within the scrotum that contracts during cold weather and causes the skin to become firm and wrinkled
Shape, arrangement, and function
Leads to the Classification of epithelial tissues
diapedesis
Leukocytes can squeeze between the cells that form blood cell walls. permits them to leave the blood stream through the capillary wall and attack pathogenic bacteria. They can travel anywhere in the body and are often named the wandering cells.
Orbicularis oris Muscle
Located between the skin and mucous membranes of the lips. Makes lips close and pucker. Origin - Encircles the mouth (no attachement to bone). Insertion - Corners of the mouth
Palatine Tonsil
Located in the posterior part of the mouth (oropharynx), on both sides of the tongue, are two masses of almond-shaped lymphatic tissue that assist the body to protect against infections. Are visible through the open mouth.
five lumbar vertebrae
Located in the small of the back, these vertebrae are the larger and stronger segments of the vertebral column.
Buccinator Muscle
Located in the walls of the cheeks, holds food in contact with teeth when chewing, and assists in blowing air out of the mouth. Prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth. Origin - Alveolar process of maxilla and mandible. Insertion - Orbicularis oris at the corner of the mouth
Bones are classified according to shape
Long Short Flat Irregular
Bone Classifications
Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones
vas deferens
Long, narrow tube carrying sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Lateral recumbent position
Lying on the side
Important functional muscles
MASSETER TEMPORAL STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID TRAPEZIUS LATISSIMUS DORSI PECTORALIS MAJOR DIAPHRAGM DELTOID BICEPS BRACHII TRICEPS BRACHII GLUTEALS QUADRICEPS SARTORIUS BICEPS FEMORIS GASTROCNEMIUS and SOLEUS TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
The cardiac muscle cells
Make involuntary muscles and are located only in the heart, they are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells
superficial skeletal muscles
Masseter, Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Biceps Brachii, Latissimus Dorsi, Adductor Longus, Gracilis, Quadriceps, Gastrocnemius, Achilles tendon, Tibialis Anterior, Soleus, Temporalis, Triceps Brachii, Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Orbicularis oris, Buccinator, Mentalis, Zygomaticus Major, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid.
Digestive system / Excretory system
Mechanical and chemical processes that provide nutrients via the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. Eliminates waste from the body. Mouth Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Mesentery Pancreas
Nuclei of neuroglia
Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels).
Bicuspid
Mitral Valve - Left AV valve Having two points; a bicuspid heart valve has two flaps Between left atrium and left ventricle
Diffusion
Molecules / elements an area of higher concentration or density achieving equalibrium moving from to an area of lower concentration or density. Solids and gases, such as oxygen, proteins, carbohydrates, and mineral salts, pass through the plasma membrane by this process
System level of organization
Most complex of the organizational units of the body. Varying numbers of kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body.
Angular Joint movement
Motion decreases or increases the angle between two adjoining bones.
Abduction angular motion
Moving an extremity away from the midline of the body
Vocal Folds
Mucosal folds that function in voice production (speech); also called the true vocal cords. The opening into the glottis is surrounded by the
Stratified
Multiple layers
Contractibility
Muscle tissue has a highly developed ability to contract. enables a muscle to become shorter or thicker, and this ability, along with interaction with other muscles, produces movement in internal and external body parts. Muscle contraction in a tissue or organ produces motion and provides power and speed for body activity.
Muscle Contractibility
Muscle tissue has a highly developed ability to contract. enables a muscle to become shorter or thicker, and this ability, along with interaction with other muscles, produces movement of internal and external body parts. ________ ___________ in a tissue or organ produces motion and provides power and speed for body activity.
extensibility
Muscles are capable of stretching when force is applied
one-half of the total body weight
Muscles make up about one-half of the total body weight.
elasticity
Muscles regaining their original form when that force is removed
seminiferous tubules
Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes. approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal cavity, Pharynx & Larynx
The Spinal Accessory
Nerve controls the turning of the head from side to side and shoulder shrug against resistance.
Oxygen and Nutrients
Nerve tissue requires more __________ and ____________ than any other tissue in the body.
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia Enteric nervous system
auditory ossicles
three small bones linked together that connect the eardrum to the inner ear malleus, incus, stapes the three bones of the middle ear that transmit the vibrations of the eardrum to the oval window
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Muscles Providing heat
through chemical changes that take place during muscle activity, such as exercise that warms the body
Muscles Maintaining body posture
through muscle tone, as in the muscles of the head, neck and shoulders, which keep the head up
1,200 ml of blood
through the kidneys
epinephrine
Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. fight or flight
atmospheric temperature and humidity
Normally, about one liter of this fluid is excreted daily. However, the amount varies with __________ ____________and ___________ and the amount of exercise.
Structure of a typical lymphatic capillary
Notice that interstitial fluid enters through clefts between overlapping endothelial cells that form the wall of the vessel. Valves ensure one-way flow of lymph out of the tissue. Small fibers anchor the wall of the lymphatic capillary to the surrounding ECM (extracellular matrix) and cells, thus holding it open to allow entry of fluids and small particles.
Areolar (loose) connective tissue.
Nourishes and cushions epithelia, immune defense pathway, binds organs together, allows passage for nerves and blood vessels through other tissues. Under all epithelia and outer coverings of blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, fascia between muscles; pleural and pericardial sacs.
Adam's apple
thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence on thyroid cartilage Helps protect VF
Thyrotropin
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates function of the thyroid gland
The olfactory receptors
Odor is perceived upon stimulation of the receptor cells in the olfactory membrane of the nose. very sensitive, but they are easily fatigued. This tendency explains why odors that are initially very noticeable are not sensed after a short time. Smell is not as well developed in man (350 odorant receptors) as it is in other mammals such as mice, which have 1,000 receptors.
