Chapter 6 The Skeletal System

Fontanels

"Soft spots" in the cranium of a child that are not yet completely ossified.

Suture

Immovable joint in skull formed where skull bones fuse together.

Osteoblasts

New bone is constructed by...

Ax

Occipital

Osteoclasts

Old bone is destroyed by...

Appendicular

Major division of the skeleton that the pectoral and pelvic girdles belong to.

Ax

Mandible

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells.

Ax

Maxilla

Endosteum

Membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

Ap

Metacarpals

Ap

Metatarsals

Endochondral

Method of ossification that forms most bones.

Lacunae

Microscopic cavities in bone containing osteocytes.

Endosteum

Name given to the membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

Trabeculae

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone has latticeworks walls known as...

Ax

Sternum

Ap

Tarsals

Ax

Temporal

Epiphyseal plate

The "growth area" in bones where epiphyses joins diaphysis.

Diaphysis

The area of long bone containing the thickest layer of compact bone.

Articular cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis to reduce friction at joints.

Ap

Tibia

Periosteum

Tough sheath surrounding the bone. Contains bone forming cells. Protects. Assists in fracture repair. Attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

Osteoblast

Type of cell that builds bone tissue.

Ap

Ulna

Ax

Vertebrae

Compact

Very dense bone with no air spaces within.

Ax

Vomer

Cervicle

What are the neck vertebrae called?

Osteons

What are the units of structure in compact bone with little space between them?

Osteporosis

What bone disorder occurs when bone destruction outpaces bone formation due to the depletion of calcium?

Scoliosis

What condition results from a sideways bending of the vertebral column?

Short

What kind of bone is the carpus?

Long

What kind of bone is the humerus?

Flat

What kind of bone is the sternum?

Irregular

What kind of bone is the vertebra?

True

What name is given to the 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by means of costal cartilage.

Haversian canal

What name is given to the center of an osteon that carries blood vessels longitudinally through the bone?

Ossification

What name is given to the formation of bone?

Diaphysis

What name is given to the shaft of a bone?

Collagen

What substance in bone contributes to its tensile strength?

Spongy

What type of bone forms most of the epiphyses of long bones and consists of trabeculae that surround spaces filled with red bone marrow?

Hole, opening

When trying to locate a foramen in a bone, you would look for a...

Hyaline cartilage

Where long bones form joints, the epiphyses are covered with...

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Which 3 bones together from the pelvic girdle?

Femur

Which bone is the largest, strongest, and heaviest?

Mandible

Which bone is the only movable one in the skull?

Ax

Lacrimal

Functions of bone

1. Supports 2. Protects internal organs 3. Assists in movement 4. Mineral homeostasis (stores and releases minerals) 5. Produces blood cells (red bone marrow) 6. Triglyceride (fat) storage (yellow bone marrow)

Medullary cavity

A space in bone which contains marrow.

Hyaline

Articular cartilage is an example of this cartilage type.

More, lose, lose, decrease

As the skeletal system ages, bone become ________ brittle, ________ calcium, ________ mass, and _________ collagen fiber production.

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells that secrete collagen and other components.

Osteoporosis

Bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures.

Epiphyseal plate

Bone grows in length because of the activity of the...

Connective

Bone is an example of this major tissue type.

Connective tissue

Bone is made up of what kind of tissue?

Hyoid

Bone located under the jaw that does not articulate with any other bone.

Spongy

Bone that consists of trabeculae surrounding many red bone marrow filled spaces.

Spongy

Bone that contains numerous air spaces between cells.

Spongy

Bone that forms most of the epiphysis of long bones.

Spongy

Bone that makes up most of the short, flat, irregular bones.

Matrix

Bone tissue consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of...

Spongy

Bone where red bone marrow is at (site of blood cell production).

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Short

Bones somewhat cube shaped (wrist, ankle bones).

Flat

Bones that are very thin (Cranial bones, ribs, shoulder blade).

Irregular

Bones that have complex shapes (vertebrae, facial bones).

Long

Bones that have greater length than width (tibia, humerus). Knob-like structures on end.

Haversian canal

Canal that contains blood vessels; runs longitudinally through the bone.

