Chapter 6: Memory
Context-dependent memory
Jennie returned to her elementary school when she was visiting her parents from her home in a distant city. When she came to the school playground swing set, she suddenly remembered being thrown off a swing and breaking her arm. Jennie was experiencing a a. feeling of knowing. b. state-dependent memory. c. photographic memory. d. context-dependent memory.
Metamemory
Knowledge about memory
Storage
Maintaining information over time
Priming
Memory of things that reflect repetition that makes associations automatic Requires less neural activity
Longer
Memory traces of echoes lasts _____ than icons
Maintenance rehearsal
Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory
Echoic memory
Mental representations of sounds
Iconic memory
Mental representations of visual stimuli Photographic memory
Retroactive interference
New learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning
Proactive interference
Older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material
Implicit memory
Procedural memory-skill memory Things people do, not stated clearly Things done repeatedly- habits
C, each of our sensory systems
Psychologists believe that we possess a sensory register for a. only visual information. b. only auditory information. c. each of our sensory systems. d. none of these.
Retrospective memory
Recalling information previously learned Episodic, semantic, and implicit memories
Prospective memory
Remembering to do things in the future May fail to do so due to preoccupation or distraction
Visual encoding
Represented as a picture
Auditory encoding
Represented as sounds
Semantic encoding
Represented in terms of meanings
Flashbulb memories
Tend to remember events that are important and emotionally stirring Memories are more distinctive Increased networks of association Elaborative rehearsal Secretion of stress hormone
Serial Position Effect
Tendency to recall the first and last items in a series May pay more attention to these items May rehearse first item more often and last item most recently
C, limited
The appearance of new information in short-term memory displacing the old information suggests that STM store is a. infinite. b. coded. c. limited. d. iconic.
Elaborative rehearsal
The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known
Memory
The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
Short-term memory (STM)
The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory Rehearsal allows info to be retained indefinitely
A, episodic memory
Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. What is this is an example of? a. episodic memory b. nondeclarative memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory
Encoding
Transforming information into psychological formulas that can be represented mentally
Anterograde amnesia
Unable to remember events that occur after physical trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Unable to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma
Long-term memory
Vast storehouse of information No known limit for amount of information stored here May last a life time
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
"Feeling of knowing" Acoustic (sounds) and semantic coding (meaning) may help provide a useful retrieval cue May reflect incomplete learning
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
3 stages of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Stages determine whether and how long information is stored
Chunking
A grouping of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information Common person can remember seven integers (plus or minus two) in their short-term memory This stimuli allows for semantic coding
Semantic coding
A memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus
D, recognition
A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ______ memory task. a. paired association b. recall c. relearning d. recognition
C, episodic
Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different __________ memories of the event. a. procedural b. iconic c. episodic d. semantic
D, chunking
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. This process is called a. primacy effect. b. recency effect. c. seven plus or minus two. d. chunking.
C, proactive interference
At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using Spanish words he learned in high school. What is this an example of? a. retroactive interference b. repression c. proactive interference d. method of savings
D, sensory, short-term, and long-term
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as a. episodic, semantic, and implicit. b. sensory, semantic, and implicit. c. short-term, near-term, and long-term. d. sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Short-term memory
Attention to distracting information interferes with...
Episodic memory (I remember...)
Autobiographical memory Memories of things that happen to us or take place in our presence
B, flashbulb memory
Benjamin can remember exactly where he was and what he was doing when he heard about the death of his big brother. This is called a(n) a. repressed memory. b. flashbulb memory. c. elaborative memory. d. painful memory.
C, retrograde
Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a blur. Bill demonstrates __________ amnesia. a. infantile b. anterograde c. retrograde d. traumagrade
D, maintenance rehearsal
By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the first time, Jim was engaged in a. encoding. b. retrieval. c. visual coding. d. maintenance rehearsal.
Context-dependent memory
Context in which information was originally acquired Better retrieved
Memory trace
Decays within a second An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
Explicit memory
Declarative memory Memory for specific information; can be stated or declared Can be autobiographical (episodic memory) or general (semantic memory)
B, tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after their first meeting. He knows that he knows her name but just can't retrieve the information. What is this experience referred to as? a. mnemonic failure b. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. consolidation d. déjà vu
A, delcarative
Explicit memory, also called _________ memory, can be clearly stated or explained. a. declarative b. implicit c. iconic d. sensory
Sensory memory
First stage of memory encountered by a stimulus Holds impressions briefly, but long enough so series of perceptions become psychologically continuous Meaningless
Semantic memory (I know...)
General knowledge
C, seven
George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time. a. twelve b. ten c. seven d. three
State-dependent memory
Information that is better retrieved in the context in the psychological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned