Radiographic image analysis chapter 1 and 2

What is the location on a histogram graph of soft tissue

Center

Elongation occurs in all of the following situations except when

Central ray and I are are perpendicular and the part is angled

A post processing manipulation that can be added to digital projection as a means of helping the viewer to better evaluate contrast resolution in the selected area is

Contrast mask

What is the location on a histogram graph of background brightness

Far right

When is essential right angle, the structure situated —— is projected the most

Farther away from the IR

Which of the following patients conditions demonstrates Low subject contrast

Fluid retention caused by disease

All of the following are true about histogram analysis errors except

Fog values outside exposure field, but include the VOR, do not cause widening of the histogram

If a projection does not differentiate the densest and thickest structures in the VOI, adjusting the —— is necessitated

kVp

To the following technical factors is primarily Used to regulate contrast

kVp

Which technical factor Listed below is primarily used to regulate density?

mAs

What is the technical adjustment required with a trauma device of a wood backboard?

+ 5kVp or 25-30% mAs

What technical adjustment is required with the patient condition of pleural effusion?

+35% mAs

What is the technical and just not required with the postmortem image of the head, thorax, and abdomen?

+35%-50% mAs

What is the technical adjustment required with a trauma device of a small to medium plaster cast?

+5-7kVp or 50% to 60% mAs

What is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of ascites

+50% mAs

And image demonstrating motion in adequate density was obtained using 100 mA at 0.5 seconds. If the time is changed to 0.25 seconds what mA should be used to maintain density?

200 mA

The author diverge beams of a perpendicular CR will affect structures in the same manner as an angled CR. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship? 1. At a 40 inch S ID the divergent of the x-rays is 1° for every inch off Saturday in any direction from the CR 2. At a 48 inch S ID for being divergence is off centered about 2° for every inch in any direction from the CR 3. At a 40 inch SID that I versions of the x-rays is 2° for every inch off Center in any direction from the CR 4. A 72 inch SAG the beam divergence is off Centered about 1° for every inch

3 and 4 only

In what order should the following task be performed during a trauma examination? 1. Obtain required projections 2. Return the patient 3. Disinfect the equipment, IRs and positioning devices 4. Determine the projections that will be needed 5. Gather and organize equipment, IOR and positioning devices and other supplies 6. Process in evaluate the projections 7. Determine Patient mobility alertness and ability to follow request

4,5,7,1,6,2,3

What is the marker placement for the projection of lateral vertebrae

Anteriorly identifying the side position closer to the IR

What is the marker placement of the projection of lateral hand

Anywhere within the exposure field

What is the technical adjustment required with soft tissue demonstration of a foreign object

-15 - 20 kVp

What is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of emphysema

-8 kVp

What is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of osteoporosis

-8 kVp

Quantum noise can affect edge discrimination and contrast resolution. The only way to decrease quantum noise is to increase the eye our exposure by: 1. Increasing kV 2. Increasing mAs 3. Decreasing kV 4. Decreasing mAs

1 and 2 only

Technical considerations for abdominal imaging of obese patients include all of the following except 1. Increasing the kV will increase the potential ability of the photons 2. Increasing KV will increase the amount of scatter radiation directed toward the IR 3. mAs should be double for every 2 cm of added tissue 4. kV he should be increased by two for every 2 cm of added tissue

1 and 2 only

The quality of spatial resolution of a digital imaging system is mainly defined by : 1. The size of a matrix 2. The size of the pixel within the matrix 3. The spatial frequency 4. Lance pairs per millimeter (lp/mm)

1 and 2 only

To correctly mark across table lateral hip projection: 1. Place the marker anteriorly to prevent it from obscuring posterior structures . 2. Place the marker to indicate the side closest to the IR 3. Place a marker toward the edge of the IR outside of the exposure field 4. Include an arrow to indicate the sad positioned away from the table or cart.

1 and 2 only

Collimation guidelines include all of the following except for : 1. Chest and abdomen projections collimate within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the patient's skin line 2. Extremity projections Colome within 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) of the skin line of the thickest VOI 3. Chest and abdomen projections call me within 0.50 inches (1.25 cm) of the IR edge. 4. Collimating structures within the torso bring the collimated borders to within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the VOI.

