Chapter 7
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.
Availability heuristic
Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
Dysgraphia
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
`lexicon
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
analytical
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.
artificial
Event schemas are difficult to change because they are ________
automatic
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
concepts
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
confirmation
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
The fact that English dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.
grammar
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________
natural; artificial
Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?
patriotism
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
phoneme
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way
role
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory
cognition
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
creative
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence
fluid
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
A(n) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.
functional fixedness
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.
interpersonal; intrapersonal
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
language
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
Schemas are a(an) ________.
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
one piece of information versus all of the information
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
practical
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.
prototype
Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
What is the Flynn effect?
The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________
analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________
experiences