Chapter 6 PSYCH

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats.

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

Vicarious Punishment

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed interval

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character for taking violent action against another character.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS ; continuous

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Higher-order

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for researchers to induce fear in a child

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditional stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative Reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval