Chapter 7, Chemistry - Ch 4, Chemistry Chapter 4, Chemistry Honors Chapter 3 Review, Chemistry Chapter 3, Chemistry Chapter 5, Chemistry chap 2, Chapter 1 & 2 Section 1, Chemistry chapter 6 Multiple Choice, chapter 6 chemistry\, Practice Drawing Lewi...
Mass vs. Weight
...
Part b
...
...
0.0045 or 4.5 x 10-3
...
0.0432 or 4.32 x 10 -2
How many moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are in a 35.65 g sample of NaOH? (The molar mass of NaOH is 40.01 g/mol.)
0.8910 mol
what groups have similar differences in atomic numbers?
1,2 and 18; and 13-17
for groups 13 through 18, the total number of electrons in the highest occupied level equals the group number minus ___.
10
for groups 13-18, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus____.
10
the atomic number of lithium, the first element in Group 1, is 3. The atomic number of the second element in this group is what?
11
period 4 contains 18 elements. How many of these elements have electrons in the d sublevel?
16
the elements whose electron configurations end with s^2 p^5 in the highest occupied energy level belong to group what?
17
For elements in groups 1,2, and 18, the increase in atomic number for successive elements follows the pattern 8,8,18, ?, 32. What number completes the pattern?
18
how much greater is the atomic number of the fourth element in groups 1,2 and 18 than the preceding elements?
18
how many elements are in group 4? how can you tell?
18, because if 4s, 3d, and 4p are all filled, it is up to 18 electrons
In which orbital(s) are all the inner shell electrons located in an atom of nitrogen that is in the ground state?
1s, 2s
What is the correct electron configuration for a ground-state atom with 7 electrons?
1s^1 2s^2 2p^3
How many possible values are there for the spin quantum number?
2
because the first energy level contains only the 1s sublevel, the number of elements in the period is what?
2
Write the measurement 0.0255 g in scientific notation to two sig figs
2.6 x 10-2
...
22,000 or 2.2 x 10 4
The atomic mass of an atom of carbon is 12 amu, and the atomic mass of an atom of oxygen is 16 amu. To produce CO, 16 g of oxygen combine with 12 g of carbon. To produce CO2, 32 g of oxygen combine with 12g of carbon. The ratio of the mass of oxygen in CO2 to the mass of oxygen in CO is
2:1.
when a carbon atoms 2s and 2p orbitals hybirdize which orbitals do they form
2sp3
The speed of light is 300,000 km/s. Write the speed of light in scientific notation to three scientific figs
3.00 x 10 5 km/s
What is the total number of electrons needed to fill the fourth main energy level?
32
...
3510 or 3.51 x 10 3
What is the atomic number of the element with the noble-gas notation [Kr] 5s^2
38
An atom of potassium has 19 protons and 20 neutrons. Its mass number is
39
An orbital that would never exist in the quantum description of an atom is
3f
What is the highest occupied energy level in an atom of calcium in its ground state>
4
What is the frequency of light whose wavelength is 633 nm?
4.74 x 10^16 Hz
What is the frequency of a photon whose energy is 3.4 x 10^-19 J?
5.1 x 10^14 Hz
...
5400 or 5.4 x 10 3
Which of the following is not equal to 1.00 mol of carbon-12?
6.0 g of carbon
What is the mass of 3.56 mol of glucose, C6H12O6? (The molar mass of C6H12O6 is 180.18 g/mol.)
641 g
the number of valence electrons in group 17 elements is what?
7
How many elements are in a period in which only the s and p sub-levels are filled?
8
The molecular mass of CO2 is 44.01 amu. What is the mass of 2.0 mol of CO2?
88.02 amu
A balanced chemical equation allows one to determine the a. mole ratio of any two substances in the reaction b. energy released in the reaction c. electron configuration of all elements in the reaction d. mechanism involved in the reaction
A
According to VSEPR theory, what is the shape of a molecule of CS2? a. linear b. bent c. trigonal-planar d. tetrahedral
A
Actual yield must be determined by a. experiments b. calculations c. theoretical yield d. estimation
A
As the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms decreases, the bond becomes more a. covalent. b. ionic. c. metallic. d. Both (b) and (c)
A
Atoms have an oxidation number of zero in a(n) a. pure element b. acid c. ionic compound d. molecular compound
A
Bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be represented adequately by a single Lewis structure is represented by a. resonance structures. b. covalent bonding. c. overlapping orbitals. d. double bonding.
