Chapter 6 - Integumentary System - Recharge
List epidermal layers of thin skin (superficial to deep)
1. corneum 2. granulosum 3. spinosum 4. basale
merocrine
A strategy of secreting hormones via exocytosis
How is melanin protective?
Absorbs UV radiation from sunlight
In the epidermis of thin skin, where is the stratum spinosum found?
Between the stratum basale and stratum granulosum
What is the function of merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands?
Body temperature regulation
What items describe thick skin?
Contains a stratum lucidum Found on the soles of the feet
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
Cutaneous carcinoma
The vitamin which is activated in the skin and required for normal bone and tooth development is vitamin
D
How does a hair shaft differ from a hair root?
Hair shaft extends from surface of skin; hair root is within the skin
How does pigmentation spread throughout the epidermis?
Melanocytes produce melanin which is then deposited into nearby epidermal cells.
Where in the body is thick skin, with five epidermal layers, found?
Palms of hands and soles of feet
Which of these options are functions of the epidermis?
Shielding underlying tissues from excessive water loss Protecting underlying tissues from chemical exposures Preventing pathogen entry to the body
What is the function of a hair bulge?
Site of origin of stem cells needed for hair growth
What epidermal layer is found in thick skin, but not in thin skin?
Stratum lucidum
Comparing the dermis to the epidermis, indicate the true statements.
The dermis is vascular, but the epidermis lacks blood vessels. The dermis is composed of several types of tissue, but the epidermis is composed of one type.
lunula
The lunula is the site of growth of nails.
If the epidermal layer were vascular, which of the following statements would be plausible?
The rate of water loss would increase. The infection rate of the skin would increase. The rate of blood loss during abrasions would increase.
List the characteristics of cutaneous carcinomas.
They are associated with sustained exposure to the sun They may develop from hard, dry scaly growths or lesions They may result from a failure of apoptosis which normally peels away sun damaged cells
Why do the cells of the epidermis die as they are pushed towards the surface of the skin?
They are too far from their nutrient supply
apocrine
This type of secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cell. This type of cell debris attracts bacteria.
List the functions of the secretion released by sebaceous glands.
Waterproof the skin Soften skin Lubricate hair
The three types of skin cancer are ________cell carcinoma, ________cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
basal; squamous
Cell division by cells of the stratum _______ replaces the shedding skin cells of the stratum corneum.
basale
Melanocytes are found within the stratum ______ of the epidermis
basale
Cell division by cells of the stratum _________ replaces the shedding skin cells of the stratum corneum.
basale/germinativum
The ________ membrane anchors the epidermis to the dermis
basement
Increased rate of cell division in response to rubbing or pressure results in formation of ______ on the palms and soles.
calluses
Lack of a blood supply within the epidermis is the cause for what characteristic of epidermal cells?
cells near the skin surface are dead
A keratinized conical mass located on the toes is called a(n)
corn
Epidermal cells of the stratum _______ are dead
corneum
The process that transfers melanin granules into neighboring cells is called
cytocrine secretion
A burn involving the epidermis and some underlying dermis is called a ______ burn.
deep partial-thickness (second-degree)
The prefix _____ means skin.
derm-
Nutrient and oxygen supply for the epidermis comes from blood vessels located in the ______ layer of the skin
dermal
The deepest level of the epidermis is the stratum basale and it is nourished by the nutrients in the __________ blood vessels.
dermal
Name the layer of the skin indicated by the arrow in the figure.
dermis
The epidermis is avascular (lacks blood vessels). Therefore, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes must diffuse to and from blood vessels found in what region of the skin?
dermis
Within the skin, the ______ is the thicker layer composed primarily of connective tissue, while the _______ layer is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
dermis; epidermal
What layer of the skin lacks blood vessels?
epidermal layer
Preventing the entry of disease-causing microorganisms is the function of what skin layer?
epidermis
The black pointer is identifying which part of the skin?
epidermis
Within the skin, the ____________ is the layer that is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
epidermis
Skin consists of a superficial (outer) layer called the _________, and a deeper (inner) layer called the _________.
epidermis; dermis
The healing process of a shallow cut in the skin only involves the __________layer and includes an increased rate of ________ by these cells.
epidermis; mitosis
What type of cells can give rise to cutaneous carcinomas (also known as squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas)?
