Chapter 6-Intro Psych
echoic memory
A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears
motivated forgetting (repression)
A type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety evoking material
procedural memory
Actions, perceptual motor skills, conditioned responses, emotional memories
Retrieval
Bringing to mind information stored in memory
anterograde amnesia
Can remember prior to accident but can't form new memories
retrograde amnesia
Can't remember before accident but can form new memories
Encoding
Converting information into form usable in memory
How the retrieval process breaks down
Encoding failure, lack of retrieval cues, tip of the tongue phenomenon
flashbulb memories
Enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently burned into the brain
Hippocampus
Essential to the formation of new memories of facts, general information, and life experiences
declarative memory
Factual information
Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of t
Flashbulb memory
Retrieval theory
Forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories
retroactive interference
In which new information impairs previously learned information
Retrospective
Memories of past experiences and acquired information
_____ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.
Memory
Semantic memory
Memory for facts
Prospective
Memory of future actions
procedural memory
Remembering how to do things, or procedures for actions
recall measure
Requires a person to reproduce information on their own without any cues
recognition measure
Requires a person to select previously learned information from an array of options
Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories?
Retrieval theory
The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?
Semantic
decay theory
The belief that memories gradually fade and deteriorate over time
top of the tongue phenomenon
The inability to retrieve information that feels as if it is just out of your reach
long-term memory
The memory subsystem responsible for long stem storage of material
short-term memory
The memory subsystem that allows for retention and processing of newly acquired information for a maximum of about 30 seconds
memory retrieval
The process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory
Consolidation
The process of converting short term memories into long term memories
Chunking
The process of enhancing retention of a large amount of information by breaking it down into smaller more easily recalled chunks
maintenance rehearsal
The process of extending retention of information held in short term memory by consciously repeating the information
Which of the following best describes memory storage?
The process of retaining information in memory
Elaborating rehearsal
The process of transferring information from short term to long term memory by consciously focusing on the meaning of information
sensory memory
The storage system that hold memory of sensory impressions for a very short time
Memory
The system that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind
serial position effect
The tendency to recall first and last intend in a list better than the items in the middle
primacy effect
The tendency to recall items better when they are learned first
recency effect
The tendency to recall items better when they are learned last
eidetic memory
a lingering mental representation of a visual image
Semantic networks
a representation of the organizational structure of long-term memory in terms of a network of associated concepts
iconic memory
a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second
A retrieval cue is
a stimulus associated with original learning that helps jog one's memory.
Maintenance rehearsal is
consciously repeating information over and over again.
The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is called
consolidation.
In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to ______ memory
echoic; iconic
When Jacques wants to learn a new concept, he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge
elaborative rehearsal.
Information processing system
encoding, storage, retrieval
Declarative memory is also known as
explicit memory.
Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______.
knowing how; knowing that
amnesia
loss of memory
Jeffrey crams for all of his exams. In scientific terms, Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called
massed practice.
In retrograde amnesia,
old long-term memories are lost.
Proactive inference is when
older memories interfere with newer memories.
episodic memory
personal experiences
Grace knows how to tie a square knot and how to drive an automobile with a standard transmission. These
procedural memory.
Storage
retaining information in memory
Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. Presidents) is stored in
semantic memory.
A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time (a few seconds or less) is called
sensory memory.
Retrieval cues
stimuli that help gain access to memories
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
suggests that forgetting occurs quickly at first, and then slows down
In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to
superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
interference theory
the belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other
Levels of processing theory
the belief that how well or how long information is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing
long-term potentiation
the long-term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation
massed vs. spaced practice effect
the tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice
Context cues
types of retrieval cues that can aid our retrieval of memories
In memory encoding, mental picture is to _____ as meaning is to _____.
visual; semantic
proactive interference
when old information interferes with new information