Surface (Dorsal Aspect)
On the surface of the tongue are rough projections called papillae. They provide the tongue with friction in handling food and also act as taste buds.
Papillae
On the surface of the tongue are rough projections provide the tongue with friction in handling food and also act as taste buds.
Lateral pterygoid
Opens jaw; allows grinding action side to side, and protrudes the mandible. Origin - Sphenoid bone. Insertion - Anterior surface of mandibular condyle.
Muslces of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oris Buccinator Mentalis Zygomaticus Major
External
Outside
Peripheral
Outward part or surface of a structure
Glenoid fossa of the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)
Oval depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle.
Left Side - via the Mitral Valve
Oxygenated blood enters what side of the heart
Cuneiform Cartilage
Paired, small. Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds. Help keep airway open by stiffening tissue. club shaped, elastic infront of corniculate cartilage and supports the epiglottis
Mental protuberance
Part of the mandible that forms the chin Chin. Part of mandible that protrudes anteriorlly.
Phase Two of Deglutition
Passage of food through the pharynx into the beginning of the esophagus.
The specific bones that form the framework of the lower extremity are
Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Innominate Metatarsals Femur Phalanges
Hemophilia
is an inherited disease characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage. Hemophiliacs can bleed to death as a result of minor wounds.
Gastroesophageal Opening
Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus
DRG (Dorsal Resp Group) sends signals down / VRG (Ventral respiratory group)
Phrenic nerve to diaphragm / Helps provide for forced inspiration or expiration as needed
Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. There are two phases of respiration:
Physical, or mechanical respiration (external respiration) Physiological respiration (internal respiration)
Alveolar process
Portion of the maxillary bones that form the support for teeth of the maxillary arch a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth
Oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth POSTERIOR PITUITARY -> BREAST & UTERUS: milk letdown and uteral contractions
Condyloid process
Posterior process of upper ramus Posterior projection of mandible bone which attaches to temporal bone
myelin sheath
is an insulation formed by Schwann cells around axons. consists of numerous Schwann cell wrappings along the length of the axon. provides insulation between adjacent nerve fibers, preventing the crossover of one nerve impulse to an adjacent axon.
Diaphragm
is an internal (as opposed to superficial) muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the ceiling of the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
is an internal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the ceiling of the abdominal cavity. It is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically. It has three openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
infraorbital foramina (sing. foramen)
is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve.
Greater Curvature
Provides attachment for greater omentum convex lateral surface of the stomach Outer margin of the curved stomach
Endocrine system
Provides chemical communications within the body using hormones. Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas
primary muscle functions.
Providing movement Maintaining body posture Providing heat Other essential bodily functions as respiration, blood circulation, digestion, and other functions such as speaking and seeing
Principal arteries of the body
Pulmonary. L & R Coronary Arch of Aorta; Right Sublavian, Right Common Carotid, Left Common Carotid, Left Sublavian. Brachiocephalic. Axilary; Brachial, Radial & Ulnar, Deep pulmar & Superfiscial pulmar arch, Digital. Aorta; Splenic, Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Renal. Abdominal Aorta: Inferior Mesenteric, Common Iliac, Internal Iliac (hypogastric), External Iliac. Deep Medial Sircumflex Femoral; Descending branch of latera circumflex femoral, Deep artery of thigh, Perforating arteries of thigh. Femoral; Popliteal, Anterior Tibial, Peroneal, Posterior Tibial, Arcuate, Dorsal Pedis.
Mentalis Muscle
Raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin and decreases and protrudes the lower lip. Origin - Mandible. Insertion - Skin of chin.
Zygomaticus Major Muscle
Raises the corner of the mouth when smiling. Origin - Zygomatic bone. Insertion - Orbicularis oris (angle of the mouth).
Articular eminence the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)
Ramp-shaped segment of the temporal bone located anterior to the glenoid fossa.
hypothyroidism
is caused by an insufficient secretion of thyroxin. The patient exhibits a decrease in basal metabolism, and sweating is almost absent. There may be a weight gain and constant fatigue. The heart rate may be slow, and a simple goiter may form. There may also be personality changes characterized by slow, lethargic mental functioning.
pulmonary veins systems
is composed of four vessels, two from each lung, which empty into the left atrium. These are the only veins in the body that carry freshly oxygenated blood.
pectoral girdle
is composed of the two clavicles and two scapulae (shoulder blades). It functions as a support for the arms and serves as an attachment for several muscles.
The venous system
is comprised of vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the heart. Veins begin as tiny venules formed from the capillaries. Joining together as tiny rivulets, veins connect and form a small stream. The force of muscles contracting adjacent to veins aids in the forward propulsion of blood on its return to the heart.
The formed elements of blood
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) constitute the formed elements of blood.
Lacrimal caruncle
Red fleshy globe-like nodule in the medial commissure that contains sebaceous and sweat glands
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart with limited dilation and the period of rest
Plants
Require only carbon dioxide and inorganic matter for food and have neither voluntary movement nor special sensory organs
Tricuspid valve
Right AV valve an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle
lingual frenulum
Root of Tongue; Located on the underneath side of the tongue anchors the tongue in the midline to the floor of the mouth.
Short Bones
Roughly cuboidal in shape, include the ankle and wrist bones.
Secral Nerves
S5
types of movement generally used to indicate specific anatomical positions
SUPINATION PRONATION EVERSION INVERSION
Simple
Single layer
Simple or Undifferentiated Cell
Single one-celled organism that has not acquired disinguishing characteristics, yet must be able to carry on all processes necessary for life.