epithelial cells
The functions of skin include acting as a protective covering, regulating body fluids and body temperature, synthesizing chemicals and ______wastes.
excreting
True or false: A burn involving the epidermis exclusively is classified as a second degree burn.
false
True or false: Skin color is primarily due to the protein in skin cells called keratin.
false
Hair grows within tubelike structures called hair .
follicles
What is present on all skin surfaces EXCEPT on the palms, soles, lips, and parts of the external genitalia?
hair
What structure gives rise to the stem cells from which a hair develops?
hair bulge
What is the tubelike structure from which a hair grows and emerges at the skin surface?
hair follicle
What is the name for the portion of each hair that is embedded in the skin?
hair root
Name the part of a hair that extends outward from the surface of the skin.
hair shaft
Cellular metabolism results in the production of ______ as energy is lost.
heat
The location of the blood vessels in the dermis helps to prevent infection by ______.
increasing the distance that bacteria travel to reach the circulatory system
Injuries trigger the process of ______ with the affected region becoming red, warm, swollen and tender.
inflammation
Injury results in a response called _________, involving vasodilation (redness, swelling, warmth) and increased permeability of blood vessels (swelling, heat).
inflammation
What is the process called that results in hardening of the keratinocytes of the epidermal layer?
keratinization
What type of epidermal cell produces the protein keratin?
keratinocyte
The stratum corneum is composed of dead ________ which form a tough outer layer for the epidermis.
keratinocytes/epidermal cells
The epidermis of thick skin contains an extra layer called the stratum _________ . This layer is typically lacking in thin skin.
lucidum
The presence of the stratum ________ is found in the areas of thick skin such as the palms of the hands.
lucidum
The _________ can give rise to cutaneous melanomas.
melanocyte
The cancer called cutaneous melanoma originates with what cell type?
melanocyte
The cutaneous melanomas, a form of skin cancer, originate from epithelial cells called
melanocytes
Name the type of sweat gland that functions in body temperature regulation by producing sweat as the body gets too warm.
merocrine sweat glands
The name of the structure that protects the end of a fingers is the
nail
How might the functions of the epidermis be summarized?
protection of underlying tissue
What else is associated with inflammation?
redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
List the of the functions of the skin.
regulation of body temperature protective covering excretion of waste materials
The part of a hair that cannot be seen because it is below the surface of the skin is called the hair
root
___________ is often the result of a deep wound and is composed of collagen fibers that form an elevation above the normal epidermal surface.
scar
A disorder of the ______ glands is called acne
sebaceous
The structure indicated in the figure by letter A is a _________ gland
sebaceous
The secretion called ______ lubricates hair, and makes skin soft, pliable, and waterproof.
sebum
_______ is the largest organ of the body by weight
skin
Indicate the types of skin cancer.
squamous cell carcinoma melanoma basal cell carcinoma
The tissue of the epidermis is _________ ________ _______ which lacks blood vessels and must get nutrients from the underlying dermis.
stratified squamous epithelium
Consider the tissues that make up the skin. The epidermis is composed of ______, while the dermis is made up mostly of ______.
stratified squamous epithelium; connective tissue
In what layer of the epidermis are the melanocytes found?
stratum basale
The production of new skin cells in what layer typically keeps pace with the loss of cells from the stratum corneum?
stratum basale
What stratum of the epidermis is composed primarily of dead cells that eventually slough off?
stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is indicated by the black arrow?
stratum lucidum
glands consist of coiled tubes in the deep dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer. They secrete their product onto the surface of the skin or into the hair follicles.
sweat
What type of exocrine gland consists of coiled tubes that originate in the deeper dermis or superficial subcutaneous layer?
sweat glands
the secretion called _______ is mostly water, but also contains small amounts of salt and wastes such as urea and uric acid.
sweat/tears/saliva
Body areas such as the arms and the legs are covered with ______ skin.
thin
The skin located on the trunk of the body is identified as
thin skin
The keratinocytes on the surface of the epidermis do not directly benefit from antioxidant treatments delivered through the blood because they are ______.
too far away from the nutrient source already dead
True or false: Body heat is a by-product of cellular metabolism.
true - Active cells of the body such as muscle cells are major heat producers due to a high rate of cellular metabolism.