A
How many moles of compound are there in 15.0g of potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇? (The molar mass of K₂Cr₂O₇ is 294.2g) a. 0.0510 mol b. 11.0 mol c. 15.0 mol d. 294 mol
A
If calcium is listed above magnesium in the activity series, and magnesium is listed above zinc, which of the following reactions is possible? a. Ca+MgCl₂ b. Zn+MgCl₂ c. Zn+CaCl₂ d. Mg+CaCl₂
A
In which type of reaction do two or more compounds react to form one product? a. synthesis b. decomposition c. combustion d. single-displacement
A
The actual yield of a chemical reaction is generally a. less than the theoretical yield b. greater than the theoretical yield c. equal to the percentage yield d. greater than the percentage yield
A
The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents one a. formula unit b. ion c. molecule d. cation
A
What is the correct name for the NO₃⁻ ion? a. nitrate b. nitrite c. nitride d. nitrogen oxide
A
What symbol indicates a reversible reaction? a. ↔ b. ↑ c. → d. ←
A
What type of chemical reaction is represented by the following word equation? Iron + Oxygen → Iron(II) oxide a. synthesis b. replacement c. combustion d. double-replacement
A
When a carbon atom's 2s and 2p orbitals hybridize, which orbitals do they form? a. four sp3 b. two sp3 c. four sp d. two sp
A
Which formula listed below represents a polyatomic ion? a. HCO3 b. H2SO4 c. Cl d. Na
A
Which is the correct Lewis structure for SiF4?
A
Which of the following indicates that a chemical equation is balanced? a. The numbers of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation b. All of the coefficients are the same c. The numbers of molecules on each side of the equation are equal d. The sums of the coefficients on each side of the equation are equal
A
How many possible orientations does an s orbital have?
A. 1
What is the correct electron configuration for a ground state atom with 7 electrons?
A. 1s2 2s2 2p3
How many possible values are there for the spin quantum number?
A. 2
A student determined the density of aluminum by averaging the results of three density calculations. each value was different, but the average was equal to the accepted value for aluminums density. The results of the investigation are best described as
A. Accurate but not precise
if two quantities are directly proportional and one quantity increases by 10% the other
A. Increases by 10%
The conversion factors 1 l over 10 3 ml would be used to change
A. Ml to L
The average distance between the un and earth is about 150 billion km. Light travels at speed of 3.0 x 108 m/s. Dividing the distance by the speed and then multiplying the number of meters in a kilometer will result in units of
A. Seconds
An objects weight is a measure of
A. The force with which it is attracted by gravity.
Which of these statements is true of the scientific method?
A. The steps may very somewhat to suit the experiment.
Which of the following is not a stage of the scientific method?
A. Using a hypothesis to sell a new product
Theories are considered successful only if they
A. can be used to make accurate predictions
In divison and multiplication, the answer should have the same number of sig figs as the?
A. number in the calc w the fewest sig figs.
The diagram represents two electrons with ...
A. opposite spin states
When the electromagnetic radiation strikes the surface of a metal, electrons are ejected from the metal's surface. This is a description of the ...
A. photoelectric effect
The electron configuration below represents a ground state atom of which element? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
A. sulfur
In an experiment, onion plants of different ages were exposed to various amounts of caffeine to determine the effect of caffeine on cell growth. temperature, amount of water, and light were kept constant Which of these statements about the experiment is definitely true/
A. the results may not be valid because there were two variables.
Which of these does the angular momentum number indicate?
A. the shape of an orbital
Which of the following is not one of the five principles of Dalton's theory?
All atoms have similar physical and chemical properties
A scientist is working on developing refrigerants that do not release chemicals that destroy the ozone layer. This is best described as an example of
Applied research
To find a safer chemical for industrial purposes, a scientist is working with chemicals that do not cause depletion of ozone in the atmosphere. This is an example of
Applied research
Which feature of Dalton's atomic theory is different from modern atomic theory?
Atoms cannot be subdivided
An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it
Aufbau principle
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms a. share an electron with each other. b. share one or more pairs of electrons with each other. c. gain electrons. d. gain and lose electrons.
B
According to the octet rule, a calcium atom has a tendency to a. lose one electron. b. lose two electrons. c. gain one electron. d. gain two electrons.
B
Fewer steps are required to solve stoichiometry problems when a. the reactant is given in grams and the product is sought in grams b. the reactant is given in moles and the product is sought in moles c. the reactant is given in grams and the product is sought in liters d. the reactant is given in liters and the product is sought in number of atoms
B
In the expression 3CO₂, the numbers 3 and 2 are, respectively, a. a subscript and a coefficient b. a coefficient and a subscript c. two subscripts d. two coefficients
B
In which of the following compounds has the central atom not formed sp3 hybrid orbitals? a. CCl4 b. CO2 c. PCl3 d. NH3
B
Metal X replaces the ions of metal Y from solution, but it cannot replace the ions of metal Z from solution. The order of these metals should have in the activity series (from top to bottom) is a. X, Y, Z b. Z, X, Y c. Y, X, Z d. Z, Y, X
B
The activity series helps to predict a. the amount of product formed by a chemical reaction b. whether or not a specific chemical reaction is possible c. the coefficients needed to balance a chemical equation d. the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
B
The bond energy for the molecule described by the figure above is a. 70 kJ/mol. b. 347 kJ/mol. c. 154 pm. d. 290 pm.
