chapter 6 resistance exercise for impaired mms

Task-specific movement patterns with resistance exercise

Applying for assistance during exercise and anatomical planes, diagonal patterns, and combine task-specific movement patterns should be integral component of a carefully progressed resistance exercise program

To improve muscle endurance

Less weight and more reps

Contraindications to resistance training

Pain, inflammation, severe cardiopulmonary disease

Integration of rest into exercise

Rest and overalls for each exercising muscle group are dependent on the intensity and volume of exercise

Isokinetic regimens

Selection of training velocities, repetitions, sets, and rest, intensity

Duration

The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out

Alignment and muscle action

Proper alignment is determined by the direction of muscle fibers in the line of pull of the muscle to be strengthened

Stabilization

Refers to holding down a body segment or holding the body steady

Overwork

Refers to progressive deterioration of strength and muscle is already weekend by non-progressive neuromuscular disease

Frequency

Refers to the number of exercise sessions per day or per week

Purpose of rest intervals

Rest is a critical element of a resistance training program and is necessary to allow time for the body to recuperate from the acute effects of exercise associated with muscle fatigue or to offset adverse responses, such as exercise-induced, delayed-onset muscle soreness

Specific techniques with PNF

Rhythmic initiation, repeated contractions, reversal of antagonist, alternating isometrics, rhythmic stabilization

Intensity

Submaximal versus maximal exercise loads, initial exercise load and documentation of training affects

SAID principle

Suggests that a framework of specificity is a necessary foundation on which exercise program should be built

Muscle endurance

The ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time.

Alignment and gravity

The alignment or position of the patient or the limb with respect to gravity also might be important during some forms of resistance exercises, particularly if body weight or free weights are the source of resistance

Force-velocity relationship

The force-velocity relationship is different during Concentric and eccentric contractions

Close-chain

The peripheral segment meets the considerable external resistance

Exercise order

The sequence in which exercises are performed during an exercise session has an impact on muscle fatigue and adaptive training affects

Power training

The speed of movement is the variable that is most often manipulated

Volume

The summation of the total number of repetitions and set of a particular exercise during a single exercise session times the intensity of the exercise

Mode of exercise

Types of muscle contraction, position for exercise, forms of resistance, energy systems, range of movement

Overtraining

Used to describe a decline in physical performance and healthy individuals participating in hi-intensity, hi-volume strength and endurance training programs

Implementation of resistance exercises

Warm up, placement of resistance, direction of resistance, stabilization, intensity of exercise\amount of resistance, number of repetitions, sets, and rest intervals, verbal or written instructions, monitoring the patient, cooldown.

Muscle strength

A broad term that refers to the ability of contractile tissue to produce tension and the resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle.

Dynamic exercise

A dynamic muscle contraction causes joint movement and excursion of a body segment as the muscle contracts and shorten or lengthens under tension

Mechanical resistance exercise

A form of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus

Isokinetic

A form of dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening and the angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate-limiting device known as an isokinetic dynamometer

Variable resistance

A form of dynamic exercise, addresses the primary limitation of dynamic exercise against a constant external load

Concentric exercise

A form of dynamic muscle loading in which tension in a muscle develops in physical shortening of the muscle occurs as an extra in a force is overcome, as when lifting a weight

Overload principle

A guiding principle of exercise prescription that has been one of the foundations on which the use of resistance exercise to improve muscle performance is based

Isometric (static) exercise

A static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without an appreciable change in the length of the muscle and without visible joint motion

Strength training

A systematic procedure if a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads for a relatively low number of repetitions for over a short period of time.

Manual resistance exercise

A type of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is provided by the therapist for other health professionals

Specificity of training

A widely excepted concept suggesting that the adaptive affects of training, such as improvement of strength, power, and endurance, or highly specific to the training method employed.

Exercise-induced muscle soreness

Acute muscle soreness, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) pg 196-197 in book

Reversibility principle

Adaptive changes in the body systems, such as increased strength or endurance, in response to a resistance exercise program or transient unless training-induced improvements are regularly use for functional activities or unless an individual participates in a maintenance program for resistance exercises.

Muscle power

Another aspect of muscle performance, it's related to the strength and speed of movement and is defined as work produced by a muscle per unit of time.

Open-chain

Applies to completely unrestricted movement in the space of a peripheral segment of the body, as in waving the hand or swinging the leg

Transfer of training

Carryover of training affects from one variation of exercise or task to another.

Endurance training

Characterized by having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time

Balance of stability and active mobility

Control of the body during functional movement and the ability to perform functional tasks require a balance of active movement superimposed on a stable background of neuromuscular control

Cardiopulmonary fatigue

Decreased blood glucose levels, decrease glycogen stores in muscle and liver, depletion of potassium, especially in the elderly.

Muscle fatigue

Decreased energy stores, insufficient oxygen, reduce sensibility, and availability of intracellular calcium, reduced excitability.

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)

Diagonal patterns, manual contacts, maximum assistance, position and movement of the therapist, stretch

Constant resistance

Dynamic exercises against constant external resistance is a form of resistance training in which a limb moves through a ROM against a constant external loan

Factors that influence tension generation and normal skeletal muscle

Energy stores, blood supply, fatigue, age, and psychological and cognitive factors.

Intensity

Exercise in a resistance training program is the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

Equipment for resistance training

Free weights and simple wait-pulley systems, variable-resistance machines, elastic resistance devices, equipment for dynamic stabilization training, equipment for closed-chain training, reciprocal exercise equipment, isokinetic testing and training equipment

Balance of strength, power, and endurance

Functional tasks related to daily living, occupational, and recreational activities require many combinations of muscle strength, power, and endurance

Application of the overload principle

In a strength training program, the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased. For endurance training, more emphasis is placed on increasing the time of muscle contraction is sustained or the number of repetitions performed then on increasing resistance.

Hyperplasia

Increase in number of muscle fibers

Hypertrophy

Increase in size of muscle fibers

Neural adaptation

Increased neural stimulation and synchronization of firing (resistance training)

Eccentric exercise

Involves dynamic loading of a muscle beyond its force-producing capacity, causing physical lengthening of the muscle as it attempts to control the load, as when lowering a weight

To improve muscle strength

More weight and less reps

Types of fatigue

Muscle (local) fatigue and cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue.

Basic procedures with PNF patterns

Normal timing, traction, approximation, verbal commands, visual cues