Chapter 7
preschoolers who watched more hours of television than their peers also
ate more snacks on a daily basis while watching television
interactive process:
physical and cognitive development (young children's writing)
2-3 years fine motor skills
picks up small objects throws small ball while standing
5-6 years fine motor skills
plays ball games well thread needle sews large stitches
4-5 years fine motor skills
strikes ball with bat kicks and catches ball threads beads on a string grasps pencil properly
hippocampus:
transfer of information to long-term memory
Preoperational period:
when children begin to use mental symbols children are egocentric, lack understanding of conversation, and fooled by appearances
Canadian research found a rate of ______ investigations of child maltreatment per 1,000 children , oh which almost half were substantiated
38.33
Each year, the child adds about _______ centimetres in height and 2.7 kilograms in weight
5 to 8
Researchers also found that children's motor activity levels increase linearly with age and tend to peak between
7 to 9 years of age
mental age/chronological age X 100 =
IQ
12% of children aged 2 to 5 are now
obese
biological parents most frequently
abuse (more mother's than fathers)
early training, beginning at about age 2 1/2 can
accelerate the rate at which young children acquire school-related fine motor skills, such as writing letters
Boys are more likely than girls to be injured; more than half of all injuries are likely to happen at home; most injuries occur during the warmer months between april and october and most injuries happen in
afternoon
False belief principle:
an understanding of the factors that cause another person to believe something that isnt true
5 year olds can thread
beads on a string
Myelinization of the neurons of the reticular formation is
brain structure that regulates attention & concentration
3-4 years fine motor skills
catches large ball between outstretched arms cuts paper with scissors holds pencil between thumb and fingers
three year olds can pick up
cheerios
Theory of mind:
children have a well-developed theory of mind. They understand that other people's actions are based on their thoughts and beliefs
Which of the following statements about eating patterns in early childhood is true?
children often develop food aversions during the preschool years
Phonological awareness:
children's understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
False belief principle:
cognitive capacity to look at a situation from another person's point of view and determine what kind of info would cause that person to believe something that isnt true
Boys were rated above girls on just one measure:
curiosity
By age 4, children can
distinguish between appearance and reality in a variety of tasks
Preventive mesures for abuse:
education parenting classes in high school enforcement of existing laws
Preschool interventions shows that
educational interventions can raise test scores
obesogenic environment
environments in which social influences and context contribute to obesity in individuals or populations
neglect comprised 34% of the substantiated cases;
exposure to domestic violence 34%; physical abuse including hitting, shaking, choking or burning 20%; emotional maltreatment 9%; sexual abuse 3%
Left-handed are received from their
fathers
Infantile amnesia:
forgetting the first three years of our life (maturation of the connections between hippo and cerebral cortex)
right-handedness is likely to be the result of
genetic inheritance
Children who score above 130 on IQ are often called
gifted
40% of the variation in IQ within a given population of children is due to
heredity remaining 60 is due to environment or family influences
Examples of fine motor skills that improve during the preschool years:
holding pencil between thumb & fingers, picking up small objects, cutting paper with scissors
those who score below 70 may be diagnosed with an
intellectual disability
IQ =
intelligence quotient
Right side of the brain:
intuition creativity art/music spatical perception
Metamemory:
knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function
Metacognition:
knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought processes
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory asserts that children's thinking is shaped by social interaction through the medium of
language
Left side of brain:
language logic analysis math
Children who attend enrichment programs typically do not show
lasting gains in IQ, but they are more likely to succeed in school
Our genes dictate which functions will be
lateralized and which will not be
Which of the following facts suggests that lateralization of language functions is dictated by our genes?
left-side brain processing of language appears very early in life
The physical changes between ages 2 and 6 in children are
less dramatic, yet these changes are foundational for the cognitive and social leaps that lie ahead of them
being in easy reach of the child was the only technique that
lowered risk-taking behaviour and resulted in fewer injuries in young children
Conservation:
matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
Which of the following is most likely responsible for early childhood improvements in attention, concentration, and memory
myelinization of brain structures
Most prevalents form of child maltreatment in Canada?
neglect
number of important _______________________ happens between ages 2 & 6
neurological milestones
Brain growth, synapse formation, and myelinization continue in early childhood, although at a
pace slower than infancy
Phonological awareness is the sound patterns of a
particular language during earl childhood and is important in learning to read during the school years
increased hour of television viewing in the early childhood years was to found to be strongly associated with
poorer explosive leg strength
Possible outcomes of abuse:
ptsd poor school performance substance abuse in adolescence slower brain growth
Percentages of handedness:
right = 83% left = 14% Ambidextrous = 3%
By age 3, most preschoolers discover the thrill of
running at full stride
By ages 5 or 6, children are
running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, and skipping -ride a tricycle; some can ride a two-wheeled bike
18-24 months gross motor skills:
runs (20 months); walks well (24 months); climbs stairs with both feet on each step; pushes and pulls boxes or wheeled toys; unscrews lid on jar
2-3 years gross motor skills:
runs easily climbs on furniture unaided hauls shoves big toys around obstacles
according to case, preschoolers do not perform well on piaget's tasks because of inefficiencies in
short-term storage space
18-24 months (fine motor skills):
shows clear hand preference stacks four to six blocks turns pages one at a time picks up things without overbalancing
Researchers discovered that children who exhibited higher motor activity levels demonstrated a
significantly better ability to control or inhibit their behaviour, allowing for successful task achievement
5-6 years gross motor skills
skips on alternate feet walks on a line slides swings
Changes in height & weight happen far more
slowly in the preschool years than in infancy
handedness:
tendency to rely on the right or left hand - often before 1st birthday
corpus callosum (lateralization)
the brain structure through which the left and right sides of the cerebral cortex communicate, grows & matures
the child's knowledge of home safety rules was not related to
the incidence of injuries
operational efficiency
the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time
Egocentrism:
the young belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does
Centration:
the young child's tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time
Major cause of harm and death for preschoolers
unintentional injuries
Fast-mapping is the
use of categories to learn new words
4-5 years gross motor skills
walks up and down stairs one foot per step stands runs walks on tiptoe
3-4 years gross motor skills
walks upstairs one foot per step skills on two feet walks on tiptoe pedals and steers tricycle walks in any direction pulling large toys