Chapter 7

Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection? A. Short bones B. Long bones C. Flat bones D. Irregular bones E. Regular bones

B

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled? A. Distal head of femur B. Os coxa C. Phalanges D. Distal Humorous

B

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled? A. Distal head of femur B. Os coxa (coxal bones) C. Phalanges D. Distal humerus

B

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ________ production of calcitriol and to ________ excretion of calcium in urine. A. Increase; increase B. Increase; decrease C. Decrease; decrease D. Decrease; increase

B

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ____ levels of calcium in the blood A. High B. Low

B

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is closest to trunk is the A. distal diaphysis. B. proximal epiphysis. C. distal epiphysis. D. superior diaphysis E. Proximal diaphysis

B

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _____ fibers. A. Transverse B. Perforating C. Penetrating D. Connecting E. Cementing

B

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order? a: Formation of lamellar bone b: Osteoid undergoes calcification c: Ossification centers form d: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum A. b-a-c-d B. c-b-d-a C. c-b-a-d D. a-c-d-b E. b-c-d-a

B

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order? a: Formation of lamellar bone b: Osteoid undergoes calcification c: Ossification centers form d: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum A. b - a - c - d B. c - b - d - a C. c - b - a - d D. a - c - d - b E. b - c - d - a

B

Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults? A. Calcitonin B. Parathyroid hormone

B

Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults? A. Calcitonin B. Parathyroid hormone

B

Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix? A. osteochondral progenitor cell B. osteoblasts C. osteocytes D. osteoclasts

B

A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n) _________ fracture. A. Transverse B. Oblique C. Linear D. Comminuted E. Medial

C

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a A. central canal. B. lamella. C. canaliculus. D. lacuna. E. osteocanal.

C

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called A. interstitial growth. B. epiphyseal growth. C. appositional growth. D. endosteal growth. E. cancellous bone growth.

C

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) _________ model. A. mesenchyme B. dense connective tissue C. hyaline cartilage D. membranous E. osteoid

C

Haversian systems or osteons A. are found in spongy bone tissue. B. lack concentric lamellae. C. are the basic units in compact bone tissue. D. do not contain osteocytes. E. are avascular.

C

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones. A. Long B. Regular C. Short D. Irregular E. Flat

C

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones. A. long B. regular C. short D. irregular E. flat

C

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is A. elastic cartilage. B. fibrocartilage. C. hyaline cartilage. D. interstitial cartilage. E. osteocartilage

C

What gives bone its flexibility? A. Inorganic salts B. Yellow bone marrow C. Collagen fibers D. Trabeculae E. Elastic fibers

C

What helps bone resist compression? A. Yellow bone marrow B. Reticular fibers C. Inorganic salts D. Red bone marrow E. Endosteum

C

What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity? A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Endosteum D. Periosteum E. Trabecula

C

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones? A. epiphysis B. Sharpey's fibers C. epiphyseal plate D. medullary cavity E. endosteum

C

What is the thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone? A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Endosteum D. Periosteum E. Trabeculae

C

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within A. Hyaline cartlige B. Compact bone C. Mesenchyme D. Elastic cartlige E. Spongy bone

C

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone? A. support B. movement C. immunity D. calcium storage E. blood cell formation

C

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate? A. Distal epiphysis B. Proximal epiphysis C. Metaphysis D. Diaphysis E. Periphysis

C

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix? A. Osteocytes B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. Osteoprogeniter cells E. Bone-lining cells

C

An example of a flat bone would be the A. Femur(of thigh) B. Radius(of forearm) C. Trapezoid(of wrist) D. Sternum(breastbone) E. Calcaneus(heel)

D

Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones with the orthodontists use to assess this? A. Osteon B. Periosteum C. Spongy bone D. Epiphyseal plate E. Compact bone

D

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity, which will _________ blood calcium levels. A. stimulates; increase B. stimulates; decrease C. inhibits; increase D. inhibits; decrease

D

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the A. Chondrocytes B. Osteocytes C. Fibroblasts D. Chondroblasts E. Osteoblasts

D

Glucocorticoids increase bone ________; high levels of serotonin lead to _____ bone density. A. formation; high B. formation; low C. loss; high D. loss; low

D

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes. A. Osteonic canals B. Blood vessels C. Lamelle D. Canaliculi E. Perforating Canals

D

Spongy Bone A. Contains no osteocytes B. Has spaces filled with yellow marrow C. Is composed of tubular units called osteons D. Forms diploe in the cranial bones E. All of the choices are correct

D

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis. b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms. c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses. d: Bone replaces cartilage. e: Epiphyseal plates ossify. f: Cartilage model develops. The correct chronological order for these steps is A. f. - b. - c. - d. - a. - e. B. b. - c. - f. - a. - e. - d. C. a. - c. - b. - d. - e. - f. D. f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e. E. a. - e. - c. - d. - b. - f.

