Chapter 7

preschoolers who watched more hours of television than their peers also

ate more snacks on a daily basis while watching television

interactive process:

physical and cognitive development (young children's writing)

2-3 years fine motor skills

picks up small objects throws small ball while standing

5-6 years fine motor skills

plays ball games well thread needle sews large stitches

4-5 years fine motor skills

strikes ball with bat kicks and catches ball threads beads on a string grasps pencil properly

hippocampus:

transfer of information to long-term memory

Preoperational period:

when children begin to use mental symbols children are egocentric, lack understanding of conversation, and fooled by appearances

Canadian research found a rate of ______ investigations of child maltreatment per 1,000 children , oh which almost half were substantiated

38.33

Each year, the child adds about _______ centimetres in height and 2.7 kilograms in weight

5 to 8

Researchers also found that children's motor activity levels increase linearly with age and tend to peak between

7 to 9 years of age

mental age/chronological age X 100 =

IQ

12% of children aged 2 to 5 are now

obese

biological parents most frequently

abuse (more mother's than fathers)

early training, beginning at about age 2 1/2 can

accelerate the rate at which young children acquire school-related fine motor skills, such as writing letters

Boys are more likely than girls to be injured; more than half of all injuries are likely to happen at home; most injuries occur during the warmer months between april and october and most injuries happen in

afternoon

False belief principle:

an understanding of the factors that cause another person to believe something that isnt true

5 year olds can thread

beads on a string

Myelinization of the neurons of the reticular formation is

brain structure that regulates attention & concentration

3-4 years fine motor skills

catches large ball between outstretched arms cuts paper with scissors holds pencil between thumb and fingers

three year olds can pick up

cheerios

Theory of mind:

children have a well-developed theory of mind. They understand that other people's actions are based on their thoughts and beliefs

Which of the following statements about eating patterns in early childhood is true?

children often develop food aversions during the preschool years

Phonological awareness:

children's understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring

False belief principle:

cognitive capacity to look at a situation from another person's point of view and determine what kind of info would cause that person to believe something that isnt true

Boys were rated above girls on just one measure:

curiosity

By age 4, children can

distinguish between appearance and reality in a variety of tasks

Preventive mesures for abuse:

education parenting classes in high school enforcement of existing laws

Preschool interventions shows that

educational interventions can raise test scores

obesogenic environment

environments in which social influences and context contribute to obesity in individuals or populations

neglect comprised 34% of the substantiated cases;

exposure to domestic violence 34%; physical abuse including hitting, shaking, choking or burning 20%; emotional maltreatment 9%; sexual abuse 3%

Left-handed are received from their

fathers

Infantile amnesia:

forgetting the first three years of our life (maturation of the connections between hippo and cerebral cortex)

right-handedness is likely to be the result of

genetic inheritance

Children who score above 130 on IQ are often called

gifted

40% of the variation in IQ within a given population of children is due to

heredity remaining 60 is due to environment or family influences

Examples of fine motor skills that improve during the preschool years:

holding pencil between thumb & fingers, picking up small objects, cutting paper with scissors

those who score below 70 may be diagnosed with an

intellectual disability

IQ =

intelligence quotient

Right side of the brain:

intuition creativity art/music spatical perception

Metamemory:

knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function

Metacognition:

knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought processes

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory asserts that children's thinking is shaped by social interaction through the medium of

language

Left side of brain:

language logic analysis math

Children who attend enrichment programs typically do not show

lasting gains in IQ, but they are more likely to succeed in school

Our genes dictate which functions will be

lateralized and which will not be

Which of the following facts suggests that lateralization of language functions is dictated by our genes?

left-side brain processing of language appears very early in life

The physical changes between ages 2 and 6 in children are

less dramatic, yet these changes are foundational for the cognitive and social leaps that lie ahead of them

being in easy reach of the child was the only technique that

lowered risk-taking behaviour and resulted in fewer injuries in young children

Conservation:

matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

Which of the following is most likely responsible for early childhood improvements in attention, concentration, and memory

myelinization of brain structures

Most prevalents form of child maltreatment in Canada?

neglect

number of important _______________________ happens between ages 2 & 6

neurological milestones

Brain growth, synapse formation, and myelinization continue in early childhood, although at a

pace slower than infancy

Phonological awareness is the sound patterns of a

particular language during earl childhood and is important in learning to read during the school years

increased hour of television viewing in the early childhood years was to found to be strongly associated with

poorer explosive leg strength

Possible outcomes of abuse:

ptsd poor school performance substance abuse in adolescence slower brain growth

Percentages of handedness:

right = 83% left = 14% Ambidextrous = 3%

By age 3, most preschoolers discover the thrill of

running at full stride

By ages 5 or 6, children are

running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, and skipping -ride a tricycle; some can ride a two-wheeled bike

18-24 months gross motor skills:

runs (20 months); walks well (24 months); climbs stairs with both feet on each step; pushes and pulls boxes or wheeled toys; unscrews lid on jar

2-3 years gross motor skills:

runs easily climbs on furniture unaided hauls shoves big toys around obstacles

according to case, preschoolers do not perform well on piaget's tasks because of inefficiencies in

short-term storage space

18-24 months (fine motor skills):

shows clear hand preference stacks four to six blocks turns pages one at a time picks up things without overbalancing

Researchers discovered that children who exhibited higher motor activity levels demonstrated a

significantly better ability to control or inhibit their behaviour, allowing for successful task achievement

5-6 years gross motor skills

skips on alternate feet walks on a line slides swings

Changes in height & weight happen far more

slowly in the preschool years than in infancy

handedness:

tendency to rely on the right or left hand - often before 1st birthday

corpus callosum (lateralization)

the brain structure through which the left and right sides of the cerebral cortex communicate, grows & matures

the child's knowledge of home safety rules was not related to

the incidence of injuries

operational efficiency

the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time

Egocentrism:

the young belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does

Centration:

the young child's tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time

Major cause of harm and death for preschoolers

unintentional injuries

Fast-mapping is the

use of categories to learn new words

4-5 years gross motor skills

walks up and down stairs one foot per step stands runs walks on tiptoe

3-4 years gross motor skills

walks upstairs one foot per step skills on two feet walks on tiptoe pedals and steers tricycle walks in any direction pulling large toys