Integumentary system/ Exocrine system
Skin, hair, nails, sweat and other exocrine glands. Mammary glands Skin Subcutaneous tissue
Mental foramen
Small openings in the jaw bone through which blood vessels/nerves exit Lateral view of the mandible (Also seen in anterior view) *tip*Literal translation: chin hole
Tubules
Small tubes which convey fluids
Rectal Valves
Smooth muscles at end of rectum
Pituitary hormones
Some of the major hormones of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis and their principal target organs. -posterior: vasopressin, oxytocin FSH and LH
intrapleural space
Space between the two membranes, visceral pleura and parietal pleura, that cover the lungs. fluid filled negative pressure region between parietal and visceral pleura potential space between visceral and parietal pleura
neurofibral nodes / nodes of Ranvier
Spaces occur between adjacent Schwann cells, leaving uninsulated areas along the axons.
Perilymph
is continuous with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space. CSF pressure abnormalities do not generally have clinical impact on the inner ear which is explained physically by the bore diameter and length of the perilymphatic duct. This duct goes through the skull and is parallel with but not directly associated with the endolymphatic duct. The duct is lined by an epithelium
Violent exercise is never good excessive muscle strain
is damaging
Adrenal Cortex
Specialized cells in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex produce three types of steroid hormones that are of vital importance.
Cones
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.
Rods
Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
The color of the red blood cell
is determined by the hemoglobin content.
Bright red (arterial) blood
is due to the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin.
simple sugars (glucose)
Starches are digested into ________________ before they are transported to cells.
Polarization
is established by maintaining an excess of sodium ions (Na +) on the outside and an excess of potassium ions (K +) on the inside. A certain amount of Na + and K + is always leaking across the membrane through leakage channels, but Na +/K + pumps in the membrane actively restore the ions to the appropriate side.
Extension angular motion
Straightening or unbending, as in straightening the forearm, leg, or fingers. straightening a limb at a joint Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb
Isthmus of thyroid gland
Structure that connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland Location: Midline of thyroid gland, narrow connection between lateral lobes and pyramidal lobe
Major Salivary Glands
Sublingual, Submandibular, and Parotid.
Freely movable
Such joints include the knee, hip, and shoulder. These joints are further subdivided into HINGE JOINTS AND BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS
Pneumotaxic (pontine) center
Superior portion of pons
Plasma Membrane
Surrounds each cell. Selectively permeable. Controls exchange of materials by chemical and physical means.
Atlantoepistropheal
Synovial (pivot) joint with Articulating anterior arch of the atlas rotates about the dens of the axis. Pivoting or partial rotation of the head.
Thoracic Nerves
T12 12 pairs (T1-T12) Nerves that exit the spine in the chest area
temporal mandibular joint
TMJ the location where the mandible of the jaw attaches to the temporal bone of the skull
Blood
is fluid tissue composed of formed elements (cells) suspended in plasma. It is pumped by the heart through miles of arteries, capillaries, and veins to all parts of the body.
The optic nerve
is for vision. It functions in the recognition of light and shade and in the perception of objects. Blurring of vision, loss of vision, spots in the visual field or peripheral vision loss (tunnel vision) are also indicative of nerve involvement.
encloses
Temporal bone _________ the internal ear structures
common iliac artery
Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, supplies pelvic organs after aortic bifurcation, before internal and external iliac arteries above external iliac
Cranial Bones
is formed by (8) eight major bones, most of which are in pairs: (1) Frontal Bone, (2) Parietal Bones, (2) Temporal Bones, (1) Occipital Bone, (1) Ethmoid Bone, (1) Sphenoid Bone
Blood flows through the Tricuspid Valve: (Entering what Chamber)
The Right Ventricle (from what Valve)
Appendicular Skeleton
The SKELETAL bones of the arms (UPPER EXTREMITY) and legs (LOWER EXTREMITY) along with the bones of the pelvis (PELVIC GIRDLE) and shoulder area (SHOULDER GIRDLE)
atlas and axis
The ______ and the ______ are the only named vertebrae; all others are numbered
residual air
The amount of air left in the lungs after forceful exhalation is about 1,200 ml
vermilion border
The area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins the junction between the skin aspect of the lip and the vermilion zone
Symphysi Pubis
The area where the two pubic bones meet is often used in anatomical measurements
Symphysis pubis
The area where the two pubic bones meet is often used in anatomical measurements.
neuron
The basic cell of the nerve tissue. This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from and conducts impulses to all parts of the body.
Neuron
The basic cell of the nervous tissue This highly specialized cell receives stimuli from, and conducts impulses to, all parts of the body.
600 ml of urine
The bladder can hold up to
constitute 45 percent of whole blood
The blood cells suspended in the plasma
45 %
The blood cells suspended in the plasma constitute ___ percent of whole blood
lactation
The breasts are responsible for the secretion of milk for the nourishment of newborn infants. production and release of milk by mammary glands
Arteries of the head, neck, and brain
The carotid arteries divide into internal and external branches. The external supplies the muscle and skin of the face and the internal supplies the brain and the eyes.
external os
The cervical opening into the vagina the opening of the cervical canal of the uterus into the vagina inferior opening of cervix
middle ear
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones. hammer, anvil, stirrup structures in the middle of the ear that vibrate sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear amplifies sound
Columnar epithelial tissue
The chief functions of this tissue are to secrete digestive fluids and absorb digested foods and fluids. It consists of long narrow cells set close together, resembling a palisade-type fence. In certain areas, such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea, this tissue has a crown of microscopic hairlike processes known as cilia.
The cranium
is formed by eight cranial bones, six of which are essential to know.
inner ovarian medulla
is largely composed of loose connective tissue, numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. Figure
Plicea Circulares
The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares / valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.
shaped like a flat letter S
The clavicle (commonly called the "collar bone") lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is ________________________________.