D

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty? A. Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation. B. Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels. C. Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress. D. Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth. E. Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

D

Which hormone inhibits bone growth? A. Calcitonin B. Estrogen and testosterone C. Thyroid hormone D. Parathyroid hormone E. Growth hormone

D

Which hormone inhibits bone growth? A. Calcitonin B. Estrogen and testosterone C. Thyroid hormone D. Parathyroid hormone E. Growth hormone

D

Which is not a function of bone? A. Protection B. Mineral Storage C. Body Movement D. Generation of Heat E. Hemotopoesis

D

Which is not true about bone remodeling? A. It occurs throughout life. B. It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. C. It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone. D. It occurs only at articular surfaces. E. It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

D

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids? A. osteochondral progenitor cell B. osteoblasts C. osteocytes D. osteoclasts

D

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n) A. aponeurosis. B. ligament. C. bursa. D. epimysium. E. tendon.

E

Interconnecting rods of bone found in spongy bone are A. lamellae. B. lacunae. C. canaliculi. D. periosteum. E. trabeculae.

E

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are a. calcified cartilage b. hypertrophic cartilage c. ossification d. resting cartlige e. proliferating cartlige The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is A. c-a-b-e-d B. d-b-e-a-c C. e-d-a-c-b D. c-d-e-a-b E. d-e-b-a-c

E

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are a: Calcified cartilage b: Hypertrophic cartilage c: Ossification d: Resting cartilage e: Proliferating cartilage The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is A. c - a - b - e - d B. d - b - e - a - c C. e - d - a - c - b D. c - d - e - a - b E. d - e - b - a - c

E

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity? A. Gravity B. Mechanical stress C. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels D. Blood calcium level E. All of the choices are correct

E

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging? A. Insufficient calcification B. Demineralization C. Reduction in the organic content of the matrix D. Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness E. All of the choices are correct

E

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture? A. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone. B. A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth. C. Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus. D. The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus. E. No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

E

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture? A. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bones B. A fibrocartliaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth C. Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus D. The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus E. No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair

E

Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts? A. osteochondral progenitor cell B. osteoblasts C. osteocytes D. osteoclasts

A

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in, A. Osteoblasts become osteocytes B. Osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts become osteoclasts D. Osteoclasts become osteocytes

A

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the A. Kidney B. Skin C. Liver D. Bone

A

Flat bones: A. protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved. B. have elaborate shapes, and sometimes resemble sesame seeds. C. include the bones of the wrist that glide across each other. D. are, by definition, not at all curved. E. have a diaphysis and an epiphysis.

A

Intramembranous ossification A. forms the bones of the roof of the skull. B. is the process that produces most of the skeletal system. C. occurs when bones develop from cartilage models. D. occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells. E. occurs on the outer surface of the membrane.

A

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by A. osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid. B. osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae. C. chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion. D. osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite.

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol A. stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood. B. stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix. C. stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels. D. stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

A

Porous bone disease is another name for A. osteoporosis. B. osteogenesis imperfecta. C. osteomalacia. D. scurvy. E. osteomyelitis.

A

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of A. yellow marrow to red marrow. B. red marrow to yellow marrow. C. spongy bone to compact bone. D. bone marrow to spongy bone.

A

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as _____ bones. A. long B. irregular C. short D. flat E. sesamoid

A

The process of bone repair includes these steps: a. fracture hematoma forms b. bone is remodeled c. fibrocartilaginous callus forms d. bony callus forms The correct chronological order for these steps is A. a-c-d-b B. a-b-d-c C. c-d-b-a D. d-a-b-c E. b-a-c-d

A

Which is a sesamoid bone? A. Patella B. Cuboid C. Talus D. Sphenoid E. Scaphoid

A

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth? A. Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity. B. Osteoclasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoblasts build bone at the interstitial lamellae. C. Osteoblasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoclasts build bone at the epiphyses. D. Osteocytes build bone at the interstitial lamellae while osteoclasts expand the length of the medullary cavity. E. Osteocytes and osteoclasts expand the bone at its epiphyses, chondrocytes construct cartilage.

A

Which sex tends to loss more bone mass with aging? A. Women B. Men

A