Chapter 6 Psychology

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A.) conditioning B.) instincts C.) learning D.) reflexes

c

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

d

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A.) associative B.) instinctive C.) processual D.) reflexive

a

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) fixed interval B.) fixed ratio C.) variable interval D.) variable ratio

a

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _________. A.) learned B.) instinctive C.) reflexive D.) reactive

a

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

a

The theorist who discussed our ability to perceive a change in a stimulus as being relative to the amount of change versus the intensity of the original stimulus was ______________. A.) Weber B.) Klein C.) Skinner D.) Pavlov

a

Which of the following is an example of instinct? A.) baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked B.) believing that nudity is wrong C.) a teacher demonstrating algebra to students D.) a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents

a

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _________. A.) negative punishment B.) negative reinforcement C.) positive punishment D.) positive reinforcement

b

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A.) continuous B.) partial C.) primary D.) secondary

b

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _________ learning. A.) conditioned B.) latent C.) partial D.) primary

b

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with consequences. Which kind of learning is this? A.) classical conditioning B.) imitation C.) modeling D.) operant conditioning

d

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A.) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B.) Fear is a conditioned response C.) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D.) One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

d

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A.) deciding that you want to be a parent B.) jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship C.) addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised D.) the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

d

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A.) acquisition B.) learning C.) reinforcement D.) shaping

d

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of _________. A.) operant conditioning B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) higher-order conditioning

b

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greets her when she enters the house is an example of ___________. A.) acquisition B.) conditioning C.) extinction D.) learning

c

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A.) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room. B.) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C.) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. D.) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinfrocement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables.

c

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A.) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the da instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B.) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C.) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D.) playing the slot machine

c

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of __________. A.) extinction B.) stimulus discrimination C.) stimulus generalization D.) spontaneous recovery

c

__________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A.) classical B.) operant C.) primary D.) secondary

c