1 and 3

All of the following statements are true except: 1. The movement of the image histogram, left to right, will adjust image brightness 2. The movie over image histogram, left to right, will adjust the gray scale 3. Changing the shape of the histogram will affect image contrast 4. Changing the shape of the histogram I change the subject contrast

1 and 3 only

Examples of artifacts that must be excepted include all the following except 1. Pacemakers 2. Dental bridges 3. Pleural drainage tube secured with safety pins 4. Endotracheal tubes 5. Heart monitoring lines

1 and 4 only

Which of the following is true about image markers 1. They are radiopaque 2. They should be reversed before being placed on the IR. 3. They should be positioned as close to the median plane as possible. 4. They will be magnified is positioned on the imaging table or patient

1 and 4 only

In a cassette less imaging system: 1. The correct examination is chosen before The exposure 2. Thin film transistors collect the electrical charge created in the LUT 3. Thin film transistors contain detector elements

1 only

Gonadal shielding is recommended in which of the following situations? 1. When the girl nerds are within 2 inches( 5 cm) of the primary x-ray beam 2. If the patient is of reproductive age 3. When they go natural she'll does not cover the VOI 4. When any radiosensitive cells are in the primary beam

1, 2 , and 3 only

The following statements with regard to the spatial resolution in a DR system are true except : 1. DR systems have spatial regulations capabilities of approximately 3.7 LP/MM 2. Spatial resolution is affected by the size of the DEL's and the spacing between them 3. Changing the size of the exposure field (collimation) does not affect spatial resolution 4. As the DEL's Become larger the spatial resolution capability increases

1, 2 and 3 only

Diagnostic imaging professionals have a responsibility to adhere to effective radiation protection practices for which of the following reasons? 1. The risk of cancer from radiological examination accumulates over a lifetime 2. To limit the risk of non-Stochastic effects to a reasonable level compared to the non-radiation risk and in relation to societies needs benefits gained and economic factors 3. Good patient care Standards dictate the use of effective radiation protection practice 4. Continually evaluating one's radiation protection guidelines for diagnostic radiology assume every linear or non-threshold, dose- risk relationship

1, 2 and 4 only

Effective radiation protection practices include all of the following except : 1. Effective communication and immobilization devices 2. Maintaining minimum source of skin distances (SSD) 3. Oscillating grids in contact shields 4. Collimation and minimizing technical factors

1, 2 and 4 only

Minimizing size distortion is accomplished by which of the following: 1. Using the longest feasible SID 2. Using the shortest possible OID 3. Decreasing the angle of the CR 4. Placing the part as close to the IR as possible

1, 2 and 4 only

To demonstrate long bones with the least amount of distortion and obtain optimal anatomical alignment 1. A line the CR perpendicular to the IR in the long axis of the long bone 2. Align the IR parallel to the long axis of the bone 3. Use the law of Isometric when the long bone is parallel to the IR 4. Use the law of isometry to minimize foreshortening

1, 2 and 4 only

A rotating collimator head: 1. Can be rotated without rotating the entire tube column on DR systems. 2. Does not affect the alignment of the beam with the grid 3. Allows the technologist to increase collimating on projections when the longitudinal or transverse axis of the IR 4. Should be avoided when using computed radiography because it may affect the exposure field recognition process.

1, 2, 3 and 4

To properly display extremity projections, display: 1. Finger wrist and forearm projections as if the patient were hanging from the fingertips 2. Elbow in humeral projections as if they were hanging from the patient shoulder 3. Toe and AP and PA oblique foot projections as if the patient were hanging from the toes 4. Lateral foot, ankle , lower leg and femur projections as if the were hanging from the patients hip

1, 2, 3, and 4

Appropriate scatter radiation control methods include which of the following 1. Tight collimating 2. Lead masking at the edge of the exposure field 3. Apporiate use of a grid 4. Lower kV 5. Using an air gap method

1, 2, 3, and 4 only

The greatest detail sharpness is obtained by using: 1. A small focal spot 2. The longest SID 3. The smallest OID 4. Longer exposure times

1, 2, and 3

All of the following statements about display station are true except: 1. If the digital system matrix is a smaller than the display stations matrix as the value of surrounding pixel will be average to display the whole image . 2. To display images at full resolution display monitor must be able to display the same number of pixels as Those at which the digital system acquired the image 3. Display station resolution refers to the maximum number of pixels that the screen can demonstrate 4. The technologist workstation display monitors typically demonstrate resolution as high as that of the radiologist display monitor

1, 2, and 3 only

An exposure recognition field algorithm is applied to the image data to: 1. Distinguish the gray shade values inside the exposure field for those on the outside 2. Ensure the histogram has the correct shape 3. Identify the volume of interest before rescaling 4. Identify the volume of interest after rescaling 5. Reshape the histogram

