Chapter 6: Motivation
vicarious experiences
sam's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and he recommended the program enthusiastically.
which of the following would likely to be characterized as an extrinsic motivations?
samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package
people with what type of belief think they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?
self-efficacy
Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?
self-efficacy or competence
past accomplishments
sam earned a 3.9 GPA in his undergraduate program, and that bolsters his confidence that he'll do well in graduate school.
verbal persuasion
sam enrolls in an MBA program because his wife and parents have convinced him that can succeed
emotional cues
sam is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after an absence of almost 10 years, so he's unsure that he'll succeed in an MBA program
The merit pay system encourages teachers to meet and exceed goals that are set for their students' performance. According to goal setting theory, the teachers will be most successful if goals are
specific
according to goal setting theory, there are 3 factors that determine whether supervisors' assignments affect their employees' professional performances. one is goal commitment. what are the other two?
task complexity feedback
Kendra has been working for harmon electronics as a quality-control inspector for 3 years. she learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. what is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?
comparison other
according to equity theory, when we examine our own efforts and results and compare them to the efforts and results of others, we use the other people as what?
comparison others
A ______ goal is that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability
difficult
Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees _____ goals will result in higher levels of performance.
difficult
according to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?
difficult and specific
when the company announced a sales contest for the following month, alicia decided to enter . her choice represents alicia's _____ of effort.
direction
employees with high _______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.
engagement
Which of the following is a performance outcome fostering intrinsic motivation?
enjoyment
when a person becomes upset because he compares his equity with others and finds his own equity lacking, he might be experiencing what phenomenon?
equity distress
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. This is an example _____________ forces in Danielle's motivation.
external
since jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position?
external comparisons
"money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where i want." this statement emphasizes the dimension of _______ in the symbolic value of money.
freedom
The success of Sulphur Springs Elementary's merit pay system is built on the assumption that the teachers' hard work can actually result in higher student grades, or what expectancy theory calls
high expectancy
A teacher in the video states that money from the merit pay system is motivating, indicating what type of motivating factor?
high valence
a person receives specific and difficult assignments and succeeds. what is one possible reason for this person's success?
his/her goal commitment was high
tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. one of the aspects of his job that he loves is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. this is an example of which dimension of psychological empowerment?
impact
what is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?
intensity
what could happen if a supervisor assigns specific and difficult goals for her employees?
it could help determine her employees' self-set goals
teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. she compares her ratio of outcomes and input with that of the other secretaries in the firm. what type of comparison is teri performing?
job equity
the need to be fully alive and find purpose in life would best be described as ________
meaning need
viewing money for what it signifies rather than just its financial value is known by what term?
meaning of money
peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. she feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. this is an example of which element of psychological empowerment?
meaningfulness
What is the term that refers to how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
motivation
direction, intensity, and __________ are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work
persistence
in terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?
promotions pay
alexis owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contract with 25 or more potential candidates each day. this illustrates which of the following concepts of SMART goals?
time-sensitive measurable specific
TRUE or FALSE: According to expectancy theory, motivational force equals zero if expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero.
true
TRUE or FALSE: Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors.
true
when you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. according to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?
underreward inequity
according to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and
valence
the belief known as _________ relates to the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"
valence
Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. her husband sends flowers to her office with a card that reads, "knock em dead, tiger!" and she feels better almost immediately. this is an example of which source of self-efficacy?
verbal persuasion
in terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?
cognitive distortion
According to equity theory, if a teacher perceived that her colleague with the same education and experience was receiving more pay than she was, she might have feelings called
equity distress
TRUE or FALSE: Meaningfulness is a concept in psychological empowerment that reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks.
false
TRUE or FALSE: Motivation is a set of distinctive, external forces.
false
which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people?
goal setting theory
Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "i don't get it," she said. " i got the top rating in the department, but i got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" krystal would be described as having low __________ according to the expectancy theory.
instrumentality
people who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing
instrumentally
when an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. this is a form of what kind of motivation?
intrinsic
finding self-satisfaction in doing a job well leads to ____________
intrinsic motivation
purchasing manager jake compares his situation with that of purchasing managers in other similar-sized companies. what type of comparison is jake performing?
occupational equity
_____ is a strategy for fostering goal commitment that involves the collaboration of employees and leaders on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal.
participation
employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks are likely to experience which dimension of psychological empowerment?
self-determination
even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. it appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?
self-efficacy
in terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered input?
skills experience
Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. in order to achieve this goal, Alana develops educational and problem-solving plans called
task strategies
the theory of motivation that suggests that motivation depends on an individual's perception of his/her life and what occurs in lives of others is known as ________
equity theory
what is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?
needs