Cornea (Transparent)
The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.
Clavicle
The collarbone; forms the front part of the shoulder girdle. It lies nearly horizontally just above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S. Its inner end is round and attached to the sternum; its outer end is flattened and fixed to the scapula. Fractures easily.
Phase One of Deglutition
The collection and swallowing of masticated food.
Sinoatrial node, commonly called the pacemaker
The contractions of the heart are stimulated and maintained by the of the heart, which is a group of hundreds of cells in the upper part of the right atrium that sets off electrical impulses, causing both atria to contract simultaneously.
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Identify the location and function of each part of the digestive system.
The digestive system includes organs that digest and absorb food substances, and eliminate the unused residuals. is both mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is chewed, swallowed, and propelled by a wave-like motion called peristalsis
hepatic duct
The duct formed by the junction of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right half of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left half of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
Common Bile Duct
The duct that carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine (duodenum). Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
free openings
The fallopian tubes are in contact with the ovaries but are not continuous with them. Their funnel-shaped openings
ovaries
The female gonads, the ovaries, produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
The cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the walls and septa (partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the great blood vessels.
The fibers differ from those of the skeletal and smooth muscles in that they are shorter and branch into a complicated network . the most abundant blood supply of any muscle in the body, receiving twice the blood flow of the highly vascular skeletal muscles and far more than the smooth muscles. muscles con- tract to pump blood out of the heart and through the cardiovascular system.
joint capsule
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint. connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid fibrous capsule reinforcing joint
Four pairs of muscles in the mandible make chewing movements possible. These muscles can be grouped into two different functions.
The first group includes three pairs of muscles that elevate the mandible to close the mouth as in biting down. The last group includes one pair that can depress the mandible (open the mouth), make grinding actions side to side, and can make the mandible go forward in a protruding motion.
true ribs
The first seven pairs of ribs
Myelination
The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron the process of development or formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fibre. Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission
Taste Buds
The four types of taste sensations are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty-all resulting from stimulation of the taste buds. Most are located on the tongue and the roof of the mouth.
Oral Hygene
The health of the teeth affects the health of the entire body.
Pericardium
The heart is enclosed in a membranous sac
Systolic pressure,
The highest pressure is caused when the heart is in systole, or contraction.
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions
axial and appendicular
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the _______ skeleton and the _________ skeleton.
regulate body temperature
The hypothalamus, a structure in the brain, synthesizes chemicals that are secreted to the pituitary gland to release hormones and to help
origin
The immovable portion of the muscle attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
endometrium
The inner lining consists of specialized epithelium, which undergoes partial destruction approximately every 28 days in the non-pregnant female.
Adrenal Medulla
The inner portion of the adrenal glands; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Endocardium
The inner surface of the heart is lined with a delicate serous membrane. similar to and continuous with that of the inner lining of blood vessels.
Interventricular septum
The interior of the heart is divided into two parts by a wall called the
200 or more cone shaped lobules (small lobes)
The interior of the testis is divided into 200 or more cone shaped lobules (small lobes). Each lobule contains 1 to 3 highly coiled, convoluted tubules called seminiferous tubules.
absorption of calcium ions
The kidneys assist in
controlling the rate of red blood cell formation and in the regulation of blood pressure
The kidneys assist in
pH of body fluids
The kidneys assist in
Condyle the right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs)
The knuckle-shaped portion of the mandibular ramus found on the end of the condyloid process. It is positioned underneath the glenoid fossa and makes up the hinge joint of the TMJ.
Axillary artery
The large artery going to the arm becomes the brachial artery Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle. Artery that carries blood to the axilla (armpit) area
Spinal Body
The large solid segment of the anterior portion of each vertebra that support not only the spinal cord but other structures of the body as well.
Obturator foramen
The largest foramen (opening) is located in the hip bone, between the ischium and the pubis
obturator foramen
The largest foramen, or opening, is located in the hip bone, between the ischium and the pubis opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami an opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh
During the act of swallowing
The larynx is pulled upward and forward toward the base of the tongue.
rectum
The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated is approximately 17-20 cm (7 or 8 inches) long and follows the contour of the sacrum and coccyx until it curves back into the short 2.5 cm (inch) anal canal.
Arteries of the lower extremities
The left and right common iliacs, upon entering the thigh, become the femoral arteries. At the knee, this same vessel is named the popliteal artery
Epithelial
The lining tissue of the body is called epitheliums. It forms the outer covering of the body known as the free surface of the skin. It also forms the lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; blood and lymph vessels; serous cavities; and tubules of certain secretory glands, such as the liver and kidneys.
speech
The lips help to maintain the position of the teeth and are very important in _________.
External *Seal* of the mouth
The lips provide a ______ for the mouth to keep food and saliva from escaping.
Humerus
The longest bone of the UE and articulates with the shoulder girdle to form the shoulder joint and with the bones of the forearm to form the elbow. Its anatomical portions include a head, a rounded portion that fits into a recess of the scapula called the glenoid fossa.
6,200 ml of air
The lungs, when filled to capacity
testes
The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. testosterone
promotes the growth of skeletal muscles
The male hormone testosterone
increasing the production of red blood cells
The male hormone testosterone As a result, the average number of red blood cells in blood is usually greater in males than in females.
28 days
The menstrual cycle in most women is approximately
metacarpal bones are numbered one to five
The metacarpal bones are numbered one to five, corresponding with the five fingers, or digits, with which they articulate.
Insertion
The more flexible attachments, especially to a movable bone
Coccygeal Nerve
The most caudal of the spinal nerves
serve as secondary respiratory structures.