1, 2, and 3 only

And image analysis form : 1. Provide a systematic approach to evaluate a projection for positioning and technical accuracy 2. A structured pattern for use in a stressful situation 3. Will determine whether the projection is optimal acceptable or needs repeating 4. It is used to verify validity of the order and indication

1, 2, and 3 only

Placing a marker directly on the table top 1. Avoid marker distortion and magnification 2. Prevent scatter radiation from under cutting the marker 3. Ensures the marker will not be projected off the IR 4. Attenuates most but not all of incident x-rays

1, 2, and 3 only

When displaying images acquired on a direct - indirect capture digital radiography system (DR) which of the following statements are true? 1. Patient orientation must be considered 2. Diagonally obtain projections will be displayed vertically 3. IR orientation must be considered 4. The correct examination must be selected before exposing the IR .

1, 3 ,and 4 only

Underexposed projections that require repeating are identified by all of the following except: 1. Quantum noise is present 2. The VOI demonstrates a loss of a contrast resolution 3. The EI number indicates less than optimal exposure and no histogram error has occurred 4. The overall image is gray

1,2 and 3

Good collimating practices result in which of the following? 1. Reduces histogram analysis errors 2. Clearly delineates the VOI 3. Improve the visibility of recorded details by reducing the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the IR 4. Decreases the radiation dosage by limiting the amount of scatter from the patient

1,2, and 3 only

Technologist can assist the exposure field recognition process with making multiple exposures on the IR by 1. Masking the unused portion of the IR with lead sheets 2. Ensuring the body part is centered within each exposure field 3. Increasing the distance between exposure fieldS 4. Maintaining Equidistance and keeping collimation parallel with the edge of the IR

1,2,3 and 4

Two structures are 4.5 inches apart and out of super imposition 2.5 inches. To bring them into super imposition, the CR should be and angled —- degrees

20

When imaging long bones which of the following is a correct statement? 1. Choose a large enough IR are so that one or both joints are included on the projection. 2. Extend the collimation field so it extends 1 to 2 inches (2.5 cm to 5 cm) be on the joint spaces as required. 3. Histogram errors make her if the system algorithm does not recognize a diagonal exposure field 4. Alana long bone parallel to the IR to prevent a histogram analysis Error.

1,2,3 and 4

The patient's knee is unable to extend Fully for an AP lower leg projection, causing the lower like to be at a 20° angle with the IR. The projection should be obtained with a —- degrees central ray angle and —- Degree lower leg to IR table

10, 10

Two structure are 2.5 inches apart and out of super imposition of 1.5 inches. To bring them into super imposition, the CR should be angled —- degrees

15

Percentage of KVP adjustment devils the density on an image?

15%

Best practice guidelines for the use of automatic exposure control include all of the following except: 1. Set the optimum kV for the body part 2. Set the backup timer to 150% to 200% of the expected manual exposure 3. Set the highest MA station for the focal spot size needed 4. Wide collimation will insure IR coverage

2 and 3 only

The anode Hill effect 1. Should be considered when the structure of interest is more than 43 inches long 2. Is a variation in photon intensity across the exposure field 3. Occurs because the heel of the anode absorbs more photons than the toe 4. Is best used with the thinner body toward the cathode

2 and 3 only

Exposure indicators 1. Are used to create a histogram 2. Denote the quantity of photons that strike the IR 3. Are used to determine dose to the patient 4. Are displayed on the digital image

2 and 4 only

To shield the female gonads properly : 1. Use a flat contacts shield made of at least 0.5 mm of lead 2. Use a flat contact short cut to the shape of the inlet pelvis 3. The dimensions of the shield use are determined by the OID and SID and by the size of the patients pelvis. 4. The entire inlet pelvis should be shielded

2, 3 , and 4 only

The processor the face and 80 foot projection obtain a 50 KDP at 30 mAs. Before repeating the projection the technologist notice that the image was slightly over exposed at the area of interest. It was too dark enough to cause it to the knead repeating. What is the new technique should the technology is used when she repeats the image

50 KVP at 21 mAs

The patient stepped on a needle Left in the carpet. Because only half the Needle has been located in the patient has pain in the foot with a needle penetrated, it is suspected that the other half of the needle is still in the patients foot. Is the average technique for a lateral foot projection is 60 KVP at 75 mAs what is the new technique should be used for the situation?

