Chapter 6 through 9 Post and Pre Test
In most cases the cause of a learning disability can be identified.
False
Deficits in reading are thought to result in all of the following EXCEPT
contribute to an interest in reading
Assistance provided by government social programs, habilitation services, or advocacy groups
formal supports
Students with ADHD are typically placed in
the general education classroom
Individuals with moderate intellectual disability have an approximate measured IQ of
40-55
ADHD is believed to affect anywhere from ____ to ____ percent of the school-age population
5;11
A specialist in neurology, hypothesized that language disorders in children were due to the absence of cerebral dominance.
Sameul Orton
Adolescents with learning disabilities frequently have a history of all EXCEP
interacting appropriately with peers
A condition characterized by a loss of confidence in one's own capabilities and a reliance on others for cues and guidance.
outer-directedness
A maternal infection resulting from contact with parasites and especially devastating if exposure occurs during third trimester of pregnancy.
toxoplasmosis
Classification of a person with a moderate intellectual disability who is capable of learning self-care and social skills. IQ range is generally between 35-40 and 50-55.
trainable mentally retarded (TMR)
The Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) Strategies stipulate that students move across three phases to support problem solving. Which of the following is NOT one of the phases?
Comprehension phase: use reading strategies to understand a problem
Providing prompts to a student just before a desired behavior is expected is the
Cuing Principle
A learning disability may exist without significant impairments in academic achievement.
False
A student identified as gifted cannot also be identified as emotional or behavioral disordered.
False
Autism is included in the category of emotional disturbance.
False
Children and youth with emotional or behavioral disorders do not have the capacity to learn.
False
IDEA defines attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a neurodevelopmental disorder portrayed as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.
False
Individuals with learning disabilities tend to be actively involved or engaged in their own learning.
False
Students with ADHD are outgoing and make friends easily.
False
Teachers should avoid reporting suspicions of child maltreatment to law enforcement or social service agencies.
False
The Greek and Roman societies were highly advanced and civilized in their treatment of infants with disabilities.
False
The federal interpretation of learning disabilities is useful for classifying children and providing information on how to instruct these pupils.
False
An educator who worked at the laboratory school at the University of California and established a clinic for children who were experiencing significant learning difficulties despite their normal intellect.
Grace Fernald
This individual perfected various remedial reading and spelling programs including a visual-auditory-kinesthetic-tactile approach to learning.
Grace Fernald
According to this system, individuals are classified into one of the four levels of intellectual disability—mild, moderate, severe, or profound.
Intellectual Deficits
Allowing the pupil to observe a prestigious person engaging in a desired behavior is called
Modeling Principle
Allowing the student to engage in a favored activity immediately following the occurrence of the desire behavior is referred to as
Premack Principle
A condition that results when a woman who is Rh negative carries an Rh positive fetus. Mother's body will produce antibodies that can affect babies resulting from future pregnancies and often leads to intellectual disabilities and other impairments if mother does not receive an injection of Rho immune globulin.
Rh incompatibility
Examples of chromosomal abnormalities include all of the following EXCEPT
Tay-Sachs disease
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders of childhood but often continues into adolescence and adulthood.
True
Encouraging students with ADHD to have a notebook with dividers and folders for work is an example of an organization planning accommodation.
True
Hereditary factors are believed to account for a large percentage of hyperactive-impulsive behavior.
True
Hyperactive behavior is thought to be due to abnormalities in the cerebellum and/or basal ganglia.
True
Individuals who are gifted and talented are frequently diagnosed with ADHD.
True
It has been noted in research that reading and spelling deficits are substantially inherited.
True
Left untreated, students with emotional or behavioral disorders are at high risk for academic failure, school dropout, or other negative long-term outcomes.
True
Punishment is generally regarded as an ineffective and unproductive behavior reduction strategy.
True
Researchers have noted that learning problems can often be remedied by exposure to individualized and highly-quality instructional practices.
True
The goal of the schoolwide intervention team at the primary prevention level of the Positive Behavior Support model is to reduce the number of new cases of problem behaviors schoolwide.
True
The most common way of determining an individual's cognitive ability is through an IQ or intelligence test.
True
The origins of the field of learning disabilities are international, multicultural, and multidisciplinary.
