Chapter 7 Learning Guide - AP World History (Modern Course)

What did Enlightenment thinkers share?

Although they often disagreed sharply with one another, European Enlightenment thinkers shared this belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society.

What did Europeans believe that allowed them to conquer the Native Americans? What did the Natives think? What did the Natives do?

Europeans saw their political and military success as a demonstration of the power of the Christian God. Native American peoples generally agreed, and by 1700 or earlier the vast majority had been baptized and saw themselves in some respects as Christians. Many millions accepted baptism, contributed to the construction of village churches, attended services, and embraced images of saints.

What were French Protestants called? What did Henry IV do?

French Protestants were called Huguenots. Henry IV issued a law called the Edicts of Nantes which gave more religious freedom to French Protestants.

What did the Catholics do during the Catholic -Counter Reformation? Why would Catholics do this? Do you think it was necessary for the Catholics to do this? Explain.

Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines, sacraments, and practices, such as the authority of the pope, priestly celibacy, the veneration of saints and relics, and the importance of church tradition and good works, all of which Protestants had rejected. Moreover, they set about correcting the abuses and corruption that had stimulated the Protestant movement by placing a new emphasis on the education of priests and their supervision by bishops. Catholics did this to clarify and renew their religion to bring peace. I think it was necessary for them to do this because it allowed a clear understanding of Catholicism.

Africanized versions of Christianity emerged, such as Santeria and Vodou, in the New World. From what were these syncretic religions derived and how did the Europeans perceive these practices?

Common African forms of religious revelation- divination, dream interpretation, visions, spirit possession- found a place in the Africanized versions of Christianity that emerged in the New World. Europeans frequently perceived these practices as evidence of sorcery, witchcraft, or even devil worship and tried to suppress them.

What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era?

Continued Islamization was not usually the product of conquering armies and expanding empires. It depended instead on wandering Muslim holy men or Sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, none of whom posed a threat to local rulers. In fact, such people often were useful to those rulers and their village communities.

How did 19th century developments in the sciences challenge the faith of the Enlightenment? Darwin and Marx believed - Sigmund Freud -

Darwin and Marx believed - that all life was in constant change, that an endless and competitive struggle for survival over millions of years constantly generated new species of plants and animals, while casting others into extinction. Human beings were Not excluded from this vast process, for they too were the work of evolution operating through natural selection. Karl Marx articulated a view of human history that likewise emphasized change and struggle. Sigmund Freud - Applied scientific techniques to the operation of the human mind and emotions and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality.

Cofradias - Definition: Significance:

Definition: Church-based associations of laypeople, organized community processions and festivals and made provisions for proper funerals and burials for their members. Significance: Central to an emerging Mexican Christianity were the saints who closely paralleled the functions of precolonial gods.

Martin Luther - Definition: Significance:

Definition: Martin Luther was a German priest who was born in 1483 and died in 1546. He publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issuing a document, known as the Ninety-Five Theses, allegedly nailing it to the door of the church in Wittenberg. To Luther, the source of these beliefs, and of religious authority in general, was not the teaching of the Church, but the bible alone, interpreted according to the individual's conscience. Significance: What made Luther's protest potentially revolutionary, however, was its theological basis. All of this challenged the authority of the Church and called into question the special position of the clerical hierarchy and of the pope in particular. Contrary to Luther's original intentions, his ideas provoked a massive schism within the world of Catholic Christendom, for they came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions as well as religious differences.

Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world? (fill in the chart below to answer the question) Europe China The Islamic World

Europe Europe's historical development... of science was the autonomy of its emerging universities. Europeans had evolved... the study of the natural order, which began to slowly separate itself from philosophy and theology and to gain a distinct identity. What position was western Europe in? Western Europe was in a position to draw extensively on the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Islamic world. In the 16th - 18th centuries... Europeans found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of information as they became aware of lands, peoples, plants, animals, societies, and religions around the world. China China's historical Development... Chinese authorities didn't permit independent institutions of higher learning in which scholars could conduct their studies in relative freedom. The Chinese had evolved... Chinese education that focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations What position was China in? Instead, Chinese education focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism. In the 16th - 18th centuries... (I can't really find anything for this) This tidal wave of new knowledge was uniquely available to Europeans. The Islamic World The Islamic World's Development... in Islamic colleges known as madrassas, Quranic studies and religious law held the central place, whereas philosophy and natural science were viewed with considerable suspicion. The Islamic world had evolved... An earlier openness to free inquiry and religious toleration was increasingly replaced by disdain for scientific and philosophical inquiry, for it seemed to lead only to uncertainty and confusion. What position was the Islamic World in? Disdain for scientific and philosophical inquiry- for it seemed to lead only to uncertainty and confusion. In the 16th - 18th centuries... (I can't really find anything for this) This tidal wave of new knowledge was uniquely available to Europeans.

Why were Luther's thoughts important to Christianity?

His ideas provoked a massive schism within the world of Catholic Christendom.

More often than not, Christian traditions mixed with Andean traditions. Describe how the two were intertwined together.

More common than such frontal attacks on Christianity, which colonial authorities quickly smashed, were efforts at blending two religious traditions, reinterpreting Christian practices within an Andean framework, and incorporating local elements into an emerging Andean Christianity. Even female dancers in the Taki Onqoy movement sometimes took the names of Christian saints, seeking to appropriate for themselves the religious power of Christian figures.

How did the Protestant Reformation Transform Europe: Politically European society Culture

Politically Some kings and princes, many of whom had long disputed the political authority of the pope, found in these ideas a justification for their own independence and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the church. European society In the Protestant idea that all vocations were of equal merit, middle-class urban dwellers found a new religious legitimacy for heir growing role in society, since the Roman Catholic Church was associated in their eyes with the rural and feudal world of aristocratic privilege. Culture For common people, who were offended by the corruption and luxurious living of some bishops, abbots, and popes, the new religious ideas served to express their opposition to the entire social order, particularly in a series of German peasant revolts in the 1520s.

In what ways was European science received in Qing China - Japan - The Ottoman Empire -

Qing China - Elite Chinese were far more interested in European mapmaking and mathematics than in Western medicine. Japan - Japanese scholars became fascinated with the anatomical work of the Dutch. The Ottoman Empire - Ottoman scholars were conscious of the rich tradition of Muslim astronomy and chose not to translate the works of major European scientists although they were broadly aware of European scientific achievements by 1650.

What did Protestantism give to women?

Reformation teachings and practices did not offer them a substantially greater role in the Church or society. However, the importance that Protestants gave to reading the Bible for oneself stimulated education and literacy for women.

Why did Luther's ideas spread so quickly? Do you think that the Reformation would have been as powerful as it was if it was not for this invention? Explain.

Reformation thinking spread quickly both within and beyond Germany, thanks in large measure to the recent invention of the printing press. I don't think that the Reformation would have been as powerful as it was without the Printing Press and this allowed Luther's many pamphlets and his translation of the New Testament into German to become widely available.

Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people, which bore some similarity to the thinking of whom?

Some Chinese Buddhists as well sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people by suggesting that laypeople at home could undertake practices not necessary for enlightenment. This kind of moral or religious individualism bore some similarity to the thinking of Martin Luther, who argued that individuals could seek salvation by "faith alone," without the assistance of priestly hierarchy.

Describe the Taki Onqoy.

The religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s, known as Taki Onqoy (dancing sickness). Possessed by the spirits of local gods, or huacas, traveling dancers and teachers predicted that an alliance of Andean deities would soon overcome the Christian God, inflict and intruding Europeans with the same diseases that they had brought to the Americas, and restore the world of the Andes to an imagined earlier harmony.

Describe the Protestant Revolution.

The Protestant Revolution, or Reformation, in the early sixteenth century, it shattered the unity of the Roman Catholic Christianity. The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issuing a document, known as the Ninety-Five Theses. What made Luther's protest potentially revolutionary, however, was its theological basis. All of this challenged the authority of the Church and called into question the special position of the clerical hierarchy and of the pope in particular. Contrary to Luther's original intentions, his ideas provoked a massive schism within the world of Catholic Christendom, for they came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions as well as religious differences.

Look at the map on page 299. What is this map showing (don't just summarize the description on the left...

The map on page 299 shows the areas where the Protestant religion is dominant; areas where the Catholic religion is dominant; areas where there is some Protestant influence; areas where there is Eastern Orthodox Christianity; and the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire.

What accounts for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world, especially in the mid-eighteenth century in Arabia?

The most well known and widely visible of these islamic renewal movements took place during the mid-eighteenth century in Arabia itself, where they found expression in the teachings of the Islamic scholar Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792).

Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America? (this answer can be found through the entire section of Conversion and Adaption in Spanish America and An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits)

The political context was different... The peoples of Spanish America had been defeated, their societies thoroughly disrupted, and their cultural confidence sorely shaken. China, on the other hand, encountered European Christianity between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries during the powerful and prosperous Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties. Although the transition between these two dynasties occasioned several decades of internal conflict, at no point was China's political independence or cultural integrity threatened by the handful of European missionaries and traders working there. In China, they required a different missionary strategy, for Europeans needed the permission of Chinese authorities to operate in the country. Whereas Spanish missionaries working ina colonial setting sought primarily to convert the masses, the Jesuits in China, the leading missionary order there, took deliberate aim at the official Chinese elite. Fundamentally, the religious and cultural outcomes of the missionary enterprise likewise differed greatly in the two regions. Nothing approaching mass conversion to Christianity took place in China, as it had in Latin America.

