Chapter 6: Memory

Context-dependent memory

Jennie returned to her elementary school when she was visiting her parents from her home in a distant city. When she came to the school playground swing set, she suddenly remembered being thrown off a swing and breaking her arm. Jennie was experiencing a a. feeling of knowing. b. state-dependent memory. c. photographic memory. d. context-dependent memory.

Metamemory

Knowledge about memory

Storage

Maintaining information over time

Priming

Memory of things that reflect repetition that makes associations automatic Requires less neural activity

Longer

Memory traces of echoes lasts _____ than icons

Maintenance rehearsal

Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

Echoic memory

Mental representations of sounds

Iconic memory

Mental representations of visual stimuli Photographic memory

Retroactive interference

New learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

Proactive interference

Older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

Implicit memory

Procedural memory-skill memory Things people do, not stated clearly Things done repeatedly- habits

C, each of our sensory systems

Psychologists believe that we possess a sensory register for a. only visual information. b. only auditory information. c. each of our sensory systems. d. none of these.

Retrospective memory

Recalling information previously learned Episodic, semantic, and implicit memories

Prospective memory

Remembering to do things in the future May fail to do so due to preoccupation or distraction

Visual encoding

Represented as a picture

Auditory encoding

Represented as sounds

Semantic encoding

Represented in terms of meanings

Flashbulb memories

Tend to remember events that are important and emotionally stirring Memories are more distinctive Increased networks of association Elaborative rehearsal Secretion of stress hormone

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to recall the first and last items in a series May pay more attention to these items May rehearse first item more often and last item most recently

C, limited

The appearance of new information in short-term memory displacing the old information suggests that STM store is a. infinite. b. coded. c. limited. d. iconic.

Elaborative rehearsal

The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known

Memory

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Short-term memory (STM)

The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory Rehearsal allows info to be retained indefinitely

A, episodic memory

Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. What is this is an example of? a. episodic memory b. nondeclarative memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory

Encoding

Transforming information into psychological formulas that can be represented mentally

Anterograde amnesia

Unable to remember events that occur after physical trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Unable to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma

Long-term memory

Vast storehouse of information No known limit for amount of information stored here May last a life time

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

"Feeling of knowing" Acoustic (sounds) and semantic coding (meaning) may help provide a useful retrieval cue May reflect incomplete learning

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

3 stages of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Stages determine whether and how long information is stored

Chunking

A grouping of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information Common person can remember seven integers (plus or minus two) in their short-term memory This stimuli allows for semantic coding

Semantic coding

A memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus

D, recognition

A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ______ memory task. a. paired association b. recall c. relearning d. recognition

C, episodic

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different __________ memories of the event. a. procedural b. iconic c. episodic d. semantic

D, chunking

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. This process is called a. primacy effect. b. recency effect. c. seven plus or minus two. d. chunking.

C, proactive interference

At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using Spanish words he learned in high school. What is this an example of? a. retroactive interference b. repression c. proactive interference d. method of savings

D, sensory, short-term, and long-term

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as a. episodic, semantic, and implicit. b. sensory, semantic, and implicit. c. short-term, near-term, and long-term. d. sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Short-term memory

Attention to distracting information interferes with...

Episodic memory (I remember...)

Autobiographical memory Memories of things that happen to us or take place in our presence

B, flashbulb memory

Benjamin can remember exactly where he was and what he was doing when he heard about the death of his big brother. This is called a(n) a. repressed memory. b. flashbulb memory. c. elaborative memory. d. painful memory.

C, retrograde

Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a blur. Bill demonstrates __________ amnesia. a. infantile b. anterograde c. retrograde d. traumagrade

D, maintenance rehearsal

By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the first time, Jim was engaged in a. encoding. b. retrieval. c. visual coding. d. maintenance rehearsal.

Context-dependent memory

Context in which information was originally acquired Better retrieved

Memory trace

Decays within a second An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

Explicit memory

Declarative memory Memory for specific information; can be stated or declared Can be autobiographical (episodic memory) or general (semantic memory)

B, tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after their first meeting. He knows that he knows her name but just can't retrieve the information. What is this experience referred to as? a. mnemonic failure b. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. consolidation d. déjà vu

A, delcarative

Explicit memory, also called _________ memory, can be clearly stated or explained. a. declarative b. implicit c. iconic d. sensory

Sensory memory

First stage of memory encountered by a stimulus Holds impressions briefly, but long enough so series of perceptions become psychologically continuous Meaningless

Semantic memory (I know...)

General knowledge

C, seven

George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time. a. twelve b. ten c. seven d. three

State-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in the context in the psychological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned