Chapter 7: Human Memory

Why was the case of H.M. important to understanding the physiology of memory? It was the first reported case of amnesia It demonstrated the importance of the prefrontal cortex in long-term memory It demonstrated the importance of the hippocampal region in long-term memory It demonstrated the importance of the cerebral cortex in long-term memory

It demonstrated the importance of the hippocampal region in long-term memory

Memories for motor skills, such as hitting a golf ball or swinging a baseball bat effectively, are housed in: semantic memory. nondeclarative memory. declarative memory.

nondeclarative memory.

Alicia is really annoyed at herself. She is on her way to a concert when she realizes that she forgot the tickets. Her memory lapse represents a failure of : episodic memory. prospective memory. retrospective memory.

prospective memory.

While at the gym, you find yourself whispering the three-number combination out loud to yourself while you are unlocking the lock. This repeating of the combination is BEST illustrative of: rehearsal. elaboration. the Central Executive.

rehearsal.

Long-term memory is generally theorized to be: unlimited in capacity and remembered for approximately 20-30 years. unlimited in capacity and indefinitely remembered. limited in capacity, but indefinitely remembered.

unlimited in capacity and indefinitely remembered.

Seven-year-old Thomas was asked to recall which animals he saw on his most recent class field trip to a local farm. He reports having seen cows, pigs, and chickens. However, the farm actually consisted of emus, pigs, and chickens. Which long-term memory aid has most likely influenced Thomas's memory errors? Conceptual Hierarchies. Semantic Networks. Schemas.

Schemas.

Patient H.M. suffered from what condition? Anterograde amnesia Retroactive interference Memory decay Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

While in history class, Anna was taking notes and finishing an assignment that was due in her next class. The next time Anna was in her history class she did not recall what the professor was talking about, even though she had written down notes last time. Which memory process was the primary reason Anna had trouble remembering her last class? Recall Elaboration Attention Storage

Attention

Which of the following is a similarity between traditional models of short-term memory and the working memory model? Both models include the central executive system Both models include the visuospatial sketchpad Both models include the episodic buffer Both models indicate that storage capacity for short-term memory is limited

Both models indicate that storage capacity for short-term memory is limited

Which of the following processes involves initial formation of a memory code? Retrieval Recovering Encoding Interference

Encoding

When you remember being embarrassed at your first piano recital, you are relying on your select answer memory. Options: Prospective, semantic, and episodic

Episodic

Which of the following statements are TRUE based on Ebbinghaus' scientific studies of memory? Forgetting occurs at a consistent and gradual pace over time. Forgetting occurs rapidly after initial learning, and then levels off. Retention occurs rapidly after original learning, and then levels off.

Forgetting occurs rapidly after initial learning, and then levels off.

What level of processing would include rhyming a word with another word to help remember it? Deep processing Intermediate processing Structural encoding processing Shallow processing

Intermediate processing

Daniel has been studying for his psychology exam and wants to make sure he remembers everything so that he can do well on the exam which is two days away. What memory storage system is the ideal place for Daniel to store information for his exam? Long-term memory Working Memory Flashbulb memory Sensory memory

Long-term memory

Which of the following does not support skepticism regarding repressed or recovered memories? Source-monitoring errors Motivated forgetting Memory illusion Misinformation effect

Motivated forgetting

What recently discovered process in the hippocampus may contribute to formation of neural circuits that are theorized to be the foundation for memory? Alterations in synaptic transmission Neurogenesis Localized neural circuitry formation Consolidation

Neurogenesis

Which type of memory is relatively effortless and shows relatively little forgetting? Nondeclarative memory Semantic memory Declarative memory

Nondeclarative memory

Memory of how to drive a car would be housed by what memory system? Semantic memory Nondeclarative memory system Declarative memory system Episodic memory system

Nondeclarative memory system

A short-answer question on an exam would be considered which of the following types of learning measures? Recall Relearning Recognition Forgetting measure Assessment question

Recall

Which of the following is a component of the misinformation effect? Source-monitoring error Reconstructive distortion Proactive interference Forgetting curve

Reconstructive distortion

When called on in class, Shawn was not able to remember the name of the psychologist who developed the first forgetting curve. Later when Shawn was in a study group and was asked what psychologist used nonsense syllables when creating the first forgetting curve, he was able to recall the name of the psychologist was Ebbinghaus. Which theory provides the best explanation for what Shawn experienced? Motivated forgetting theory Decay theory Retrieval failure theory Interference theory Assessment question

