Chapter 6 - Integumentary System - Recharge

List epidermal layers of thin skin (superficial to deep)

1. corneum 2. granulosum 3. spinosum 4. basale

merocrine

A strategy of secreting hormones via exocytosis

How is melanin protective?

Absorbs UV radiation from sunlight

In the epidermis of thin skin, where is the stratum spinosum found?

Between the stratum basale and stratum granulosum

What is the function of merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands?

Body temperature regulation

What items describe thick skin?

Contains a stratum lucidum Found on the soles of the feet

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Cutaneous carcinoma

The vitamin which is activated in the skin and required for normal bone and tooth development is vitamin

D

How does a hair shaft differ from a hair root?

Hair shaft extends from surface of skin; hair root is within the skin

How does pigmentation spread throughout the epidermis?

Melanocytes produce melanin which is then deposited into nearby epidermal cells.

Where in the body is thick skin, with five epidermal layers, found?

Palms of hands and soles of feet

Which of these options are functions of the epidermis?

Shielding underlying tissues from excessive water loss Protecting underlying tissues from chemical exposures Preventing pathogen entry to the body

What is the function of a hair bulge?

Site of origin of stem cells needed for hair growth

What epidermal layer is found in thick skin, but not in thin skin?

Stratum lucidum

Comparing the dermis to the epidermis, indicate the true statements.

The dermis is vascular, but the epidermis lacks blood vessels. The dermis is composed of several types of tissue, but the epidermis is composed of one type.

lunula

The lunula is the site of growth of nails.

If the epidermal layer were vascular, which of the following statements would be plausible?

The rate of water loss would increase. The infection rate of the skin would increase. The rate of blood loss during abrasions would increase.

List the characteristics of cutaneous carcinomas.

They are associated with sustained exposure to the sun They may develop from hard, dry scaly growths or lesions They may result from a failure of apoptosis which normally peels away sun damaged cells

Why do the cells of the epidermis die as they are pushed towards the surface of the skin?

They are too far from their nutrient supply

apocrine

This type of secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cell. This type of cell debris attracts bacteria.

List the functions of the secretion released by sebaceous glands.

Waterproof the skin Soften skin Lubricate hair

The three types of skin cancer are ________cell carcinoma, ________cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

basal; squamous

Cell division by cells of the stratum _______ replaces the shedding skin cells of the stratum corneum.

basale

Melanocytes are found within the stratum ______ of the epidermis

basale

Cell division by cells of the stratum _________ replaces the shedding skin cells of the stratum corneum.

basale/germinativum

The ________ membrane anchors the epidermis to the dermis

basement

Increased rate of cell division in response to rubbing or pressure results in formation of ______ on the palms and soles.

calluses

Lack of a blood supply within the epidermis is the cause for what characteristic of epidermal cells?

cells near the skin surface are dead

A keratinized conical mass located on the toes is called a(n)

corn

Epidermal cells of the stratum _______ are dead

corneum

The process that transfers melanin granules into neighboring cells is called

cytocrine secretion

A burn involving the epidermis and some underlying dermis is called a ______ burn.

deep partial-thickness (second-degree)

The prefix _____ means skin.

derm-

Nutrient and oxygen supply for the epidermis comes from blood vessels located in the ______ layer of the skin

dermal

The deepest level of the epidermis is the stratum basale and it is nourished by the nutrients in the __________ blood vessels.

dermal

Name the layer of the skin indicated by the arrow in the figure.

dermis

The epidermis is avascular (lacks blood vessels). Therefore, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes must diffuse to and from blood vessels found in what region of the skin?

dermis

Within the skin, the ______ is the thicker layer composed primarily of connective tissue, while the _______ layer is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

dermis; epidermal

What layer of the skin lacks blood vessels?

epidermal layer

Preventing the entry of disease-causing microorganisms is the function of what skin layer?

epidermis

The black pointer is identifying which part of the skin?

epidermis

Within the skin, the ____________ is the layer that is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

epidermis

Skin consists of a superficial (outer) layer called the _________, and a deeper (inner) layer called the _________.

epidermis; dermis

The healing process of a shallow cut in the skin only involves the __________layer and includes an increased rate of ________ by these cells.

epidermis; mitosis

What type of cells can give rise to cutaneous carcinomas (also known as squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas)?