True
ADHD is best described as
a lifelong struggle
Environmental factors that may result in conditions conducive to the development of conduct disorders include all of the following EXCEPT
a nurturing relationship with at least one parent
Providing additional reading time; use of previewing strategies and selecting text with less on a page are examples of ______________ accommodations.
academic skills
Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescents with ADHD?
academic success
The medical literature used the term ____ when describing injury or damage to the central nervous system that originates outside the person and results in learning disorders.
acquired trauma
A diagnostic medical procedure performed to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in a fetus.
amniocentesis
Cranial malformation; large part of the brain fails to develop.
anencephaly
Loss of or inadequate supply of oxygen associated with birth process and frequently resulting in brain damage.
anoxia
A plan required by federal law for students with disabilities who exhibit problematic behavior and a proactive intervention approach that includes the use of positive behavior supports.
behavioral intervention plan
Fetus exits the birth canal buttocks first rather than typical headfirst presentation
breech presentation
The IDEA 2004 definition of emotional disturbance includes all of the following except
children who are socially maladjusted
A diagnostic medical procedure used to detect a variety of chromosomal abnormalities and usually conducted in the first trimester of pregnancy.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A common psychiatric disorder among children and youth characterized by disruptive and aggressive behavior as well as other actions that violate societal rules.
conduct disorder
This dimension of problem behaviors is characterized by physical aggression, difficulty controlling anger, open disobedience, and oppositionality.
conduct disorder
Characteristics of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include all except
consistently has items necessary for task completion
Instructional aides designed to assist pupils in understanding major concepts, ideas, and vocabulary in a way that aids the acquisition, organization, and recall of the material.
content enhancement
An assessment procedure in which a student's performance is compared to a particular level of mastery.
criterion-referenced assessment
A common virus that is part of the herpes group, and if initial exposure occurs during pregnancy, the result often is severe damage to the fetus.
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
The daily demands encountered in high school often make it extremely difficult for adolescents with learning disabilities. Which of the following is not a challenge for adolescents with learning disabilities?
demonstrating knowledge verablly
Social problems and emotional difficulties experienced by students with ADHD include all EXCEPT:
diminished self-confidence contributing to high self-esteem
______ focuses on the characteristics or components of the task or concept to be learned.
direct instruction
In regard to learning disabilities, the difference between the student's actual academic performance and his or her estimated ability.
discrepancy
The 1977 federal interpretation specifies that a learning disability cannot be due primarily to all of the following EXCEPT
discrepancy between IQ and achievement
The absence of symptoms of ADHD when the individual is evaluated in a structured environment such as a physician's office is referred to as
doctors office effect
Difficulty in understanding the relationship between sounds and letters refers to
dyslexia
A term frequently used when describing the cause of a disability is
etiology
In regard to learning disabilities, the elimination of possible etiological factors to explain a pupil's difficulty in learning.
exclusionary clause
Internal regulation of one's behavior through control of emotions, inner speech working memory, arousal levels, and motivation. Considered impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
executive functions
Supports characterized by regular involvement in at least some environments and not time-limited.
extensive
Edouard Seguin is considered the "Father of Special Education" because of his work with Victor, the "wild boy of Aveyron."
false
A method for assessing the degree to which a particular characteristic is inherited; and the tendency for certain conditions to occur in a single family is referred to as
family study
Results from mother's consumption of alcohol while pregnant, and mild to moderate intellectual disability is common along with physical deformities.
fetal alcohol syndrom
A behavioral strategy that seeks to determine the purpose or function that a particular behavior serves.
functional behavioral assessment
Characteristics of individuals identified as having a conduct disorder include all of the following EXCEPT
hallucinations
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an unsuccessful adult?
have and use supports
A condition in which the head is unusually large due to accumulation of excessive cerebrospinal fluid, and brain damage often minimized by surgically implanting a shunt to remove excess fluid.
hydrocephalus
A historical term commonly used to describe youngsters who exhibit impulsivity, inattention, and/or hyperactivity.
hyperactive child syndrome
Characteristically, students with ADHD fidget, squirm, and cannot sit still. This behavior is considered to apply to which of the following components of ADHD?
hyperactivity
Insufficient amount of oxygen to the brain; and can cause brain damage
hypoxia
The process of completing a functional behavior assessment involves the following procedures with the EXCEPTION of
identifying antecedents and consequences of the behavior by interviewing the student
Characteristically, students with ADHD often interrupt or intrude on others. This behavior is considered to apply to which of the following components of ADHD?
impulsivity
Characteristically, students with ADHD do not seem to listen when directly spoken to. This behavior is considered to apply to which of the following components of ADHD?
inattention
The historical phases or periods of learning disabilities include all EXCEPT
inclusion
William Cruickshank made all of the following educational recommendations for students who today would likely be recognized as exhibiting ADHD EXCEPT
increasing time on task
A long-standing and popular classification scheme among psychologists and educators and it is based on the severity of intellectual impairments.
intellectual deficits
Which of the following is not a component of the IDEA and Learning Disabilities Association of America definitions of specific learning disabilities?
intellectual functioning in below average range
Teaching pupils the cognitive skills needed to avoid and resolve interpersonal conflicts, peer pressure, and ways of coping with stress and their own feelings.
interpesonal problem solving
Which of the following language impairments does not contribute to the challenging and disruptive behaviors common in some students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
lack of vocabulary
Research has discounted many environmental explanations for ADHD including all of the following EXCEPT
lead poisioning
A lack of persistence at tasks that can be mastered; a tendency to expect failure.
learned helplessness
Instructional methodologies focusing on teaching students how to learn; designed to assist students in becoming more actively engaged and involved in their own learning.
