Chapter 6, Integumentary System

W/ Cardiovascular System

- Blood Vessels in the dermis help regulate body temperature by dilating or constricting -Dilation of the blood vessels in light skin produces blushing during embarrassing moments

W/ Endocrine System

- Hormones control the secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands - Hormones increase blood flow to the skin - Hormones control the amount of fat in subcutaneous tissue

W/ Urinary System

- Kidneys can restore water and electrolytes lost during sweating..

W/ Lymphatic System

- Skin is an effective barrier against invasion by microorganisms, providing a first defense for the immune system. -Sebum has anti fungal and antibacterial properties -The acid mantle of the skin helps prevent most bacterial infections

W/ Reproductive System

- Stimulation of receptor sited in the skin can bring about sexual interest - Sucking on the nipple causes the postnatal female to produce milk from her mammary glands.

W/ Muscular System

- Vitamin D helps provide calcium for muscle contraction - Facial muscles produce fatal expressions of body language - Shivering helps control body temperature by warming the body

W/ Digestive System

- Vitamin D produced by the skin causes calcium and phosphorus to be absorbed in the intestine. - Excess calories can be stored as fat in subcutaneous tissue

W/ Nervous System

-Receptor sited for temperature and pressure changes in the skin provide information to the nervous system so that we can cope with our external environment - Nerves activate sweat glands

W/ Respiratory System

-Receptor sited in the skin can bring about changes in breathing rates

partial-thickness burn

First and second degree burns can be classified as this. These burns do not completely destroy the stratum germinativum's basal layer and regeneration of the epidermis will occur from both within the burn area or from the edges.

Vitiligo

Is an acquired skin disease resulting in irregular patches of skin of various sizes completely lacking in any pigmentation. The depigmented white patches are ofter located on exposed areas of skin. The cause of the disease in unknown.

Shingles

It caused by the Herpes zoster or chickenpox virus that develops after the childhood infection. The virus remain dominant within cranial and spinal nerves. Trauma or stress somehow activates the virus to travel through the nerve pathways to the skin where it produces painful, vesticular skin eruptions. Treatment is symptomatic with lotions to relieve itching and analgesics to control pain.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common type of skin cancer. This cancer produces an open ulcer and can bet easily treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal. The cancer rarely spreads.

Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac Dermatitis

Poison ivy dermatitus is caused by contact with a chemical toxicodendrol, present in the leaves of the poison ivy, climbing vine, plant Rhus, which is characterized by itching and burning vesticular eruptions. It can be treated with topical applications of corticosteroid creams or lotions. Poison oak and poison sumac are caused by contact with species of the shrub plant also of the genus Rhus.

Papule

a skin lesion that is a solid, small elevation less than 1 cm in diameter.

Pustule

a small elevation of the skin, similar to a vesicle or bulla, but is filled with pus.

Bulla or Vesicle

a thin blister of the skin containing clear, serous fluid. It is usually larger than 1 cm in diameter

W/ Skeletal System

Vitamin D manufactured by the skin helps provide calcium for strong bones.

Macule

a flat, small discoloration of the skin that is even with the skin surface. A small rash can be considered a macule

Wheal

a pale or reddened elevation produced by a localized edema or swelling, like that caused by a mosquito bite.

Third-degree Burns

also called "full-thickness" burns. The epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed. Recovery can only occur from the edge of the burn wound. Interestingly, third-degree burn are usually painless because the sensory receptors in the skin have been destroyed. The pain usually comes from the area around the third-degree burn where first- and second-degree burns surround the area. Third-degree burns usually require skin grafts because they take a long time to heal and will form disfiguring scar tissue. Skin grafts use the epidermis and part of the dermis from another part of the body, usually from the buttocks or thighs, and the graft is then placed on the burn. Interstitial fluid from the burn helps heal the area.

Cold Sores

also known as fever blisters.are caused by type I herpes simplex virus. Initial infections show no symptoms but the virus can remain dominant in the skin around the mouth and in the mucous membrane of the mouth. When activated, it produces small, fluid-filled blisters that can be both painful and irritating. Stress seams to activate the virus.

Cyst

an encapsulated sac in the dermis or under the skin in the subcutaneous tissue. It is lined with epithelium and can contain either fluid of a semisolid mass.

Warts

are caused by the human papillomavirus. The virus causes uncontrolled growth of epidermal tissue. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with an infected individual. The growths are usually benign and disappear spontaneously. They can also be removed surgically or with topical applications.