B
The coefficients in a chemical equation represent the a. masses, in grams, of all reactants and products b. relative numbers of moles of reactants and products c. number of atoms in each compound in a reaction d. number of valence electrons involved in the reaction
B
The formula mass of any compound is described in units of a. grams b. AMU c. moles d. grams per mole
B
The simplest whole-number ratio of moles of each element in a compound is known as the a. percent composition b. empirical formula c. Stock formula d. molecular formula
B
Two atoms will likely form a polar covalent bond if the electronegativity difference is a. 0.1. b. 1.0. c. 2.5. d. 4.0.
B
What is the correct formula for the compound made of magnesium and nitrogen? a. Mg₂N₃ b. Mg₃N₂ c. MgN₂ d. MgN
B
What is the correct formula for the compound platinum(VI) fluoride? a. PtF₃ b. PtF₆ c. Pt₆F₂ d. Pt₆F
B
What is the correct notation for a calcium ion whose outer shell is a full octet? a. Ca¹⁺ b. Ca²⁺ c. Ca¹⁻ d. Ca²⁻
B
What is the molecular formula for the compound with a formula mass of 58.12 AMU and an empirical formula of C₂H₅? a. C₂H₅ b. C₄H₁₀ c. C₆H₁₅ d. C₈H₂₀
B
What is the total number of molecules that is represented by the following chemical equation? NH₄NO₂→ N₂+2H₂O a. 3 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16
B
What type of chemical reaction does the following chemical equation represent? 2HCl(aq)+Cr(s)→H₂(g)+CrCl₂(aq) a. composition b. single-displacement c. decomposition d. double-displacement
B
Which equation below violates the law of conservation of mass? a. 2H₂+O₂→ 2H₂O b. KCl+Br₂→KBr+Cl₂ c. 2Fe₂O₃+3C→4Fe+3CO₂ d. Na₂CO₃+2HCl→2NaCl+H₂O+CO₂
B
Which of the following molecular formulas does not have the corresponding empirical formula XY₂Z₂? a. X₂Y₄Z₂ b. XYZ c. X₆Y₁₂Z₆ d. X₃Y₆Z₃
B
Which type of hybrid orbitals do oxygen atoms form in water molecules? a. sp4 b. sp3 c. sp2 d. sp
B
What is the frequency of a photon whose energy is 3.4 * 10 -19 J? (h=6.626*10-34 J*s)
B. 5.1 x 10^14 Hz
A single of bismuth has a mass of 343 g and volume of 35.0 cubed. what is the density
B. 9.80 g/cm cubed
Which of these shows Si Unit prefixes arranged in order from smallest to largest?
B. Millo, Centi, Kilo
which of these is not and Si Base unit
B. Pound
A photon is emitted from a gaseous atom when an electron moves to its ground state from a(n) ...
B. excited state
Which are the sub levels in an energy level of n=2?
B. s and p
The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves is the wave's ...
B. wavelength
The single electron of hydrogen circles the nucleus only in allowed orbitals, each with a fixed energy
Bohr model of the atom
Even though the following molecules contain polar bonds, the only polar molecule is a. CCl4. b. CO2. c. NH3. d. CH4.
C
How many mole ratios can be correctly obtained from the chemical equation 2Al₂O₃→4Al+3O₂? a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
C
If a compound forms by ionic bonding, which is not true? a. A positively charged atom or group of atoms attracts a negatively charged atom or group of atoms. b. The net charge of the compound is zero. c. The compound contains just two atoms, each of opposite charge. d. Several ions group together in a tightly packed structure.
C
In a single-displacement reaction, an element in the activity series most likely can replace any element a. above it on the list b. in the same group c. below it on the list d. in any other group
C
In which of these compounds is the bond between the atoms not a nonpolar covalent bond? a. Cl2 b. H2 c. HCl d. O2
C
The charge on an ion is a. always positive. b. always negative. c. either positive or negative. d. zero.
C
The melting points of ionic compounds are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because a. ionic substances tend to vaporize at room temperature. b. ionic substances are brittle. c. attractive forces between ions are greater than the attractive forces between molecules. d. the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal in an ionic compound.
C
The molecule described by the figure above has an average bond length of a. 70 kJ/mol. b. 347 kJ/mol. c. 154 pm. d. 290 pm.
C
The only property listed that is not characteristic of ionic compounds is a. high melting point. b. hardness. c. lack of crystal structure. d. brittleness.
C
What is the correct formula for copper(I) cyanide? a. CuCy b. CuCy₂ c. CuCN d. Cu₂CN
C
What is the correct name for the acid CH₃COOH? a. carbonic acid b. carbonate acid c. acetic acid d. acetous acid
C
What is the empirical formula for a compound that contains 12.61% Li, 29.17% S, and 58.21% O? a. LiSO₂ b. LiS₂O₆ c. Li₂SO₄ d. Li₂SO₃
C
What is the mass percentage of cobalt in cobalt(II) fluoride, CoF₂? a. 33.33% b. 39.20% c. 60.80% d. 96.93%
C
What is the molar mass of pure tin? a. 1.00 g/mol b. 47.88 g/mol c. 118.71 g/mol d. 237.42 g/mol
C
What is the oxidation number of nickel in NiCO₃? a. 0 b. +1 c. +2 d. +3
C
What is the oxidation number of phosphorus in the PO₄³⁻ ion? a. -3 b. 0 c. +5 d. +8
C
Which coefficients correctly balance the formula equation below? KClO₃(s)→KCl(s)+O₂(g) a. 1, 1, 1 b. 1, 1, 2 c. 2, 2, 3 d. 2, 1, 1
C
Which is the correct Lewis structure for C2H4?
C
Which of the following equations represents the balanced equation for the reaction of iron and oxygen? a. 2Fe+O₂→Fe₂O₃ b. Fe+3O₂→Fe₂O₃ c. 4Fe+3O₂→2Fe₂O₃ d. 3Fe
C
Which type of bonding is characterized by overlapping orbitals that allow outer electrons of atoms to move about freely throughout the entire lattice? a. ionic b. covalent c. metallic d. multiple
C
You have an unknown metal, X. You conduct two experiments. The results are shown in the table below. Which of the following statements is a logical conclusion based on the experimental data? a. The unknown metal is higher on the activity series than both sodium and zinc b. The unknown metal is higher on the activity series than sodium, but below zinc c. The unknown metal is higher on the activity series than zinc, but below sodium d. The unknown metal is below both sodium and zinc on the activity series
C
You mix solution A with solution B in a beaker. Which of the following observations does not help you prove that a chemical reaction has occurred? a. The beaker becomes warm b. You see gas bubble out of solution c. Solution A, solution B, and the mixture are all yellow d. None of the above; all help prove that a chemical reaction has occurred
C
The electron configuration violates..
C.
In which of the following measurements are all the zeros considered to be nonsignificant figures?
C. 0.0037 ML
The measurement of 0.0265 g rounded off to two sig figs would be
C. 0.03 g
What is the atomic number of the element with the noble-gas notation [Kr]5s1?
C. 37
When 6.02 x 10 23 is multiplied by 9.1 x 10-31, the product is
C. 5.5 x 10-7
Expressed in Scientific Notation 0.0930 m is
C. 9.30 x 10-2 m.
Which of these is the variable in an experiment designed to determine whether steel rusts more quickly near a lake or in a desert in one year?
C. Amount of water in the air
According to Einstein, which of the following can behave like a wave and also and also like a stream of particles?
C. Electromagnetic Radiation
By making several measurements of a sample with the same balance, a chemist obtained values of 5.224g, 5.235g, 5.259g for the mass of a sample. Without knowing the actual mass of the sample, we can tell that these measurements have
C. Low precision
Which equation represent an inverse proportion between the variables
C. PV=k
If some measurements agree closely with each other but differ widely from the actual value, these measurements are?
C. Precise but not accurate
The unit cm3 is used to express?
C. Volume
the ionization energies required to remove successive electrons from one mole of calcium atoms are 590kJ/mol, 1145 kJ/mol, and 6474 kJ/mol. The most common ion of calcium is probably what?
Ca^2+
The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter; the processes that matter undergoes; and the energy changes that accompany those processes best describes the science of
Chemistry
...
Conversion factor
A mixture of propane and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. What type of chemical reaction is this? a. synthesis b. decomposition c. double-displacement d. combustion
D
According to VSEPR theory, what is the shape of a molecule of NBr3? a. bent b. trigonal-planar c. tetrahedral d. trigonal-pyramidal
D
As atoms bond with each other, they a. increase their potential energy, thus creating less stable arrangements of matter. b. decrease their potential energy, thus creating less stable arrangements of matter. c. increase their potential energy, thus creating more stable arrangements of matter. d. decrease their potential energy, thus creating more stable arrangements of matter.
D
Calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, reacts to form calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide, CO₂. What type of reaction is this? a. synthesis b. replacement c. combustion d. decomposition
D
From a complete and correctly written chemical equation, you can obtain the a. chemical formulas of the reactants and products b. relative amounts of the reactants and products c. physical states of the reactants and products d. All of the above
D
In the equation 2Al₂O₃→4Al+3O₂, what is the mole ratio of aluminum to oxygen? a. 10:6 b. 3:4 c. 2:3 d. 4:3
D
In the reaction described by the word equation "sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas" a. sodium hydroxide is a product b. sodium is a product c. water is a reactant d. Both (a) and (c)
D
Oxidation numbers are used to indicate the a. charge on an ion b. number of atoms or ions in a compound c. type of bond holding particles together in a compound d. distribution of electrons among the bonded particles in a compound
D
The boiling point of water, H2O, is higher than the boiling point of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, because water molecules are a. less polar and form hydrogen bonds. b. more covalent and form hydrogen bonds. c. ionic and form hydrogen bonds. d. more polar and form hydrogen bonds.
D
The crystal structure of an ionic compound depends on the a. sizes of the cations and anions. b. ratio of cations to anions. c. masses of the cation and anion. d. Both (a) and (b)
D
The formation of a solid product in a chemical reaction is represented by the symbol a. (aq) b. (g) c. (l) d. (s)
D
The molar mass of water is equal to a. 1g of O plus 2g of H b. 1g of O plus 1g of H c. the mass of 1 mol of O plus the mass of 1 mol of H d. the mass of 1 mol of O plus the mass of 2 mol of H
D
To balance a chemical equation, you must a. adjust the subscripts b. adjust the number of products c. c. adjust the number of reactants d. adjust the coefficients
D
To determine the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction involving known masses of the two reactants, which of the following would be most useful? a. determining the masses b. determining the molar masses of the products c. calculating bond energies d. calculating the mass of a single product formed from each reactant
D
What follows an element's symbol in a chemical formula to indicate the number of atoms of that element in one molecule of the compound? a. charge sign b. superscripted number c. number in parentheses d. subscripted number
D
What is the correct name for the compound Ni₂O₃ using the Stock system? a. nickel(II) oxide b. dinickel trioxide c. nickel trioxide d. nickel(III) oxide
D
What is the correct name for the compound P₂Cl₄? a. phosphorus chloride b. phosphorus tetrachloride c. diphosphorus chloride d. diphosphorous tetrachloride
D
What is the mass of 4.80 mol of barium hydride, BaH₂? a. 4.80g b. 29.0g c. 139g d. 660g
D
What is the molecular formula for the compound that is made up of 30.45g N and 69.55g O, and has a formula mass of 92.02 AMU? a. NO b. N₂O₂ c. NO₂ d. N₂O₄
D
Which equation is not balanced? a. 2H₂+O₂→ 2H₂O b. 4H₂+2O₂→4H₂O c. H₂+H₂+O₂→H₂O+H₂O d. 2H₂+O₂→H₂O
D
Which of the following is true regarding double-displacement reactions? a. Two products are formed b. The ions of the two reactants must be exchanged. c. A precipitate may form d. All of the above
D
Which of the following is true regarding single-displacement reactions? a. Only one product is formed b. There is only one reagent c. It requires oxygen d. One element replaces another in a compound.
D
Which of the following mathematical expressions correctly states the relationship among percentage yield, actual yield, and theoretical yield? a. actual yield= percentage yield/theoretical yield • 100 b. percentage yield= actual yield/theoretical yield • 100 c. theoretical yield= actual yield/percentage yield • 100 d. Both B and C
D
How many wavelengths of light are represented in the diagram below?
D.
What is the highest occupied energy level in an atom of lithium in its ground state?
D.
Samples with masses of 0.12 g, 1.8g and 0.562 are mixed together. The combined mass of the three samples, expressed to the correct number of sig figs, should be recorded as.
D. 2.5 g
The dimensions of a rectangular solid are measured to be 1.27 cm, 1.3 cm, and 2.5 cm. The volume should be recorded as
D. 4.1 cm cubed
What is the frequency of light whose wavelength is 633 nm?
D. 4.74 x 10^16 Hz
Precision is related to tall these except
D. Closeness of a measurement to the accepted value.
Which of these statements about density is true
D. Density may be used to help identify a material.
Which of these recorded observations is qualitative. rather then quantitative.
D. Iron is dense than aluminum.
The SI base unit for mass is the
D. Kilogram
Which of these terms best describes the following statement? "A solution of the unknown compound turned litmus paper blue"
D. Qualitative observation
The Si base units for time and temperature are
D. Second and Kelvin
An experiment is designed to measure the effect of global temperature increase on the ocean levels. In this experiment, if the ocean level compared to the average ocean level over the last 100 years,then the average ocean level over the last 100 years would be considered?
D. The control
When an atom in an excited state emits a photon of radiation, the energy of the photon is equal to the ...
D. difference in energy between the atom's excited state and its final state
The lowest energy state of an atom is its ...
D. ground state
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the lowest frequency?
D. microwaves
The number of sig figs in the measurement 170.040
D. six
Who proposed an explanation of law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple proportions?
Dalton
The ancient Greek natural philosopher who first proposed the notion of the atom was
Democritus
Who was the first to call nature's basic unit an atom?
Democritus
1.59 g/Ml
Density
What were the three elements Mendeleev left a space for in his periodic table?
Gallium, scandium, germanium
what group do the alkali metals belong to? what are their properties?
Group 1.... soft enough to cut with a knife and silvery appearance and very reactive
according to VSEPR theory which molecule has a bent shape
H2O
which of the following molecules is polar
H2O
which formula listed below represents a polyatomic ion
HCO3-
in which of these compounds is the bond between the atoms not a nonpolar covalent bond
HCl
All orbitals of equal energy are occupied by one electron before any single orbital is occupied by a second electron
Hund's rule
What requires that each of the p orbitals at a particular level have one electron before any of them can have two electrons?
Hund's rule
34.5 km
Length or distance
who helped start the discovery of noble gases?
Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay
3.5 mg
Mass
Who created the Periodic Law?
Mendeleev
who helped organized a repeating pattern table of elements?
Mendeleev
In division and multiplication, the answer must have the same number of significant figures as the
Number in the calculation with the fewest sig figs.
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers
Pauli exclusion principle
Which state of matter is composed of tins that have lost many of their electrons?
Plasma
according to the VSEPR theory what is the shape of a molecule of NBr3
Pyrimidal
Who discovered the nucleus had a very small volume compared to the rest of the element?
Rutherford
...
SI base unit
Who created the standard atomic masses for elements?
Stanislao Cannizzaro
A scientist is working to improve a product that uses fiber optics. This is an example of
Technological Development and Applied Research
Who had the plum pudding?
Thomson
Who revealed that the electron has a very large-to-mass ratio?
Thomson
.22s
Time
0.75 mL
Volume
What is the correct noble-gas notation for the electron configuration of Chlorine?
[Ne] 3s^2 3p^5
Rutherford's gold-foil experiment led him to conclude that
a dense region of positive charge existed somewhere in the atom.
Hypothesis vs. theory
a statement that can be tested experimentally. A theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of faces or phenomena
A compound is
a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances
What are 4 examples of homogenous mixtures?
a. air b. sugar and water c. stainless steel d. salt water
What are examples of pure substances? (2)
a. compounds such as water, sodium chloride, sucrose b elements such as gold, oxygen, nitrogen
What are 6 examples of heterogeneous mixtures?
a. granite b. wood c. blood d. chunky peanut butter e. soil f. mud
Which 3 statements are true about the liquid state of matter?
a. liquid state takes on shape of it's container b. liquid state has definite volume and indefinite shape c. particles in liquid can easily move past each other
6 Example of chemical change of matter
a. paper burning b.nail rusting c. silver spoon tarnishing d. vinegar combining w/ baking soda to make carbon dio e. anything during in air f. decomposing mercury
6 Examples of physical change of matter
a. sharpening pencils b. cutting into two pieces c.ice melting to produce water d. water boiling to produce evaporation e. liquid sic solidifying to make glass f. dissolving in alcohol
the group of soft, silvery, reactive metals, all of which have one electron in an s orbital, is known as the _______ metals.
alkali
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of that matter is
an atom
The branch of chemistry in which the compositions of materials are identified is known as
analytical chemistry
a negative ion is known as a what?
anion
The definition of a chemical is
any substance that has a define composition
3.66 m2
area
An element is made of one type of
atom
Mendeleev noticed that properties of elements usually repeated at regular intervals when the elements were arranged in order of increasing what?
atomic mass
The atomic symbol for beryllium, 9/4Be, indicates that the
atomic number is 4.
one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together is called the what?
atomic radius
atoms seldom exist as independent particles in nature because
atoms more stable when combining
The melting points of ionic compounds are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because
attractive forces between ions are greater than the attractive forces between molecules
What is atomic mass?
average number of isotopes
Research that is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as research into the properties of a substance, is considered to be
basic research
H₂O
bent, polar
H₂S
bent, polar
A team of scientists is working with living cells to determine how a certain enzyme functions within cells. They are most likely working in the field of
biochemistry
The branch of chemistry that involves the study of substances and processes occurring in living things is called
biochemistry
describe the properties of metalloids
brittle, and somewhat good conductors of electricity
how is the elements placement in the periodic blocks determined?
by what sub-level the last electron is in
a positive ion is known as a what?
cation
an ionic bond results from electrical attraction between
cations and anions
The branch of chemistry called analytical chemistry most likely would be used in determining the
chemical composition of a new substance
What does the law of definite proportions state?
chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound
The electron configuration below represents a ground-state atom of which element? 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5
chlorine
in nature, the alkali metals occur as what?
compounds
as the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms decreases the bond becomes more
covalent
what block are transition metals found in? describe them
d block. good conductors of electricity, luster, not very reactive and exist in nature as free elements
as atoms bond with each other they
decrease their potential energy thus creating more stable arrangements of matter
in a row in the periodic table, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius generally what?
decreases
Extensive Properties
depend on the amount of matter present
what did Henry Moseley do?
determined the atomic number of elements and arranged the periodic table by them
When an atom in an excited state emits a photon of radiation, the energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in energy between the atom's excited state and its final state
which are the intermolecular forces that can act between non polar molecules
dispersion forces
To determine the mass in grams of an atom of any element, you would
divide the mass of a mole of the element by Avogadro's number.
Intensive properties
do not depend on the amount of matter present
the charge on an ion is
either positive or negative
According to Einstein, what can behave like a wave and also like a stream of particles?
electromagnetic radiation
when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom, the energy change is called what?
electron affinity
the period of an element can be determined from its what?
electron configuration
The least massive particle in an atom is the
electron.
a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound is called what?
electronegativity
a nonpolar convalent is unlikely when two atoms of different elements join because the atoms are likely to differ in
electronegativity
the measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons is its
electronegativity
you can estimate the degree to which a bond between two atoms is ionic or covalent by calculating the
electronegativity
An _____ is a pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
element
Whenever an excited hydrogen atom returns from an excited state to its ground state, it
emits a photon of radiation
16 J
energy or work
According to the law of conservation of mass, when sodium, hydrogen, and oxygen react to form a compound, the mass of the compound will be
equal to the sum of the masses of the reactants.
A photon is emitted from a gaseous atom when an electron moves to its ground state from an
excited state
to what block do the actinide elements belong to?
f block
the element that has the greatest electronegativity is ________.
fluorine
The units of molar mass are
g/mol.
as you move down Group 14, in the periodic table from carbon through lead, atomic radii do what?
generally increase
across a period in the periodic table, atomic radii do what?
gradually decrease
what group do the alkaline-earth metals belong to? what are their properties?
group 2; less reactive than group one and harder and higher melting points than group 1
the electron configuration of an element is [Kr] 4d^6 5s^1, what group does this element belong to?
group 7
which groups in the main group have lower electronegativity that d-block elements?
groups 1 and 2
what groups contain the s block? why?
groups 1 and 2; because the s sublevel can only hold 2 electrons, therefore only two groups can be called the s block
the most reactive group of nonmetals in what?
halogens
what are the most reactive non-metals?
halogens (group 17)
an ionic compound is not represented by a molecular formula because an ionic compound
has net charge
Compared with a mole of lead atoms, a mole of iron atoms
has the same number of atoms.
If a mixture is uniform in composition, it is considered to be
homogenous
When electrons change energy states, the amount of energy given off or absorbed is equal to
hv
orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom are called
hybrid orbitals
What does the law of multiple proportions state?
if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always ratio of small whole numbers
What are electrons?
in cathode-ray tubes, the cathode ray is emitted from negative electrode
across a period, ionization energies of d-block elements generally what?
increase
The goal of basic research is to
increase knowledge
For each successive electron removed from an atom, the ionization energy does what?
increases
within a group of elements, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius what?
increases
The word atom means
indivisible.
Two chemistry students are investigating the properties of quartz crystals. They are most likely studying the field of
inorganic chemistry
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom is the atom's what?
ionization energy
What is a mole?
is the unit used to distinguish the quantity of atoms in an element of compound; equivalent to exactly 12 g of C-12
How does the energy required to remove an electron from an atom changer as you move left to right in period 4 from potassium through iron?
it generally increases
the only property listed that is not characteristic of ionic compounds is
lack of crystal structure
Technological applications often
lag far behind basic and applied research
compared to the alkali metals, the alkaline-earth metals are ____ reactive.
less
within the p-block elements, the elements at the top of the table, compared with those at the bottom are what?
less metallic
the shape of molecules that contain only two atoms is
linear
Br₂
linear, nonpolar
CO₂
linear, nonpolar
Cl₂
linear, nonpolar
C₂H₂
linear, nonpolar
N₂
linear, nonpolar
HCN
linear, polar
HCl
linear, polar
HF
linear, polar
describe the lanthanide elements
located in the 6th period and their are 14 of them; shiny and as reactive as the alkaline earth metals
according to the octet rule a calcium atom has a tendency to
lose two electrons
hydrogen is placed separately from other elements in the periodic table because it has what?
many unique properties
What does the law of conservation of mass state?
matter is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes
Physical properties include
melting point and boiling point
Intensive properties include
melting point, boiling point, and density
which type of bonding is characterized by overlapping orbitals that allow outer electrons of atoms to move about freely throughout the entire lattice
metallic
elements in the d-sublevel is being filled have the properties of what types of element?
metals
What type of electromagnetic radiation has the lowest frequency?
microwaves
What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
mixtures can be separated by physical processes (filtration)
To calculate the number of atoms present in 2.0 mol of an element, you would
multiply Avogadro's number of atoms per mole by 2.0 mole
The total number of orbitals that can exist at a given main energy level, n, is equal to
n^2
the first member of the noble gas family, whose highest energy level consists of an octet of electrons, is what?
neon
The most massive particle in an atom is the
neutron.
argon, krypton and xenon are what types of elements?
noble gases
the discovery of what elements added a new column to Mendeleev's periodic table?
noble gases
if n stands for the highest occupied energy level, the outer configuration for all Group 1 elements is what?
ns^1
What are neutrons?
nuclear particles that has no electrical charge
What is Avogadro's number?
number of particles in 12g of C-12
the periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. What determines the position of each element in the periodic table?
number of protons
the principle that states that atoms tend to form compounds in which each atom has eight electrons in its highest occupied energy level is called the
octet rule
where are the hardest and most dense metals on the periodic table?
on the right side
when determining the size of an atom by measuring the distance between bonded, identical, adjacent nuclei, the radius of the atom is what distance between nuclei?
