chapter 7 joints
movement away from the midline
abduction
the hip bone rarely dislocated because its deep socket ___ is enhanced by a circular ___ ring called ____
acetabulum, fibrocartilage, acetabular,
movement toward the midline
adduction
movements that change the angle between connected bones are called ____ movements
angular
the _____ ligament (ACL) stretches from the anterior ____ of the ___ to the ___ side of the ___ condyle of the ____.
anterior cruciate, intercondylar area, tibia, medial, lateral, femur
the joint cavity is subdivided by an ___ disc, which turns the TMJ into a joint with two types of movement :
articular, depression and elevation (hinge), and lateral excursion ( side to side grinding movements
a joint or _____ is the ___ where two or more bones meet
articulation, site
the PCL job is to prevent ___ sliding of ___ or ___ sliding of ___
backward, tibia, forward, femur
the most freely movable joints are the _____ joints. they permit motion in three planes making them ___ joints. ex are the shoulder and hip joint only
ball and socket, multiaxial
movement in two planes
biaxial joints
there are two types of friction reducing structures
bursae and elongated bursae
___ are flattened, fibrous sacs lined with ____, thus they contain____.
bursae, synovial fluids, ligament
part of the fibrous capsule
capsular or intrinsic ligaments
name three types of reinforcing ligaments
capsular or intrinsic, extra capsular, intra capsular
the joint ___ is thin but reinforced by muscle tendons. there are at least ___ associated ___ around the knee joint
capsule, 12, bursae
if the bones are united by cartilage to joint is called ____
cartilaginous joint
flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone
circumduction
if the articular surfaces of all joint- forming are oval the joint is a ____ or ____ joint. it is a ___ joint that permit all___ movement
condyloid or ellipsoidal, biaxial, angular
there are some reinforcing ligaments like the ____ ligament between ____ process of the ___ and the proximal ___, and the three ___ ligament that strengthen the front of capsule
coracohumeral, coracoid, scapula, humerus, glenohumeral
the intracapsular knee ligaments are called ___ ligaments bc they cross each others path when looked at from the front.
cruciate
in fibrous joints the bones are joined by
dense fibrous connective tissue
the outer fibrous layer is made of
dense irregular connective tissue
moving a body part inferiorly
depression
most joints of the body, including all joints of our limbs are ____ joints
diarthrotic
moving the foot upwards
dorsiflexion
lifting a body part superiorly
elevation
turning the sole laterally
eversion
increases the angle of the joint
extension
outside the capsule
extra capsular ligament
the ____ joint is a ___ joint between the articular surface of the posterior aspect of the ___ and the distal end of the ___
femoropatellar, plane, patella, femur
structural classification has three types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
decrease the angle of the joint
flexion
there are six types of angular movement
flexion, adduction, circumduction, extension, abduction, hypertension
the ACL job is to prevent ___ sliding of the ___ against the ___ and ____ of the knee joint
forward, tibia, femur, hyperextension
diarthroses
freely moveable
movements can occur along the __,___, and ___
frontal, sagittal, transverse
the shoulder joint is also called the _____ because its a ball and socket joint formed by the ___ of the ____ and the ____ of the ____.
glenohumeral, ball and socket, head, humerus, glenoid fossa, scapula
a ____ movement happens when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
gliding
____ are the ____ joints that keep our ___ in the alveolar sockets.
gomphoses, peg- in -socket
the __ of the radius rotates within the ___ ligament during pronation and supination of the forearm
head, angular
___ joints allow flexion and ____ only, which makes them___joints.
hinge, extension, uniaxial
the knee joint is a modified ___ joint that allows for ____,___ and a small degree of ___ when the knee is flexed
hinge, flexion, extension, rotation
the __ or __. joint is a multiracial ball and socket joint
hip or coxal
articular cartilage always is ___ cartilage
hyaline
synovial fluid is a viscous filtrate containing plasma and_____
hyaluronic acid
excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
hyperextension
synarthroses
immovable
movement in syndesmoses varies from _____ to _____
immoveable to slightly movable
gliding movement is found in the ___ joints at at the base of the hand, the ____ joints of the foot, and the joints between the ____ of the vertebral column
intercarpal, inter tarsal, articular processes
the PCL stretches from the posterior ___ of the ___ to the lateral side of the ____ condyle of the ____
intercondylar area, tibia, medial, femur
deep to the capsule; covered by synovial membrane
intra capsular
turning the sole medially
inversion
in fibrous joints there is no ___ and most joints are ____
joint cavity, synarthrotic
the articular or ___ capsule consists of two layers
joint, outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
the __ joint is the largest and most complex joint of the body bc it consists of __ joints that are surrounded by a modified ____.
