chapter 6 resistance exercise for impaired mms
Task-specific movement patterns with resistance exercise
Applying for assistance during exercise and anatomical planes, diagonal patterns, and combine task-specific movement patterns should be integral component of a carefully progressed resistance exercise program
To improve muscle endurance
Less weight and more reps
Contraindications to resistance training
Pain, inflammation, severe cardiopulmonary disease
Integration of rest into exercise
Rest and overalls for each exercising muscle group are dependent on the intensity and volume of exercise
Isokinetic regimens
Selection of training velocities, repetitions, sets, and rest, intensity
Duration
The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out
Alignment and muscle action
Proper alignment is determined by the direction of muscle fibers in the line of pull of the muscle to be strengthened
Stabilization
Refers to holding down a body segment or holding the body steady
Overwork
Refers to progressive deterioration of strength and muscle is already weekend by non-progressive neuromuscular disease
Frequency
Refers to the number of exercise sessions per day or per week
Purpose of rest intervals
Rest is a critical element of a resistance training program and is necessary to allow time for the body to recuperate from the acute effects of exercise associated with muscle fatigue or to offset adverse responses, such as exercise-induced, delayed-onset muscle soreness
Specific techniques with PNF
Rhythmic initiation, repeated contractions, reversal of antagonist, alternating isometrics, rhythmic stabilization
Intensity
Submaximal versus maximal exercise loads, initial exercise load and documentation of training affects
SAID principle
Suggests that a framework of specificity is a necessary foundation on which exercise program should be built
Muscle endurance
The ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time.
Alignment and gravity
The alignment or position of the patient or the limb with respect to gravity also might be important during some forms of resistance exercises, particularly if body weight or free weights are the source of resistance
Force-velocity relationship
The force-velocity relationship is different during Concentric and eccentric contractions
Close-chain
The peripheral segment meets the considerable external resistance
Exercise order
The sequence in which exercises are performed during an exercise session has an impact on muscle fatigue and adaptive training affects
Power training
The speed of movement is the variable that is most often manipulated
Volume
The summation of the total number of repetitions and set of a particular exercise during a single exercise session times the intensity of the exercise
Mode of exercise
Types of muscle contraction, position for exercise, forms of resistance, energy systems, range of movement
Overtraining
Used to describe a decline in physical performance and healthy individuals participating in hi-intensity, hi-volume strength and endurance training programs
Implementation of resistance exercises
Warm up, placement of resistance, direction of resistance, stabilization, intensity of exercise\amount of resistance, number of repetitions, sets, and rest intervals, verbal or written instructions, monitoring the patient, cooldown.
Muscle strength
A broad term that refers to the ability of contractile tissue to produce tension and the resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle.
Dynamic exercise
A dynamic muscle contraction causes joint movement and excursion of a body segment as the muscle contracts and shorten or lengthens under tension
Mechanical resistance exercise
A form of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus
Isokinetic
A form of dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening and the angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate-limiting device known as an isokinetic dynamometer
Variable resistance
A form of dynamic exercise, addresses the primary limitation of dynamic exercise against a constant external load
Concentric exercise
A form of dynamic muscle loading in which tension in a muscle develops in physical shortening of the muscle occurs as an extra in a force is overcome, as when lifting a weight
Overload principle
A guiding principle of exercise prescription that has been one of the foundations on which the use of resistance exercise to improve muscle performance is based
Isometric (static) exercise
A static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without an appreciable change in the length of the muscle and without visible joint motion
Strength training
A systematic procedure if a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads for a relatively low number of repetitions for over a short period of time.
Manual resistance exercise
A type of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is provided by the therapist for other health professionals
Specificity of training
A widely excepted concept suggesting that the adaptive affects of training, such as improvement of strength, power, and endurance, or highly specific to the training method employed.
Exercise-induced muscle soreness
Acute muscle soreness, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) pg 196-197 in book
Reversibility principle
Adaptive changes in the body systems, such as increased strength or endurance, in response to a resistance exercise program or transient unless training-induced improvements are regularly use for functional activities or unless an individual participates in a maintenance program for resistance exercises.
Muscle power
Another aspect of muscle performance, it's related to the strength and speed of movement and is defined as work produced by a muscle per unit of time.
Open-chain
Applies to completely unrestricted movement in the space of a peripheral segment of the body, as in waving the hand or swinging the leg
Transfer of training
Carryover of training affects from one variation of exercise or task to another.
Endurance training
Characterized by having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time
Balance of stability and active mobility
Control of the body during functional movement and the ability to perform functional tasks require a balance of active movement superimposed on a stable background of neuromuscular control
Cardiopulmonary fatigue
Decreased blood glucose levels, decrease glycogen stores in muscle and liver, depletion of potassium, especially in the elderly.
Muscle fatigue
Decreased energy stores, insufficient oxygen, reduce sensibility, and availability of intracellular calcium, reduced excitability.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
Diagonal patterns, manual contacts, maximum assistance, position and movement of the therapist, stretch
Constant resistance
Dynamic exercises against constant external resistance is a form of resistance training in which a limb moves through a ROM against a constant external loan
Factors that influence tension generation and normal skeletal muscle
Energy stores, blood supply, fatigue, age, and psychological and cognitive factors.
Intensity
Exercise in a resistance training program is the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise
Equipment for resistance training
Free weights and simple wait-pulley systems, variable-resistance machines, elastic resistance devices, equipment for dynamic stabilization training, equipment for closed-chain training, reciprocal exercise equipment, isokinetic testing and training equipment
Balance of strength, power, and endurance
Functional tasks related to daily living, occupational, and recreational activities require many combinations of muscle strength, power, and endurance
Application of the overload principle
In a strength training program, the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased. For endurance training, more emphasis is placed on increasing the time of muscle contraction is sustained or the number of repetitions performed then on increasing resistance.
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of muscle fibers
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of muscle fibers
Neural adaptation
Increased neural stimulation and synchronization of firing (resistance training)
Eccentric exercise
Involves dynamic loading of a muscle beyond its force-producing capacity, causing physical lengthening of the muscle as it attempts to control the load, as when lowering a weight
To improve muscle strength
More weight and less reps
Types of fatigue
Muscle (local) fatigue and cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue.
Basic procedures with PNF patterns
Normal timing, traction, approximation, verbal commands, visual cues