Moles

are produced by groupings of melanocytes that develop during the first years of life. They are common disorders of the skin that are usually benign and developed by most people. Moles reach maximum size and elevation at puberty. They vary in size and may have hair associated with them. if they enlarge are darken later in life, moles may be a first indication of skin cancer. Moles should be regularly monitored for changes, beginning in midlife at around age 30. Moles that are consistently irritated or become infected on a normal basis should be removed surgically and sent to the pathology lab.

Ringworm

caused by several species of fungi. Its symptoms include itchy, patchy scalelike lesions with raised edges. In earlier times, it was believed that this condition was caused by worms, hence its other name, tinea, which is latin for worm. Ringworm on the feet is called athlete's foot or tinea pedis; in the groin area, it is called jock itch or tine corporis. Ringworm of the scalp is called tinea capitis and is most common in children. Untreated, it can lead to hair loss and secondary bacterial infection.

Alopecia

commonly known as baldness and can be caused by a number of factors in both men and women. Male pattern baldness is influenced genetics and aging. Some individuals may begin losing scalp hair as early as in their 20's, while others may have a full head of hair well into their senior years. Baldness is also influenced by male sex hormones. The cosmetic industry has marketed a number of drugs, such as minoxidil, to regrow and counter the effects of pattern baldness. Alopecia may also be caused by malnutrition, diabetes, certain endocrine disorders, chemotherapy for cancer, and drug interactions. Other forms of alopecia include alopecia universals, which is a total loss of all body hair; alopecia areata, which results in bald spots on the face and scalp caused by an autoimmune disorder; and alopecia capitus totalis, an uncommon disorder, which results in the complete loss of all scalp hair.

describe mary claire

fun, hot, funny, attractive, intelligent, happy, rich, clever, doppelgänger of Blake Lively, a grat tim

Second-degree burns

involve both the epidermis and the dermis. With minor dermal involvements, symptoms will include redness, pain, swelling, and blisters. Healing can take up to 2 weeks with no scarring. If there is major dermal involvement, the burn can take several months to heal and the wound might appear white. Scar tissue may develop.

First-Degree burns

involve just the epidermis. They can be caused by brief contact with very hot or very cold objects. They can also be caused by sunburn, being overexposed to harmful rays of the sun. Symptoms of first-degree burns are redness and pain. There may also be slight swelling or edema. These burns can heal in about 7 days with no scarring.

Psoriasis

is a common chronic skin disorder that may be genetic in origin. The actual cause in unknown. It is characterized by red patches covered with thick, dry, and silvery scales that develop from excessive production of epithelial cells through hyperactivity of the stratum germinativum. These patches can develop anywhere on the body. When the scales are scraped away, bleeding usually results. There is no known cure for this disease, but it can be controlled with corticosteroids, ultraviolet light, and tar solution creams and shampoos.

Onychomycosis

is a fungal infection of the nails resulting in dry, thickened, and brittle nails, usually accompanied by a yellowish discoloration. It is very difficult to treat as topical applications are ineffective.

Crust

is a hard, solid layer on the surface of the skin caused by dried blood, serum, or pus. It is also referred to as a scab.

Impetigo

is a highly contagious skin disease of children caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus areas. The skin erupts with small blisters containing pus that rupture easily, producing a honey-colored crust. The blisters usually develop on the face and can spread. The bacteria are spread by direct contact and enter the skin through abrasions. Treatment included cleansing with antibacterial soaps and antibiotics.

Chickenpox

is caused by the virus Varicella zoster. it develops in young children producing many highly itchy, vesicular eruptions all over the skin. The fluid of the eruptions and their scabs are highly contagious, except when completely dry. Transmission occurs through contact with eh skin lesions but can also occur through droplets of sneezed or coughed up from infected individuals. A vaccine is available for children 12 months or older to prevent the disease.

Onychocryptosis

is known as an ingrown toenail. It occurs when the lateral distal margin of the nail grows into or is pressed into the skin of a toe causing inflammation. Prevention of the condition os accomplished by wearing proper shoes and correctly aligned trimming of the toenails.

Malignant Melanoma

most dangerous type of skin cancer. it is rare and is associated with a mole on the skin. A mole is a grouping of melanocytes. They become cancerous and metastasis is common. The melanoma can appear as a dark nodule or a spreading flat lesion. Unless treated early, this cancer is fatal.

Paronychia

occurs when the fold on the skin at the edge of the nail becomes infected.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

produces nodular tumors that is highly keratinized and found in the epidermis. If untreated it can spread to the dermis, metastasize, and cause death.

Skin Cancer

usually develops from excessive exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun, which is the reason sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or above should be used when engaging in outdoor recreational activities, or when one's occupation requires outdoor work. Common area of development of skin cancers are the face, neck, and hands. There are three types of skin cancers, two of which can be lethal.