one-half the distance between nuclei
The diagram (up) (down) represents two electrons with
opposite spin states
A scientist is working in the lab, with compounds containing carbon is called
organic chemistry
The branch of chemistry that deals with substances containing carbon is called
organic chemistry
for multiple covalent bonds to form in molecules the molecules must contain carbon, nitrogen, or
oxygen
the electron configurations of the noble gases from neon to radon in the periodic table make these elements part of the what block?
p block
a horizontal row of blocks in the period table is called a what?
period
what are repeating patterns referred to as?
periodic
When electromagnetic radiation strikes the surface of a metal, electrons are ejected from the metal's surface. This is a description of the
photoelectric effect
A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called a
physical change
a charged group of covalently bonded atoms is known as a
polyatomic ion
What are protons?
positively charged particle found in the nucleus
the periodic table permits the properties of an element to be what?
predicted before the element is discovered
VSEPR theory
predicts the shape of some molecules is limited to polar molecules
In every chemical change, two or more reactants form at least one
product
elements in a group or column in the periodic table can be expected to have similar what?
properties
Neutral atoms contain equal numbers of
protons and electrons.
What is the nucleus composed of?
protons, neutrons
NH₃
pyramidal, polar
NI₃
pyramidal, polar
PCl₃
pyramidal, polar
The solid dissolves in water
qualitative
The solution is dark blue
qualitative
Max Planck proposed that "hot" objects radiate energy in small, specific amounts called
quanta
The density of the solution is 1.13 g M/L
quantitative
The temperature of the solution is 3. C
quantitative
A florence
quantity
describe the actinide elements
range from the atomic numbers of 90-103 and are located on the 7th period; all are radioactive and most were manmade
bond energy is the energy
required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be represented adequately by a single Lewis structure is represented by
resonance structures
in group 2 elements, the valence electrons are in sublevel what?
s
in groups 13-18, valence electrons may be in sublevels what?
s and p
What are the sublevels in an energy level of n=3?
s, p, and d
identify the sub-levels in a period that contains 32 elements?
s,p,d,f
a covalent bond is formed when two atoms
share one or more pairs of electrons with each other
elements are arrangled vertically in groups that do what?
share similar chemical properties
What is an atom?
simplest form of matter that makes an element unique
Skip
skip
Homogenous mixtures are also called
solutions
the periodic law
states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
lattice energy is an indication of the
strength is ionic
Protons are bound together by
strong nuclear forces
VSEPR theory predicts that the shape of carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is
tetrahedral
CH₄
tetrahedral, nonpolar
CI₄ (1-carbon, 4-iodine)
tetrahedral, nonpolar
SiF₄
tetrahedral, nonpolar
Mass is a measurement of
the amount of matter in an object
Chemistry is a natural science that deals with the study of
the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter
if a compound forms by ionic bonding which is not true
the compound contains just two atoms each of positive charge
The molar mass of an element is numerically equal to
the element's average atomic mass.
valaence electrons are those s and p electrons in what energy level?
the highest energy level
what determines the element's period?
the highest-occupied energy level of electrons
What is the molar mass?
the mass of one mole of a pure substance
the ionization energies for removing successive electrons from sodium are 496kJ/mol, 4562 kJ/mol, 6912 kJ/mol, and 9544 kJ/mol. The great jump in ionization energy after the first electron is removed indicates that what?
the noble gas configuration has been reached
what is the length of each period determined by?
the number of electrons that can occupy the sub levels being filled in that period
which is the best reason that the atomic radius generally increases with atomic number in each group of elements?
the number of occupied energy levels increases
What is atomic number?
the number of protons of each atom of that element
what blocks contain the "main group" elements?
the p and s blocks
the principle that states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers is what?
the periodic law
chemical bonding in metals is
the same as ionic bonding
According to the law of definite proportions, any two samples of KCl will have?
the same elements in the same proportions by mass
bond length between two bonded atoms is
the separation at which their potential energy is minimum
What does the angular momentum quantum number indicate?
the shape of an orbital
what is the name of each block of the periodic table determined by?
the sublevel being filled in that block
The average atomic mass of an element is
the weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element
bond length is the distance between two bonded atoms at
their minimal potential
A scientist is working with mathematical and computer models to learn about the principles at work in a chemical reaction. He is working in the field of
theoretical chemistry
Using mathematical models and computer models to understand a chemical principle is an example of
theoretical chemistry
The quantity 0.202g has how many sig figs
three
What is the mass number?
total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an isotope
C₂H4
trigonal planar (C-H), nonpolar
CCl₂O
trigonal planar, polar
CH₂O
trigonal planar, polar
SO₃
trigonal planar, polar
in a double covalent bond
two atoms share two pairs of electrons
Mendeleev predicted that the spaces in his periodic table represented what?
undiscovered elements
the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared when atoms form compounds are called what?
valence electrons
Extensive Properties include
volume, mass, and the amount of energy in a substance
the force of attraction by group 1 metals for their valence electrons is _______.
weak
What is the average atomic mass?
weighed average of atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