knee,3, joint cavity
the ___ and ____ joints connects the lateral and medial condyles with the articular surfaces of the ____ of the ___.
lateral and medial tibiofemoral, head of tibia
the ___ or _____ ligament (LCL) is the outer extra capsular ligament
lateral or fibular collateral
the inner synovial membrane is made of
loose connective tissue
the synovial fluids job is to ___ the surface and to ____ the cartilage
lubercate, nourish
the TMJ connects the ____ with the inferior surface of the ___ bone
mandibular condyle, temporal
joints can be classified based on the ____ binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
material
the ___ or ___ ligament (MCL) the inner extra capsular ligament.
medial or tibial collateral
because the tibial articular surfaces are shallow and small there are two ___ on either side that increase the articular surface and help absorb mechanical stress
menisci
movement in or around all three planes
multiaxial joint
the shoulder joint is ____ with an big range of _____, but this great motility also means less ____
multiaxial, movement/ motion, stability
bones that form a joint are moved out of their position by contraction of ___
muscles
slipping movements only
non axial joints
depending on the range of motion we identify four kinds of joints:
non axial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers
opposition of the thumb
muscles always have a point of ___(immoveable) and ____ ;which is the attachment to the ___ bone
origin, insertion, moveable
the teeth are held in place by the ____ ligament
periodontal
____ joints are ___ joints too. they are created by the ___ end of one bone being surrounded by a sleeve or ring of another bone
pivot, uniaxial , rounded
there are 6 types of synovial joints based on the shape and the articular surfaces of the joint forming bones
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
____ joints have flat articular surfaces. they are ___ joints that allow for short ___ movements only
plane, non axial, gliding
moving the foot downward
plantar flexion
the ____ ligament (PCL) is stronger than the ACL
posterior cruciate
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly
pronation
anterior movement in a transverse plane
protraction
the ____ tendon gives rise to three structures:
quadriceps, patellar ligament, lateral and medial patellar retinacula
the elbow joint is formed by three bone
radius, ulna, humerus
posterior movement in a transverse plane
retraction
the turning of a bone around its own long axis is called ____. we find that kind of movement between the ___and ___ cervical vertebrae
rotation, first, second
in ___ joints both articular surfaces have ____ and _____ areas, giving this ___ joint a ___ freedom of movement than a condyloid joint
saddle, concave and convex, biaxial, greater
angular movements can be subdivided into movements that occur along the ___ plane and movements that occur along the ____ plane
sagittal, frontal
the shoulder joint is the ____ easily dislocated joint behind the tmj
second
elongated bursae that wrap around tendons are called
sheaths
bursae are found in structures such as
skin, tendons, bones, or muscles rub together
you find sutures mainly in the
skull
amphiarthroses
slightly moveable
what forms the rotator cuff
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
rotation of the forearm so that the palms face anteriorly
supination
___ are rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers
sutures
the types of fibrous joints are
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
in ____ hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of _____. this creates strong, flexible amphiarthroses
symphyses, fibrocartilage
name the three types of joints
synarthrosis, ampiarthroses, diarthroses
in ___ a bar or plate of ___hyaline cartilage unites the bones creating a synarthrotic joint
synchondroses, hyaline
the two types cartilaginous joint
synchondroses, symphyses
in ____ the bones are connected by bands of fibrous tissue called ____
syndesmoses, ligaments
later in life sutures ossify and are then called
synostoses
the inner synovial membrane secretes
synovial fluid
the ____ joint is the only freely moveable joint in the skull
temporomandibular joint
the elbow joint is formed mainly by the _____ of the ___ and the ___ of the ___
trochlear notch of ulna, trochlea of humerus
two collateral ligaments are ___ and ___ that reinforce the capsule and restrict side to side movement. these joints also stabilized by then tendons :
ulnar and radial, biceps and triceps
movement in one plane
uniaxial joints