Chapter 6: Bones and skeletal tissues

Which of the following best describes spiral fractures?

A ragged break occurs due to excessive twisting.

Cartilage-forming cells in the perichondrium actively secrete matrix in a process called __________.

Appositional growth

In bone, an indentation at the edge of a structure is known as a __________.

Notch

The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with __________.

Yellow bone marrow

Which of the following is an anatomical description of irregular bone?

bones of this type have various shapes an do not fit into the other categories.

Bone deposition is accomplished by __________.

osteoblasts

Bone resorption is influenced by __________.

parathyroid hormone

In what order do the phases of the healing of a simple fracture occur? 1. Hematoma formation 2. Bony callus formation 3. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

1,3,2,4

In what order does endochondral ossification proceed through the following stages? 1. Bone collar forms around the diaphysis. 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. 3. The periosteal bud invades the diaphysis, and the first bone trabeculae forms. 4. Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis.

1,4,3,2

Put the steps of intramembranous ossification in the correct order. 1. Bone matrix is secreted within fibrous membrane. 2. Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears. 3. Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. 4. Woven bone and periosteum form.

3,1,4,2

Which of the following is the anatomical description of a long bone?

A bone that has a shaft with two distinct ends.

Which of the following is the anatomical description of a short bone?

A bone that is roughly cube-shaped

Which of the following is describes epiphyseal fractures?

A fracture that tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and matrix calcification is occurring

Which type of bone growth involves the addition of bone tissue to its surfaces?

Appositional growth

Compression and tension exerted on bones is greatest ________.

At external bone surfaces

Which of the following best describes comminuted fractures?

Bone fragments into three or more pices.

What is the function of the deep layer of periosteum?

Bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Which of the following describes osteoblasts?

Bone-forming cells

Fibrocartilage is located in all the following locations except the __

Cartilaginous attachment of ribs to sternum.

Which of the following best describes osteosarcoma?

Cells derived from osteoblast-like cells secrete osteoid and grow quickly, thereby eroding the medullary cavity and compact bone in affected bone. It often affects young people between 10 and 25 years of age, usually originates near the knee, and alters affected bone by eroding medullary cavity internally and compact bone externally.

Which type of fracture is common in osteoporotic bones subjected to extreme trauma

Compressed

Which type of fracture is common in osteoporotic bones subjected to extreme trauma?

Compressed

Fractures common in the elderly are comminuted and __________ fractures.

Compression

The epiglottis consists of which type of tissue?

Elastic cartilage

Which of the following is a characteristic of endosteum that it shares with periosteum?

Endosteum is osteogenic

After secondary ossification centers have appeared in endochondral bone, where are the only places that hyaline cartilage remains?

Epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage

The annulus fibrosus portion of the intervertebral discs consists of which type of tissue?

Fibrocartilage

Osteoclasts originate from what type of precursor cells?

Hematopoietic stem cells

The facial bones of the skull are formed by which process?

Intramembranous ossification

Which of the following best describes Paget's disease?

It is an excessive rate of bone deposition and resorption, characterized by a high ratio of immature woven bone to mature compact bone; osteoblasts outpace osteoclasts and bones thicken in an irregular manner. It is an abnormally high ratio of immature woven bone; mature compact bone is accompanied by reduced mineralization.

Which of the following best describes rickets?

It is caused by inadequate amounts of vitamin D or calcium phosphate. It leads to malformation of the head and the rib cage; epiphyseal plates are not replaced by calcified bone and become thick.

Which of the following best describes achondroplasia?

It is genetic and it results in inhibition of cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plates and early closure of epiphyseal plates.

What is the importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage?

It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and it functions in growth and repair of cartilage.

What role does parathyroid hormone play in the regulation of bone tissue?

It stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low.

Which of the following is the definition of an osteon?

Long, cylindrical structure oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

Which of the following best describes osteoporosis?

Low bone mass and deterioration of the microscopic architecture of the bony skeleton. The chemical composition of bone is normal and bone resorption far outpaces bone deposition.

Which of the following is a definition of osteocytes?

Mature bone cells, which are spider-shaped

"Canal-like passageway" describes a bone marking called a __________.

Meatus

During intramembranous ossification, which of the listed types of tissue is replaced by bone?

Mesenchyme

Which of the following best describes the type of bone marking called a line?

Narrow, usually nonprominent ridge of bone

Which of the following best describes the type of bone marking called a crest?

Narrow, usually prominent ridge of bone

Which of the following is the definition of an osteoid?

Organic part of bone matrix

In which region of the epiphyseal plates (of children) are bony spicules destroyed (from within the diaphysis) by osteoclasts at the same rate that they are formed at the epiphysis

Ossification zone

Which bone disorder is caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults?

Osteomalacia

Which clinical condition is characterized by excessive rates of bone deposition and bone resorption?

Paget's disease

What are the thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix, functioning to secure the periosteum to its underlying bone?

Perforating fibers

Within trabecular bone, the open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with __________.

Red or yellow bone marrow

Which hormone(s) both promote(s) growth of the epiphyseal plates at the beginning of adolescence, and later induce(s) closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)

Which of the following describes the bone marking called a fossa?

Shallow, basinlike depression

A cavity within bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane, is known as a __________.

Sinus

Which of the following best describes the bone marking called a tubercle?

Small, rounded projection or process

Which of the following describes a greenstick fracture?

The bone breaks incompletely (one side breaks and the other side bends).

Which of the following is an anatomical description of flat bone?

The bone is thin and usually somewhat curved.

How do nutrients pass from one osteocyte to another in compact bone?

Through gap junctions within canaliculi

Sites for muscle attachment include which type or types of bone marking?

Tuberosity and trochanter

Chondroblasts in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plates of a growing person __________.

Undergo mitosis