What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution? To medieval thinkers - Nicholas Copernicus' argument - Johannes Kepler's theory - Galileo Galilei developed - Sir Isaac Newton formulated -

To medieval thinkers - the Earth was stationary and at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in 10 spheres of transparent crystal. Nicholas Copernicus' argument - At the middle of all things lies the sun and that the earth, like the other planets, revolved around it. Johannes Kepler's theory - Kepler wrote, "The machine of the universe is not similar to a divine animated being but similar to a clock." Furthermore, it was a machine that regulated itself, requiring neither God nor angels to account for its normal operation. Knowledge of that universe could be obtained through human reason alone- by observation, deduction, and experimentation- without the aid of ancient authorities or divine revelation. Galileo Galilei developed - An improved telescope, with which he made many observations that undermined established understanding of the cosmos. Sir Isaac Newton formulated - The modern laws of motion and mechanics, which remained unchallenged until the twentieth century. At the core of Newton's thinking was the concept of universal gravitation. "All bodies whatsoever," Newton declared, "are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation."

Describe the popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated.

While such matters occupied the intellectual elite in China, in the cities a lively popular culture emerged among the less educated. For city-dwellers, plays, paintings, short stories, and especially novels provided diversion and entertainment that were step up from what could be found in teahouses and wineshops. Numerous "how-to" painting manuals allowed a larger public to participate in this favorite Chinese art form.

A new cultural change was especially appealing to women. What did the bhakti movement and its practices provide for them?

Within popular culture, the flourishing of a devotional form of Hinduism known as bhakti also Bridge the gulf separating Hindu and Muslim. Through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals, devotees sought to achieve Union with one or another of India's many deities. Appealing especially to women, the bhakti movement provided an avenue for social criticism. Its practitioners often set aside caste distinctions and disregarded the detailed rituals of the Brahmin priests in favor of personal religious experience.

From what did Sikhism evolve?

Yet another major cultural change that Blended Islam and Hinduism merge with the growth of Sikhism as a new and distinctive religious tradition in the Punjab reason of Northern India. It's founder. Guru nanak (1469-1539), had been involved in the bhakti movement but came to believe that "there is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God." His teachings and those of subsequent gurus also generally ignored caste distinctions and untouchability and ended the seclude women, while proclaiming the "brotherhood of all mankind" as well as the essential equality of men and women.

What was the long-term significance of the Scientific Revolution and its applications to the affairs of human society? a. b.

a. A revolutionary new understanding of the physical universe had emerged among educated Europeans: the universe was no longer propelled by supernatural forces but functioned on its own according to scientific principles that could be described mathematically. b. Furthermore, it was a machine that regulated itself, requiring neither God nor angels to account for its normal operation. Knowledge of that universe could be obtained through human reason alone- by observation, deduction, and experimentation- without the aid of ancient authorities or divine revelation.

Who were the men that created the Scientific Revolution? What did they do (why were they important?) a. b. c. d.

a. Copernicus (Poland): He was a mathematician and astronomer. His famous book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was published in the year of his death, 1543. Its essential argument was that "at the middle of al things lies the sun" and that the earth, like the other planets, revolved around it. b. Galileo (Italy): In 1609, Galileo developed an improved telescope, with which he made many observations that undermined established understanding of the cosmos. c. Descartes (France): He resolved "to seek no other knowledge than that which I might find myself, or perhaps in the book of nature." d. Newton (England): He formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics, which remained unchallenged until the twentieth century. At the core of Newton's thinking was the concept of universal gravitation. "All bodies whatsoever," Newton declared, "are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation."

What caused the Reformation (you might need to look this up online. Your book is not very clear) a. b. c. d.

a. Critical of the luxurious life of the popes b. The corruption and immorality of some clergy c. The Church's selling of indulgences (said to remove the penalties for sin) d. And other aspects of church life and practice

How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? a. b. c. d.

a. If religion drove and justified European ventures abroad, it is difficult to imagine the globalization of Christianity without the support of empire. b. Colonial settlers and traders, of course, brought their faith with them and sought to replicate it in their newly conquered homelands. c. New England Puritans, for example, planted a distinctive Protestant version of Christianity in North America, with and emphasis on education, moral purity, personal conversion, civic responsibility, and little tolerance for competing expressions of the faith. d. It was missionaries, mostly Catholic, who actively spread orders such as the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits, Portuguese missionaries took the lead in Africa and Asia, while Spanish and French missionaries were most prominent in the Americas.

What were the two critical elements for the missionaries' success in Spanish America and in the Philippines? a. b.

a. Most important, perhaps, was an overwhelming European presence, experienced variously as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease. b. A second common factor was the absence of a literate world religion in these two regions.

Why were the Jesuits successful on getting access to China while the Christians were not? a. b. c. d. e.

a. Took deliberate aim at the official Chinese Elite b. Many Jesuits learned Chinese, became thoroughly acquainted with classical Confucian texts, and dressed like Chinese scholars c. Initially, they downplayed their mission to convert and instead emphasized their interest in exchanging ideas and learning from China's ancient culture. d. In presenting Christian teachings, Jesuits were at pains to be respectful of Chinese culture, pointing out parallels between Confucianism and Christianity rather than portraying Christianity as something new and foreign e. They chose to define Chinese rituals honoring the emperor or venerating ancestors as secular or civil observances rather than as religious practices that had to be abandoned