Chapter 6: Motivation

vicarious experiences

sam's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and he recommended the program enthusiastically.

which of the following would likely to be characterized as an extrinsic motivations?

samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package

people with what type of belief think they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?

self-efficacy or competence

past accomplishments

sam earned a 3.9 GPA in his undergraduate program, and that bolsters his confidence that he'll do well in graduate school.

verbal persuasion

sam enrolls in an MBA program because his wife and parents have convinced him that can succeed

emotional cues

sam is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after an absence of almost 10 years, so he's unsure that he'll succeed in an MBA program

The merit pay system encourages teachers to meet and exceed goals that are set for their students' performance. According to goal setting theory, the teachers will be most successful if goals are

specific

according to goal setting theory, there are 3 factors that determine whether supervisors' assignments affect their employees' professional performances. one is goal commitment. what are the other two?

task complexity feedback

Kendra has been working for harmon electronics as a quality-control inspector for 3 years. she learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. what is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

according to equity theory, when we examine our own efforts and results and compare them to the efforts and results of others, we use the other people as what?

comparison others

A ______ goal is that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability

difficult

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees _____ goals will result in higher levels of performance.

difficult

according to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?

difficult and specific

when the company announced a sales contest for the following month, alicia decided to enter . her choice represents alicia's _____ of effort.

direction

employees with high _______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.

engagement

Which of the following is a performance outcome fostering intrinsic motivation?

enjoyment

when a person becomes upset because he compares his equity with others and finds his own equity lacking, he might be experiencing what phenomenon?

equity distress

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. This is an example _____________ forces in Danielle's motivation.

external

since jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position?

external comparisons

"money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where i want." this statement emphasizes the dimension of _______ in the symbolic value of money.

freedom

The success of Sulphur Springs Elementary's merit pay system is built on the assumption that the teachers' hard work can actually result in higher student grades, or what expectancy theory calls

high expectancy

A teacher in the video states that money from the merit pay system is motivating, indicating what type of motivating factor?

high valence

a person receives specific and difficult assignments and succeeds. what is one possible reason for this person's success?

his/her goal commitment was high

tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. one of the aspects of his job that he loves is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. this is an example of which dimension of psychological empowerment?

impact

what is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?

intensity

what could happen if a supervisor assigns specific and difficult goals for her employees?

it could help determine her employees' self-set goals

teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. she compares her ratio of outcomes and input with that of the other secretaries in the firm. what type of comparison is teri performing?

job equity

the need to be fully alive and find purpose in life would best be described as ________

meaning need

viewing money for what it signifies rather than just its financial value is known by what term?

meaning of money

peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. she feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. this is an example of which element of psychological empowerment?

meaningfulness

What is the term that refers to how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?

motivation

direction, intensity, and __________ are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work

persistence

in terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

promotions pay

alexis owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contract with 25 or more potential candidates each day. this illustrates which of the following concepts of SMART goals?

time-sensitive measurable specific

TRUE or FALSE: According to expectancy theory, motivational force equals zero if expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero.

true

TRUE or FALSE: Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors.

true

when you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. according to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?

underreward inequity

according to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valence

the belief known as _________ relates to the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"

valence

Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. her husband sends flowers to her office with a card that reads, "knock em dead, tiger!" and she feels better almost immediately. this is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

verbal persuasion

in terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?

cognitive distortion

According to equity theory, if a teacher perceived that her colleague with the same education and experience was receiving more pay than she was, she might have feelings called

equity distress

TRUE or FALSE: Meaningfulness is a concept in psychological empowerment that reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks.

false

TRUE or FALSE: Motivation is a set of distinctive, external forces.

false

which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "i don't get it," she said. " i got the top rating in the department, but i got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" krystal would be described as having low __________ according to the expectancy theory.

instrumentality

people who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing

instrumentally

when an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. this is a form of what kind of motivation?

intrinsic

finding self-satisfaction in doing a job well leads to ____________

intrinsic motivation

purchasing manager jake compares his situation with that of purchasing managers in other similar-sized companies. what type of comparison is jake performing?

occupational equity

_____ is a strategy for fostering goal commitment that involves the collaboration of employees and leaders on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal.

participation

employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks are likely to experience which dimension of psychological empowerment?

self-determination

even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. it appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?

self-efficacy

in terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered input?

skills experience

Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. in order to achieve this goal, Alana develops educational and problem-solving plans called

task strategies

the theory of motivation that suggests that motivation depends on an individual's perception of his/her life and what occurs in lives of others is known as ________

equity theory

what is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?

needs