learning strategy
Supports characterized by consistency over time and time-limited.
limited
Students with emotional or behavioral disorders typically score in the _____________ range on measures of intelligence.
low average
A condition in which the head is unusually small, leading to inadequate development of the brain and resulting in intellectual disabilities.
microcephaly
A cognitive approach used to assist pupils in remembering material; the use of rhymes, pictures, acronyms, and similar aids to help in recall.
mnemonic strategies
Memory tools for helping students recall facts and relationships.
mnemonic strategy
"Allow student to stand at times while working" is an example of an accommodation or strategy that teachers may use to adapt to the needs of students with ADHD. As stated, the accommodation addresses which area of difficulty encountered by the individual with ADHD?
motor activity
Dimension of problem behaviors characterized by overactivity, including restlessness, tension, and "jumpiness."
motor tension excess
Assistance rendered by family members, friends, teachers, and coworkers.
natural supports
A principle advocating that individuals with disabilities should be integrated, to the maximum extent possible, into all aspects of everyday living.
normalization
Trauma caused by medical instruments such as forceps occurs during
perinatal period
Useful when developing a student's individualized education program and it creates a vision for pupil's future based on an analysis of his or her strengths, needs, and preferences.
person-centered planning
An inherited metabolic disorder resulting from the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; can be detected at birth and controlled by diet; and left untreated, consequences are often severe.
phenylektonuria (PKU)
Difficulty in recognizing the correspondence between specific sounds and certain letters that make up words refers to
phonological awareness
Head injury resulting from falls or accidents occur during
postnatal period
Birth that occurs in less than two hours.
precipitous birth
Individuals with an approximate measured IQ of under 25 are considered to have a
profound intellectual disability
Drugs that activate or enhance specific aspects of neurological functioning that in turn affect executive functions are referred to as which type of drug?
psychostimulants
The goal of this level of behavior management is to reduce inappropriate behaviors through the use of reprimands, corporal punishment, expulsion, etc.
punishment
All of the following are characteristics of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) EXCEPT
quiet, does not talk much
The behavioral deterioration sometimes observed in persons with ADHD as the effect of psychostimulant medication gradually wears off.
rebound effect
Taking away iPad privileges when a student hits another child would be considered a(an) ________ principle for decreasing or extinguishing undesired behavior.
response cost
A strategy whereby a student is exposed to increasing levels of validated instructional intervention used for determining whether a pupil has a learning disability
response to intervention
The presence of emotional or behavioral disorders in children is an accurate predictor of all of the following EXCEPT
school success
All of the following are characteristics of successful adults with learning disabilities EXCEPT
seek and promote dependent relationships
A strategy whereby students initially talk to themselves out loud while performing a task.
self-Instruction
The act of administering a reinforce to oneself is referred to as
self-administration of reinforcement
Deciding if the behavior has occurred, through some form of self-questioning activity refers to
self-assessment
Setting a criterion for success and selecting a reinforce from a menu of reinforcers.
self-determination of reinforcement
A behavioral self-control strategy; pupils compare their performance to a criterion, record their efforts, and obtain reinforcement if appropriate.
self-monitoring strategies
Looking at one's own behavior, given a predetermined criterion refers to
self-orbservation
Recording the decision made during self-assessment on a private recording form refers to
self-recording
Using direct instruction to teach students appropriate social behaviors is referred to as
social skills training
Problem behavior that includes behaviors similar to conduct disorders except that children and youth display these behaviors (stealing and substance abuse in the company of others, truancy from school, gang membership, etc.) in the company of others.
socialized aggression
An assessment model that looks at an individual's strengths, abilities, and accomplishments rather than focusing on his or her deficits.
strength-based assessment
A venereal disease; infection of the mother in the last trimester of pregnancy can cause intellectual disabilities in the child.
syphilis
_____ assumes that intellectual disability is a consequence of a disease process or biological defect.
the etiological perepctive
A proactive intervention strategy that attempts to maximize student engagement time and appropriately schedule class activities in addition to instruction in time management skills.
time management
The regulating of students as they move from one assignment to another or from one activity to another and a proactive behavioral intervention strategy.
transition management
While the precise cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is unknown, researchers are exploring several possibilities including all EXCEPT
traumatic brain injuries
Adaptive behavior is seen as "the degree to which, and the efficiency with which, the individual meets the standards of maturation, learning, personal independence, and/or social responsibility that are expected for his/her age level and cultural group.
true
Adaptive behavior refers to an individual's ability to meet the social requirements of his or her community that are appropriate for his or her chronological age; it is an indication of independence and social competency.
true
King Henry II of England enacted a policy in the twelfth century whereby "natural fools" became the king's wards.
true
The first public school class for "slow learning" youngsters was formed in Providence, Rhode Island.
true
Person-centered planning is best described as
useful when developing a student's individualized education program
Students with ADHD can benefit from all of the assistive technologies EXCEPT
video games during instruction