The mouth and nose
Convergence
The movement of the globes toward the midline causes a viewed object to come into focus on corresponding points of the two retinas. This process produces clear, three-dimensional vision.
facial expression
The muscles underneath the skin of the face and mouth express surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and pain. are responsible for helping communicate feelings through _______ ________.
about 72 beats per minute
The normal heart rate, or number of contractions
The sensation of taste
is limited to sour, sweet, bitter, savory, and salty. It does not matter where on the tongue an object is placed; it can detect different tastes everywhere on the tongue. Many foods and drinks tasted are actually smelled, and their taste depends upon their odor.
Olfactory
The olfactory nerve provides the sense of smell.
Esophageal Hiatus (Of Diaphram)
The opening where the esophagus pass through the diaphragm An opening in the diaphragm located near the junction between the terminal esophagus and the stomach
heart valves
The openings between the chambers on each side of the heart are separated by flaps of tissue that act as valves to prevent backward flow of the continuously forward moving column of blood.
Phase Three of Deglutition
The passage of food into the stomach.
pain center
The periosteum is the ________ _________ of the bone.
for their anatomical position
The phalanges are named
the ultraviolet rays of the sun (tanning)
The pigment can be darkened by exposure
prevents friction during movements of respiration
The pleurae secrete a serous fluid that
Origin
The point of fixed attachment of a muscle to bone
Blood pressure
The pressure blood exerts on the walls of the arteries.
oocyte
The primordial follicles consist of a single large cell a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions
Lateral malleolus
The prominence at the distal end forms the outer ankle
Three principal venous systems
The pulmonary system The portal system The systemic system
renal pyramids
The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder. The point of each pyramid, called the papilla, projects into a calyx.
renal artery
The renal arteries normally arise off the left interior side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle (90 degrees).
renal columns
The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material.
renal cortex
The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (cortical columns) that extend down between the pyramids.
renal medulla
The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the interlobar arteries.
renal papillae
The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen.
temporal mandibular joints
The right and left temporal mandibular joints (TMJs) are formed by the articulation of the temporal bone and the mandible. This is where TMJs connect with the rest of the skull.
Lymphatic drainage
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right quadrant (dark blue) of the body into the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body (green) into the left subclavian vein. The lymphatic fluid is thus returned to the systemic blood just before entering the heart.
hair follicle
The root is embedded in a pit-like depression. is associated with two or more subaceous glands.
two to three pints of saliva daily
The salivary glands produce two to three pints of saliva daily, which greatly aids in the digestion process.
longest muscle
The sartorius is the __________ __________ in the body. It extends diagonally across the front of the thigh from its origin at the ilium, down to its insertion near the tuberosity of the tibia.
left common carotid
The second branch is the left common carotid, which supplies the left side of the head. One of three vessels coming off the aortic arch.
vertebra has a prominent projection
The seventh cervical _________that can easily be felt at the bottom of the neck. This landmark makes it possible for physicians to count and identify the vertebrae above and below it.
Respiratory system
The sex organs required for the production of offspring. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Diaphragm
Simple or undifferentiated cell
The simplest living organism consists of a single cell. The amoeba is a unicellular animal. The single cell of such a one-celled organism must be able to carry on all processes necessary for life.
Submandibular Salivary Gland
The size of a walnut, located in the deep floor of the mouth. -Wharton's duct a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva Posterior portion of mandible, lingual to mandibular incisors Opens under the tongue, close to the frenulum Walnut sized. Secretes watery fluid with some mucus. More viscous (thick) than parotid secretion.
206
The skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of ____ bones
motor and sensory
The skin contains two types of nerve fibers __________ and ___________. that carry impulses to and from the central nervous system
the epidermis and the dermis
The skin, or integument, consists of two layers, the ____________ and the ____________ , and supporting structures and appendages
The integumentary system
The skin, or integument, is the outer covering of the body. It consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis, and supporting structures and appendages
28
The skull consists of ___ bones, 22 of which form the framework of the head and provide protection
Cellular level of organization
The smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter. Specialized to perform unique functions.
the pericardial fluid
The smooth surfaces of the heart and pericardium are lubricated by a serous secretion
marrow
The soft connective tissue that fills the internal center of the bone is the medullary canal spaces in bone.
Metatarsus
The sole and instep of the foot
cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter
The sphincter at the esophageal end
Fragments of red blood cells are found in the spleen and other body tissues.
The spleen is the graveyard where old, worn out cells are removed from the blood stream.
Arteries of the upper extremities
The subclavian arteries are so named because they run underneath the clavicle. They supply the upper extremities, branching off to the back, chest, neck, and brain through the spinal column
Nucleoplasm
The substance contained in the nucleus. It is also important in the cell's reproduction, since genetic information for the cell is stored there.
neurilemma
is loose and contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles of the Schwann cell.
Osseous tissue
is made up of inorganic mineral salts, calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent, and an organic substance called ossein. This type is a dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone . These tissues form the supporting framework of the body.
Red marrow
is one of the manufacturing centers of red blood cells and is found in the articular ends of long bones and in cancellous tissue.
Lymphatic system / Immune system
The system comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph. Defends the body against pathogenic viruses that may endanger the body . Lymphatic vessel Lymph node Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Tonsils
Renal system / Urinary system
The system where the kidneys filter blood. Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
descending loop of Henle
The thin descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea, while being highly permeable to water. The loop has a sharp bend in the renal medulla going from descending to ascending thin limb. The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, but it is permeable to ions.
periosteum
The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone
Periosteum
The thin outer membrane surrounding the bone. An important function of the periosteum is to supply nourishment to the bone. Capillaries and blood vessels run through the periosteum and dip into the bone surface, supplying it with blood and nourishment. The periosteum is the pain center of the bone.
