Chapter 6-Intro Psych

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echoic memory

A sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears

motivated forgetting (repression)

A type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety evoking material

procedural memory

Actions, perceptual motor skills, conditioned responses, emotional memories

Retrieval

Bringing to mind information stored in memory

anterograde amnesia

Can remember prior to accident but can't form new memories

retrograde amnesia

Can't remember before accident but can form new memories

Encoding

Converting information into form usable in memory

How the retrieval process breaks down

Encoding failure, lack of retrieval cues, tip of the tongue phenomenon

flashbulb memories

Enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently burned into the brain

Hippocampus

Essential to the formation of new memories of facts, general information, and life experiences

declarative memory

Factual information

Even though she was only a toddler at the time, 45-year-old Jean has a vivid picture in her mind of her mother weeping when the television announced that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Jean's experience is an example of which of t

Flashbulb memory

Retrieval theory

Forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories

retroactive interference

In which new information impairs previously learned information

Retrospective

Memories of past experiences and acquired information

_____ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.

Memory

Semantic memory

Memory for facts

Prospective

Memory of future actions

procedural memory

Remembering how to do things, or procedures for actions

recall measure

Requires a person to reproduce information on their own without any cues

recognition measure

Requires a person to select previously learned information from an array of options

Which theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories?

Retrieval theory

The best memory usually results from which type of encoding?

Semantic

decay theory

The belief that memories gradually fade and deteriorate over time

top of the tongue phenomenon

The inability to retrieve information that feels as if it is just out of your reach

long-term memory

The memory subsystem responsible for long stem storage of material

short-term memory

The memory subsystem that allows for retention and processing of newly acquired information for a maximum of about 30 seconds

memory retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory

Consolidation

The process of converting short term memories into long term memories

Chunking

The process of enhancing retention of a large amount of information by breaking it down into smaller more easily recalled chunks

maintenance rehearsal

The process of extending retention of information held in short term memory by consciously repeating the information

Which of the following best describes memory storage?

The process of retaining information in memory

Elaborating rehearsal

The process of transferring information from short term to long term memory by consciously focusing on the meaning of information

sensory memory

The storage system that hold memory of sensory impressions for a very short time

Memory

The system that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind

serial position effect

The tendency to recall first and last intend in a list better than the items in the middle

primacy effect

The tendency to recall items better when they are learned first

recency effect

The tendency to recall items better when they are learned last

eidetic memory

a lingering mental representation of a visual image

Semantic networks

a representation of the organizational structure of long-term memory in terms of a network of associated concepts

iconic memory

a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second

A retrieval cue is

a stimulus associated with original learning that helps jog one's memory.

Maintenance rehearsal is

consciously repeating information over and over again.

The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is called

consolidation.

In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to ______ memory

echoic; iconic

When Jacques wants to learn a new concept, he attempts to connect it with previously existing knowledge

elaborative rehearsal.

Information processing system

encoding, storage, retrieval

Declarative memory is also known as

explicit memory.

Procedural memory is to ______ as declarative memory is to ______.

knowing how; knowing that

amnesia

loss of memory

Jeffrey crams for all of his exams. In scientific terms, Jeffrey's approach to memorization is called

massed practice.

In retrograde amnesia,

old long-term memories are lost.

Proactive inference is when

older memories interfere with newer memories.

episodic memory

personal experiences

Grace knows how to tie a square knot and how to drive an automobile with a standard transmission. These

procedural memory.

Storage

retaining information in memory

Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. Presidents) is stored in

semantic memory.

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for a very brief time (a few seconds or less) is called

sensory memory.

Retrieval cues

stimuli that help gain access to memories

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

suggests that forgetting occurs quickly at first, and then slows down

In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to

superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.

interference theory

the belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other

Levels of processing theory

the belief that how well or how long information is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing

long-term potentiation

the long-term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation

massed vs. spaced practice effect

the tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice

Context cues

types of retrieval cues that can aid our retrieval of memories

In memory encoding, mental picture is to _____ as meaning is to _____.

visual; semantic

proactive interference

when old information interferes with new information


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