Retrieval failure theory

Aric is playing trivia with his friends and is trying to remember who won the World Series three years ago. How would this memory task be categorized? Retrospective memory Semantic memory Nondeclarative memory Prospective memory

Retrospective memory

Knowing how many doughnuts are in a dozen would be what type of memory? Repressed memory Episodic Semantic Prospective memory

Semantic

Given the levels-of-processing theory, which encoding level would you expect to produce the longest-lasting memory codes? Semantic encoding Phonemic encoding Structural encoding

Semantic encoding

A professor drew a diagram on the board with the word 'orange' in the middle, surrounded by a map of lines connecting other words such as 'orange' or 'round' or 'apple' back to the word 'orange' in the middle, what memory concept would the professor be diagramming? Retrieval aids Conceptual hierarchy Schema Semantic network Assessment question

Semantic network

What type of memory is the shortest, lasting between a fraction of a second and several seconds? Chunked memory Sensory memory Short-term memory Working memory

Sensory memory

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding subsequent research on Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve studies? Studies using more meaningful stimulus materials found forgetting curves to be less steep than Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curve. Ebbinghaus' findings have been replicated exactly across many studies, with the forgetting curves looking identical to his original forgetting curve. Subsequent research debunked Ebbinghaus' original findings: humans do not exhibit forgetting curves.

Studies using more meaningful stimulus materials found forgetting curves to be less steep than Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curve.

What was the major finding of Craik and Tulving's (1975) study on memory? That linking a stimulus with other information at the time of encoding can improve one's memory That deeper levels of processing led to better memory That memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes in one's memory

That deeper levels of processing led to better memory

Which of the following are characteristic of flashbulb memories? They lack detail and are often vague recollections They are only about personal events They are permanent They are formed by significant unusual events that are often emotional

They are formed by significant unusual events that are often emotional

In Craik and Tulving's (1975) study on memory, how did the researchers get participants to use different levels of processing? They asked participants various questions about the recently presented words; different types of questions elicited different levels of processing. They asked participants to speak recently presented words aloud; participants were tasked with saying the words in different ways (e.g., loudly, softly). They had participants write down recently presented words; participants were tasked with writing the words in different ways (e.g., in cursive, in all capital letters).

They asked participants various questions about the recently presented words; different types of questions elicited different levels of processing.

Mary is talking to her daughter and cannot seem to come up with the correct word, though she feels as though it's just out of her reach. A few minutes later she remembers the word. What best describes this situation? Reconstructive distortion Context clues Retroactive interference Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

What was the purpose of Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables? To challenge himself Nonsense syllables were easier to use than poetry or prose. To avoid contamination by previous learning

To avoid contamination by previous learning

As a general rule, people are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas. True False

True

Brandy is studying for her final exam in her brain anatomy class. She has trouble remembering the names for certain brain areas, so she connects the names with pictures of things like trees or animals to help her remember on the test. What memory encoding technique is Brandy using? Semantic encoding Elaboration Visual imagery Phonemic encoding Assessment question

Visual imagery

Which of the following queries involves the deepest level of processing? Did the word rhyme with "wish?" Was the word a type of animal you could find in an aquarium? Was the word written in dark ink or light ink?

Was the word a type of animal you could find in an aquarium?

Alex was trying to memorize a list of vocabulary words for her Japanese test later in the day. Given what you know about Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve, within what period would you expect Alex to experience the LARGEST DECLINE in her forgetting? Within the first 7 days Within the first 24 hours Within the first 9 hours Assessment question

Within the first 9 hours

Glancing at her grocery list, Lily groups together what she hopes to buy by category: produce, meats, dairy, and so on. In this example, Lily is relying on which strategy to increase the capacity of her short-term memory? rehearsal visualization chunking

chunking

When thinking about one word, a person may think about a different but closely related word. For example, thinking about the word "apple" may associate with a separate but related word, "pie". This phenomenon is explained by: schemas. semantic networks. flashbulb memories

semantic networks.

Ty works as a restaurant host. One night while working, a customer asks Ty for an extra fork. Ty quickly walks to the kitchen, grabs the fork, and returns to the table. In this scenario, Ty is MOST likely using: long-term memory. sensory memory. short-term memory. Assessment question

short-term memory.

In Peterson and Peterson's (1959) study on short-term memory, the dependent variable was: the participant's retention of the three consonants. the length of the delay between the presentation of the stimulus and the recall task. the number of consonants presented to participants.

the participant's retention of the three consonants.