12 ribs
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the posterior portion of the _____ _____ to form the posterior wall of the thoracic region (chest) or rib cage.
Iodine
The thyroid secretes the iodine containing hormone thyroxin (TSH), which controls the rate of cell metabolism.
postmenstrual phase
The time between the last day of the menses and ovulation is known as the ______________ _______________. It lasts from day 6 through day 13 or 14 and is characterized by proliferation of endometrial cells in the uterus, which develop under the influence of the hormone estrogen.
ureters
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
cecum
The unabsorbed food or waste material passes through the blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
White matter and Gray matter
The white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord are distinguished by the presence or absence of myelin sheaths
Encases diarthroses joints
The whole joint is enclosed in a watertight sac or membrane containing a small amount of lubricating fluid. This lubrication enables the joint to work with little friction.
Structure of the adrenal gland
The zona glomerulosa of the cortex secretes aldosterone. The zona fasciculata secretes abundant amounts of glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol. The zona reticularis secretes minute amounts of sex hormones and glucocorticoids.
12
There are ______ vertebrae in the thoracic region.
eight carpal
There are _______ _______ bones, arranged in two rows, forming the wrist
Seven (7)
There are ________ cervical vertebrae in the neck.
3. Oculomotor, 4. Trochlear, 5. Abducens
These three nerves control eye movements in the six directions (fields) and eye movement towards the tip of the nose (giving a "crossed-eyed" look). The oculomotor nerve is responsible for movement of the pupils.
Malpighian corpuscle
They are also known as: Renal corpuscles — the initial filtering component of nephrons in the kidneys. White pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules, or white nodules — follicles in the white pulp of the spleen, containing many lymphocytes.
Squamous
Thin flattened cells
Ethmoid Bone
Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye. situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium. Through small openings in this bone pass nerves to the roof of the mouth that are responsible for sense of smell.
Cuboidal epithelial tissue
This is both a secretory and protective tissue whose cells are cubical. It is found in the more highly specialized organs of the body, such as the ovary and the kidney.
Squamous epithelial tissue
This is the main protective tissue of the body. It is composed of thin platelike or scalelike cells forming a mosaic pattern. This tissue is found in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) as a single layer of cells or in the free skin surface in multiple layers.
Connective
This is the supporting tissue of the various structures of the body. It has many variations and is the most widespread tissue of the body. It is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body. the more predominant types of connective tissues are: Areolar, Adipose, Osseous.
Yellow marrow
is ordinary bone marrow in which fat cells predominate. It is found in the medullary canals and cancellous tissue of long bones.
All types of muscles respond to stimulus
This property is called EXCITABILITY or IRRITABILITY. The mechanical muscular action of shortening or thickening is activated by a stimulus sent through a motor nerve. All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that carry messages from the central nervous system.
stimulated muscle response
This property is called excitability or irritability. The mechanical muscular action of shortening or thickening (also called contraction) is activated by a stimulus sent through a motor nerve. All muscles are linked to nerve fibers that carry messages from the central nervous system.
Soft palate
This section forms a soft muscular arch in the posterior part of the palate. The uvula is located on the back portion of the soft palate.
Hard palate
This section is formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bones and is located in the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It has irregular ridges or folds behind the central incisors called rugae.
*Adipose* (connective tissue)
This tissue is generally called "*fatty tissue*". Acts as a *energy reservoir*; Helps to *reduce body heat loss* because of its poor heat conductivity; Serves as *support / scaffolding* for various organs and fragile structures, such as the kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves.
Osseous (bone) connective tissue
This type is a dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone. These tissues form the supporting framework of the body.
three semicircular canals
This works as a type of motion sensor, as the movements of the cilia are communicated to the brain. As a result, the brain knows how to keep the body balanced, regardless of the posture. The semicircular canals of each ear contain three main parts: anterior, posterior, and horizontal canals.
Fovea centralis
Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision Area of acute or discriminatory vision
Muscular tissue
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction, when stimulated to produce motion. There are two types, voluntary and involuntary. With a specialized type heart (cardiac) muscle
Venous circulation
is responsible for returning the blood to the heart after exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes have occurred between the blood and body cells
Blood Coagulation
To protect the body from excessive blood loss, blood has its own power to coagulate, or clot.
Medial
Toward the mid-sagittal plane of the body
Caudel
Toward the tail or lower end of the body
Proximal
Towards the trunk or nearest to the point of origin
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea Left & Right Primary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar duct, Alveoli & Alveolar Sac
Bones of the hand and wrist
Trapezoid, Trapezium, Scaphiod, Hamate, Pisoform, Capitate, Triquetrum, Lunate
Ball-and-socket joints
Triaxial joint - permits a combination of angular movements and rotation movement in three planes. These joints consist of a ball-shaped bone head that articulates with a cup-shaped cavity of another. The hip and shoulder are in this joint category.
Blood Flow with Ventricular Contraction
Tricuspid & Mitral Atrioventricular Valves are closed. Right & Left Ventricles contraction force blood through the Aortic & Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valves into the Pulmonary Vein & Aortic arch; causing Oxygenation of hemoglobin in RBC's and purfusing Oxygenated Blood through the Arteries.
Inversion Joint movement
Turning inward, as in turning the sole of the foot inward.
Eversion Joint movement
Turning outward, as in turning the sole of the foot outward. Turn sole of foot laterally Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
Supination Joint movement
Turning upward, as in placing the palm of the hand up.