51KVP at 75 mAs

An AP adamant projection was obtained using 85K PA at 10 mass. The resulting image demonstrated excessively low contrast, all of the density what is acceptable. What new technique could be used to obtain theProjection with equal density but higher contrast

72KVP at 20 mAs

Total saturation is seen when ——- The ideal I are exposure is reached

8 to 10 times

Which of the following CR cassette sizes will provide the great recorded detail

8x10 inch

The light collected and converted to an electrical signal by the photomultiplier tube (PMT) during CR image sampling isn't sent to the ——- to be digitized

ADC ( analog-to-converter)

What is the grid cut off that occurs if the central rate is angled towards the grid led strips

Across the entire image, but is more noticeable on one side

All of the following statements with regard to an English CR or divergent beams used to record an object are true except

Angling the CR will not affect how the anatomical structures will appear on a projection

When is the examination or body parts selected when using the DR system

Before the radiation exposure

Which of the following patient condition demonstrates high subject contrast

Dense bones

Which of the following patient conditions demonstrate high subject contrast

Dense tumors

The most common shape distortion is

Elongation

The amount of light produce in each pixel in the matrix—— to the amount of energy that was ——- in that area of the IP during the acquisition process

Equivalent and stored

Histogram analysis errors for digital systems include all of the following except

Exposure of less than 30% of the IR

At what level is the exposure indicator reading taken on the VOI

Halfway between S1 and S2

Which of the following patient condition demonstrates low subject contrast

High fat content

Which of the following patient conditions demonstrate low subject contrast

High fat content

Three images were obtained on the same structure with the computer the radiography system. Image one was obtained using a 48 inch source image receptor distance (SID) and a 5 inch object image receptor distance (OID). Image to was obtain using a 48 inch(SID) and a 3 inch (OID) and image three was obtained with a 40 inch SID and a 3 inch 0ID and a larger IR. Which image would demonstrate the greatest size distortion?

Image 1

Three images were obtained on the same structure with the computed radiography system. Image one was obtain using a 48 inch source image receptor distance (SID) and a 5 inch object image receptor distance (OID) image to was a chain using a 48 inch SID in a 3 inch OD and immature he was obtained with a 48 inch SID the 3 inch OID and a larger IR. Which image would demonstrate the sharpest recorded detail?

Image 2

The medial and lateral for moral condyle's are not superimposed on the lateral knee projection. The larger lateral condyle is 1 inch (2.5 cm) anterior to the medial condyle. The best way to correct this error is to :

Increase the CR angle to accommodate for the larger condyle

What is the marker placement for the projection of PA oblique vertebrae

Laterally identifying the side situated closer to the IR

What is the market place mat for the PA projection cranium

Laterally on the side being identified

What is the location on a histogram graph of bone

Left

What is the location on a histogram graph of contrast/metal

Left

Which of the following is not part of the electronic components located in the DEL

Matrix

The exposure indicator number represent all the following except

Measure of dose to the patient

All of the following may result in histogram analysis errors except

Motion

If the image histogram is wider than the LUT's histogram, all of the following are true except the algorithm would

Narrow the histogram

Anatomical relationships are affected by: 1. Varying degrees of patient of liquidy and flexion 2. Off centering 3. Geometrical factors of magnification elongation, and foreshortening 4.Similar structures of shape and size

None of the above

Which of the following patient condition demonstrates low subject contrast

Obesity

How many shades of gray can each pixel in a digital matrix display

One

Saturation indicates

Overexposed of the IR

Additive disease processes that would require at least a 35% increase in MA include all of the following except

Paget's disease

For an open joint base to be obtain the central ray must be aligned ——— to the joint

Parallel

APHS projection was obtained using a grid with a recommended 40 inch focal range with a 72 inch SID. Where would the great cut off be demonstrated on the projection

Peripherally

When an image resembles a double exposure, the type of artifact demonstrated is a —- artifact

Phantom image

Which guideline should be used to position the identification plate

Position the ID plate toward the direction in which the central ray was angled

All the following are true about quantum noise except

Quantum noise is visualize when the exposure indicator number is higher than the ideal exposure values

Good collimation practices will do all the following except

Reduce the visibility of recorded details

What is the location on a histogram graph of a fat

Right

What is the location on a histogram graph of air/gas

Right

The patient demographic requirements for radiographic images include all of the following except:

Technologist identification

A small focal spot should be used for each of the following situations except when

The Mili amperage setting is above 300

All of the following are true about the space station resolution except

The technologies display monitor has superior resolution compared with that used by the radiologist

All of the following are guidelines for producing multiple image histograms except

Use the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of it

All of the following are true about windowing excerpt

Window level adjustments change the contrast of the image