Ap

Carpals

Osteogenic

Cells in the periosteum that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteogenic

Cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Cells that form bone.

Ap

Clavicle

Maxillae

Cleft palate occurs when this bone fails to unite.

Osteons

Compact bone consists of these units, which are also known as haversian systems.

True

Compact bone has little space in between.

Diaphysis

Compact bone makes up the bulk of the...

True

Compact bone provides protection and support.

Lighter, less, smaller, wider and shallower

Compared to a male skeleton, bones of a female are ____________, have ________ prominent markings for muscle attachment, have _________ articular ends, and have a pelvis that is __________ and ___________.

Lamellae

Concentric rings of matrix.

Canaliculi

Connect central canals with lacunae.

Canaliculi

Connect central canals with the lacunae.

Volksmanns canal

Connect nutrient arteries and nerves from the periosteum to the central canals.

Ax

Coxal

Sphenoid

Cranial bone that has a shape that resembles a bat.

Ax

Ethmoid

Ap

Femur

Ap

Fibula

Ax

Frontal

Cranial

Group of bones that the temporal bone belongs to.

Osteoclasts

Huge cells that digest the matrix of the bone; needed for growth and repair.

Ap

Humerus

Ax

Hyoid

Hyaline

In a typical long bone, what type of cartilage is the articular cartilage composed of?

Lamellae

In an osteon, what name is given to the rings of hard, calcified matrix that surround the central canal?

Canaliculi

In an osteon, what name is given to the tiny channels connecting the central canal to the lacunae?

Ax

Inferior nasal concha

Osteoclasts

Involved in bone resorption.

Intramembranous

Ossification in which bone forms directly within membrane-like sheets.

Endochondral

Ossification in which bone forms within hyaline cartilage. Most bones of the body are formed this way.

Ax

Palatine

Matrix

Part of bone that contains water, collagen, and minerals like calcium.

Ap

Patella

25%

Percentage of collagen for flexibility and tensile strength in extracellular matrix of bone.

50%

Percentage of crystallized mineral salts for hardness in extracellular matrix of bone.

25%

Percentage of water in extracellular matrix of bone.

Ap

Phalanges

Epiphyseal plate

Place where bone growth occurs in a long bone.

Ossification

Process by which bone forms.

Ap

Radius

Metaphysis

Region of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Metaphysis

Region where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis.

Ax

Ribs

Lamellae

Rings of bony tissue filled with minerals and surrounding the Haversian canal.

Lamellae

Rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix.

Haversian canal

Runs lengthwise through the bone.

Ap

Scapula

Conchae

Scroll-like bones in the nasal cavity whose job is to filter air before it gets to the lungs.

Chondroblasts

Secrete cartilage matrix.

Canaliculi

Small channels connecting lacunae with each other.

Medullary cavity

Space in the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue).

Lacunae

Spaces in compact bone that contain osteocytes.

Lacunae

Spaces that contain osteocytes.

Ax

Sphenoid

Diaphysis

The bone's shaft or body. Long, cylindrical, main portion of bone.

Long

The bones of thighs, forearms, and fingers are classified as what type of bone?

Clavicle and scapula

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the...

Haversian canal

The center of an osteon which carries blood vessels longitudinally through bone.

Bone remodeling

The constant replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

Epiphysis

The distal and proximal ends of the bone.

Epiphysis

The enlarged ends of a long bone.

Foramen magnum

The hole in occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

True

The hyoid bone is unique because it does not articulate with any other bone.

Parathyroid

The main hormone that regulates the Ca2+ balance between bone and blood is the...

Periosteum

The membranous outer covering of a long bone.

Endochondral

The method of ossification forming most bones.

Matrix

The mineral part of bone.

Facial

The nasal bone, maxilla, and mandible are part of what group of bones?

False

The presence of an epiphyseal line a long bone indicates that the bone is still capable of growing in length.

Flat

The ribs and cranial bones are classified as what type of bone?

Thoracic vertebrae

The ribs articulate with the...

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Haversian system

The unit of structure in compact bone.

Diaphysis, fat

Yellow bone marrow is located in the __________ of a bone and consists mainly of _______.