Arytenoid Cartilage
Two small cartilages in the larynx, the movements of which abduct and adduct the vocal folds. paired pyramidal structures; (triangular) vocal processes run forward to attach to vocal fold
Loop of Henle
U-shaped portion of renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule
upper extremity
UE; bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands
Upper Esophageal Sphincter
UES - the cervical part of the esophagus helps prevent air entering the esophagus during respiration it is also the valve that is relaxed when a person belches.
ensuing vibrations
is responsible for the production of vocal sound (voice). This sound production is accomplished by the passing of air over the vocal cords. produce the sounds of speech or singing.
Large Intestine
is so called because it is larger in diameter than the small intestine. It is considerably shorter, being about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long. It is divided into three parts: cecum, colon, and rectum.
The heart muscle, the myocardium
is striated like the skeletal muscles of the body, but involuntary in action, like the smooth muscles.
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle fiber
is striated, or striped, and is under the control of the individual's will, usually attached to bones
prostatic urethra
is surrounded by the prostate gland; it contains the orifices of the prostatic and ejaculatory ducts. This portion of the male urethra is about 2.5 cm long.
Function of the Skin
Underlying Structures protection from Injury & Infection; Peripheral Nerve Endings for Sensation; Temperature regulation, prevents excessive water loss.
Amoeba
Unicellular animal, simplest living organism.
touch or feeling
Until the beginning of the last century was treated as a single sense. Thus, warmth or coldness, pressure, and pain, were thought to be part of a single sense of
nephron filtration process
Urine formation begins when water and various dissolved substances are filtered out of blood plasma from a glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule. The filtered substance (glomerular filtrate) leaves the glomerular capsule and enters the renal tubule.
placenta
Vascular organ associated with the uterine wall during pregnancy, which is formed on the lining of the uterus as an interface between the mother's circulatory systems and the developing baby, allows the embryo to be nourished with the blood of the mother serving as a temporary endocrine gland.
internal jugular veins
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck. the venous return
Right Side - via Vena Cava
Venous blood enters what side of heart
Long Bones
Very strong, broad at the ends, and large surfaces for muscle attachment ie: humerus and femur.
Serosa
Visceral peritoneum Serous membrane outer lining that is part of the peritoneum
Bacteriolysins
WBC's protect the body from disease is by producing these to dissolve the foreign bacteria. initiate damage to bacterial membranes
Basophils
WBCs that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response and make up approximately 1% of leukocytes
quadriceps muscle
What is the effector in the patellar reflex?
preovulatory
What is the second phase of the reproductive cycle?
bone fractures
When a _____________ ______________, the pain that is felt comes from the periosteum, not the bone proper.
rigor mortis
When a muscle dies, it becomes solid and rigid and no longer reacts. This stiffening, which occurs from 10 minutes to several hours after death the stiffness or rigidity of skeletal muscles that occurs after death
buffy coat
When blood components are separated, the WBCs and platelets form a thin layer between the layers of plasma and RBCs.
The female reproductive cycle
When females reach puberty, they begin to experience the two recurring female cycles, the ovarian and endometrial.
uvula
When swallowing, the __________ is drawn upward and backward by the muscles of the soft palate. This process blocks the opening between the nasal cavity and pharynx, not allowing food to enter the nasal cavity. The soft palate must function properly to allow good speech quality.
evaporation
When the outside temperature is high, or upon exercise, the glands secrete large amounts of perspiration to cool the body through ______________.
Pyramidal lobe of thyroid
When the thyroglossal duct persists
25 mm hg
When there is a pressure increase inside the eye, and the level exceeds ___ mm hg, damage will occur and may cause blindness; this condition is called glaucoma.
respiratory center signals the lungs to breathe faster
When too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood stream breathing faster to get rid of the carbon dioxide.
leukocytosis
When white cells are undermanned, more are produced, causing an increase in their number and a condition
a joint is formed
Whenever two bones are attached to each other
Sclera
White part of the eye Dense fibrous opaque outer coat enclosing the eyeball except the part covered by the cornea
Bone (osseous tissue).
Widely spaced cells in lacunae; much of matrix in concentric onionlike layers; hard mineralized matrix. Physically supports body, provides movement, encloses and protects soft organs, stores and releases calcium and phosphorus Skeleton
Cartilage (gristle).
Widely spaced cells in small cavities (lacunae); rubbery matrix. Eases joint movements; resists compression at joints; holds airway open; shapes outer ear; moves vocal cords; forerunner of fetal skeleton; growth zone of children's bones External ear, larynx, rings around trachea, joint surfaces and growth zones of bones, between ribs and sternum, intervertebral discs
Trachea
Windpipe membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
lower jaw bone and ear bones
With the exception of the _______ _______ bone and the ____ bones, all skull bones are joined together and fixed in one position.
Capillaries and blood vessels
__________ and __________ run through the periosteum and dip into the bone surface, supplying it with blood and nutrients.
Hyoid bone
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.
fascia
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle tissue that connects muscle to muscle fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
Levator ani Muscle
a broad, thin muscle, situated on either side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of each side of the lesser pelvis, and these unite to form the greater part of the pelvic floor. The coccygeus muscle completes the pelvic floor which is also called the pelvic diaphragm. It supports the viscera in the pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures that pass through it. is the main pelvic floor muscle and painfully contracts during vaginismus.
Trapezius
a broad, trapezium-shaped pair of muscles on the upper back, which raise or lower the shoulders. cover approximately one-third of the back. They originate in a large area which includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the seventh cervical vertebra, and the occipital bone. They have their insertion in the clavicle and scapula.