epithelial cells

The functions of skin include acting as a protective covering, regulating body fluids and body temperature, synthesizing chemicals and ______wastes.

excreting

True or false: A burn involving the epidermis exclusively is classified as a second degree burn.

false

True or false: Skin color is primarily due to the protein in skin cells called keratin.

false

Hair grows within tubelike structures called hair .

follicles

What is present on all skin surfaces EXCEPT on the palms, soles, lips, and parts of the external genitalia?

hair

What structure gives rise to the stem cells from which a hair develops?

hair bulge

What is the tubelike structure from which a hair grows and emerges at the skin surface?

hair follicle

What is the name for the portion of each hair that is embedded in the skin?

hair root

Name the part of a hair that extends outward from the surface of the skin.

hair shaft

Cellular metabolism results in the production of ______ as energy is lost.

heat

The location of the blood vessels in the dermis helps to prevent infection by ______.

increasing the distance that bacteria travel to reach the circulatory system

Injuries trigger the process of ______ with the affected region becoming red, warm, swollen and tender.

inflammation

Injury results in a response called _________, involving vasodilation (redness, swelling, warmth) and increased permeability of blood vessels (swelling, heat).

inflammation

What is the process called that results in hardening of the keratinocytes of the epidermal layer?

keratinization

What type of epidermal cell produces the protein keratin?

keratinocyte

The stratum corneum is composed of dead ________ which form a tough outer layer for the epidermis.

keratinocytes/epidermal cells

The epidermis of thick skin contains an extra layer called the stratum _________ . This layer is typically lacking in thin skin.

lucidum

The presence of the stratum ________ is found in the areas of thick skin such as the palms of the hands.

lucidum

The _________ can give rise to cutaneous melanomas.

melanocyte

The cancer called cutaneous melanoma originates with what cell type?

melanocyte

The cutaneous melanomas, a form of skin cancer, originate from epithelial cells called

melanocytes

Name the type of sweat gland that functions in body temperature regulation by producing sweat as the body gets too warm.

merocrine sweat glands

The name of the structure that protects the end of a fingers is the

nail

How might the functions of the epidermis be summarized?

protection of underlying tissue

What else is associated with inflammation?

redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

List the of the functions of the skin.

regulation of body temperature protective covering excretion of waste materials

The part of a hair that cannot be seen because it is below the surface of the skin is called the hair

root

___________ is often the result of a deep wound and is composed of collagen fibers that form an elevation above the normal epidermal surface.

scar

A disorder of the ______ glands is called acne

sebaceous

The structure indicated in the figure by letter A is a _________ gland

sebaceous

The secretion called ______ lubricates hair, and makes skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.

sebum

_______ is the largest organ of the body by weight

skin

Indicate the types of skin cancer.

squamous cell carcinoma melanoma basal cell carcinoma

The tissue of the epidermis is _________ ________ _______ which lacks blood vessels and must get nutrients from the underlying dermis.

stratified squamous epithelium

Consider the tissues that make up the skin. The epidermis is composed of ______, while the dermis is made up mostly of ______.

stratified squamous epithelium; connective tissue

In what layer of the epidermis are the melanocytes found?

stratum basale

The production of new skin cells in what layer typically keeps pace with the loss of cells from the stratum corneum?

stratum basale

What stratum of the epidermis is composed primarily of dead cells that eventually slough off?

stratum corneum

What layer of the epidermis is indicated by the black arrow?

stratum lucidum

glands consist of coiled tubes in the deep dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer. They secrete their product onto the surface of the skin or into the hair follicles.

sweat

What type of exocrine gland consists of coiled tubes that originate in the deeper dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer?

sweat glands

the secretion called _______ is mostly water, but also contains small amounts of salt and wastes such as urea and uric acid.

sweat/tears/saliva

Body areas such as the arms and the legs are covered with ______ skin.

thin

The skin located on the trunk of the body is identified as

thin skin

The keratinocytes on the surface of the epidermis do not directly benefit from antioxidant treatments delivered through the blood because they are ______.

too far away from the nutrient source already dead

True or false: Body heat is a by-product of cellular metabolism.

true - Active cells of the body such as muscle cells are major heat producers due to a high rate of cellular metabolism.