Once blood escapes from its vessels
a chemical reaction begins that causes it to become solid.
glomerulus
a cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels, in particular. a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood.
interior alveolus nerve
a common area where the dental officer will inject anesthetic to block the nerve impulses and make the teeth on that side insensitive (numb).
Vestibule
is the area enclosed by the labia minora that includes those vaginal and urethral openings. The vestibule contains a pair of vestibular glands, more commonly known as the Bartholin's glands.
The kidneys are protected by a considerable amount
a considerable amount of fat and supported by connective tissue and the peritoneum.
Sweat glands
a control mechanism to reduce the body's heat by evaporating water from its surface. found in almost every part of the skin.
Primary respiratory acidosis
a decrease in blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2
The radial artery
is the artery at the wrist that is felt when taking the patient's pulse
Simple goiter
a diffuse and painless enlargement of the thyroid gland, was common in areas of the United States where the iodine content of the soil and water was inadequate. the gland enlarges to compensate for the lack of iodine. To prevent formation, iodine-containing foods, such as vegetables, iodized salt, and seafood, should be eaten.
rickets
a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
Axial region
a division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk
osteogenesis imperfecta
a genetic bone disease that results in fragile bones
Choroid
a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
Insulin
a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by synthesizing glycogen.
Vitreous humour
a jelly-like substance found in the posterior compartment of the eye between the lens and the retina
articulation
a joint; the point where two bones come together
Homeostasis
is the body's self-regulated control of its internal environment. It allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equilibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment.
appendix
a long narrow tube with a blind end, is a pouch-like structure of the cecum located near the junction of the ileum and the cecum. There is no known function of this structure. The appendix can become infected, causing inflammation to develop.
Gracilis
a long slender muscle located on the inner aspect of the thigh. It adducts the thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg. Its origin is in the symphysis pubis, and its insertion is in the medial surface of the tibia, below the condyle.
Ventricle
a lower chamber which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries. comprise the bulk of the heart, are thick and muscular.
distal phalanx
is the bone at the end of the finger
peritubular capillary
a member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron
mucosa
a moist inner lining mucous membrane mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
atrophies
a muscle cell that does not work becoming weak and decreasing in size.
internal accessory organs of the female reproductive system
a pair of fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
proximal phalanx
is the bone closest to the hand
Corniculate Cartilage
a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage
Embolus
a piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another
phagocytosis
a process of Leukocytes protect the body tissues by engulfing disease-bearing bacteria and foreign matter
Repeated muscle contractions (shivering)
a rapid means of the Smooth involuntary muscles are found in the dermis generating body heat.
the gooseflesh appearance (goose bumps) of the skin
a reaction to cold or fear is a result of arrector contraction
troponin
a regulatory protein in the actin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle that attaches to tropomyosin
peristalsis
a ring of reflex contraction appears in the walls of the alimentary canal. As the wave moves along, it pushes the canal's contents ahead of it
Erythroblastosis fetalis
a serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus' blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation adn destroy fetus' RBCs
Turbinates
a set of bony convulsions formed by the conchae ni the nasopharynx that help to maintain smooth airflow
glenoid fossae
a shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint such as the Temporal bone depressions that form the articulation with the mandible.
zygomatic process
a slender J- or U-shaped radiopacity process of the temporal bone located superior to the maxillary or first molar region, that forms the lateral part and strengthens the zygomatic arch.
Lacrimal
a small bone forming part of the eye socket.
patella
a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint. It is enclosed within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh.
morula
a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits solid ball of 16-64 cells
Conjuctiva
a thin, transparent membrane that covers the sclera and internal surfaces of the eyelids
scapula
a triangular bone that lies in the upper part of the back on both sides, between the second and seventh ribs, forming the posterior portion of the pectoral girdle
The whole joint is enclosed in
a watertight sac or membrane containing a small amount of lubricating fluid. This enables the joint to work with little friction.
Intrinsic automaticity
ability of a muscle to generate its own electrical activity
excitability
ability to receive and respond to stimuli
irritability
ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse
Pneumothorax
abnormal accumulation of air within pleural space
Pericardial effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid within pericrdial sac
Bruit
abnormal whooshing sound indicating turbulent blood flood within a narrowed blood vessel; usually heard in carotid arteries
hypoglycemia
abnormally low level of sugar in the blood abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet
supra- -
above, over
epi- -
above, upon, on
Minor duodenal papilla
accessory pancreatic duct lies 1-2cm superomedial to the major duodenal papilla. It receives the accessory pancreatic duct.
axillary vein
accompanying vein of axillary artery,located medial & superficial to axillary artery a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein
trans- -
across, beyond, through
Liquid tissues
act as a medium for supplying the body with nutrients and as a vehicle for eliminating waste material. They form the blood, lymph, and tissue fluids.
expectorated
act of coughing up material from airways that lead to the lungs to spit, to expel mucus or phlegm from the throat or lungs.
tropomyosin
actin-binding protein that regulates muscle contraction and other actin related mechanical function of the body
salutatory conduction
action potential jumps from node to node, which speeds up the impulse. the rapid skipping of an action potential from node to node on myelinated neurons
Stomach
acts as an initial storehouse for swallowed material and helps in the chemical breakdown of food substances. is a saccular enlargement of the gastrointestinal tube and lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
Addisonian crisis
acute adrenocortical insufficiency
prostate gland
adds a chemical fluid to the semen a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
The constriction or dilation of these blood vessels
affects blood pressure and the volume of blood available to the internal organs.
Norepinephrine
affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood, undersupply leads to depression A precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses.
post- -
after
Twelve hours
after the meal, the waste material passes slowly through the colon
contra- -
against, opposite
Curare
agent that blocks transmission of neural motor impulses at neuromuscular junction
