bio 162 final (labpal hw+prac)

A farmer in the late 1920s grew tomatoes in greenhouses. He found that keeping the tomatoes warm with kerosene burners always ensured that the fruit ripened quickly and uniformly. In the next decade rural electrification brought with it electric heaters that could do the job of the of heating the greenhouse for much less money than kerosene heaters. After switching to the electric heaters the farmer was dismayed to discover that the quick, uniform ripening was no longer occurring. Which of the following plant hormones do you suspect to be a biproduct of burning kerosene?

ethylene

Gibberellins are hormones that promote

internode elongation

In biology when we say that an atom or molecule is "fixed" we are saying that...

the atom or molecule has beed added to an organic molecule within the cell.

True or False: If soil is deficient in phosphate, roots of plants growing in that soil are expected to have shorter root hairs than plant grown with adequate phosphate.

false

From the list below select the water movement in plants that is most analogous to the movement of blood from the aorta to the arterioles.

flow from the root to the lower part of the stem

Studies of the patient known as H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison) demonstrated that the hippocampus is critical for...

formation of new memories

This exam-style question directly relates to Objective 14 (From Signal Transduction and Plant Hormones). This is one of the objectives you were asked to learn independently. Try to 'do' that objective then answer this question first without looking at your notes (of course, you should check with your notes before hitting 'evaluate'.) Compared to guard cells that have not been exposed to abscisic acid (ABA), guard cells ARE exposed to ABA are expected to have ___________ internal [K+], and __________ water potential resulting in the stomata being __________ .

lower, higher, closed

In a C4 plant, after CO2 is fixed, a four-carbon molecule exits these cells by diffusion through plasmodesmata.

mesophyll cells

In a C4 plant, cells that are exposed to the air space in the leaf interior are...

mesophyll cells

Which cell type is this most likely referring to: Ground tissue cells that are primarily associated with photosynthesis

parenchyma

Which cell type is this most likely referring to: Ground tissue cells with thinest cell walls that rarely serve a structural role in the plant

parenchyma

A researcher takes a single plant of the allium (onion) family and makes four cuttings. Each cutting is grown to produce a plant with roots and a shoot. The plants are watered with solutions of either 0, 10, 20 or 30 mM NaCl. After two weeks, the roots are dug up and root length is measured. The described experiment would allow the researcher to observe which of the following in allium?

phenotypic plasticity only

Which cell type is this statement most likely referring to: Secretion of lignin makes the walls of these cells rigid and ideal to serve a structural role in the shoot.

sclerenchyma

Consider the following tissue and indicate wether it is a source (producing/net export sugars) or a sink (importing/net consumption of sugar): developing seed

sink

The most straightforward examples of a sugar source is a mature leaf. A straightforward example of a sink is the root. However, many other source/sink relationships in a plant. Consider the following tissue and indicate wether it is a source (producing/net export sugars) or a sink (importing/net consumption of sugar): shaded leaf

sink

Consider the following tissue and indicate wether it is a source (producing/net export sugars) or a sink (importing/net consumption of sugar): Germinating seed

source

Consider the following tissue and indicate wether it is a source (producing/net export sugars) or a sink (importing/net consumption of sugar): tuber (during the early spring as the shoot begins to grow)

source

Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in the humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that...

the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll

To understand how plant phototropic responses are regulated, a researcher performed the following experiment. He exposed oat seedlings to light and then cut off tips of coleoptiles and placed them on agar blocks. Later the agar blocks were placed on decapitated coleoptiles of other individuals, and some seedlings were kept in the dark while others were exposed to light. Based on your knowledge of auxin synthesis and mode of action, predict in what cases the decapitated coleoptiles would bend TO THE RIGHT. (multiple answers possible)

when the block was placed on the left side of the coleoptiles in both dark and light treatments

When a mammal inspires (takes a breath in)...

Expansion of the chest reduces the air pressure in the alveoli below the atmospheric pressure

Compared to animals that produce other forms of nitrogenous waste, animals that produce most of their nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid...

Expend more ATP but lose less water for each nitrogen atom that they excrete

Consider two solutions that are separated by a membrane which contains aquaporins that make it permeable to water but impermeable to most other solutes. Net movement of water across the membrane would be greatest...

From a 100 mM glucose solution to a 400 mM NaCl solution

Evaporation occurs when more water molecules move from an aqueous liquid or solid water-containing object to the air than move the opposite way. Condensation occurs when more water molecules move from the air to the surface of the liquid or object than move the other way. Which scenario would lead to the fastest rate of evaporation?

From a 20∘C bowl of water to 20∘C air containing 2 mg H2O per liter

Consider two solutions that are separated by a membrane which contains aquaporins that make it permeable to water but impermeable to most other solutes. Net movement of water across the membrane would be greatest...

From a 50 mM solution of KCl to a 200 mM solution of KCl

A group of explorers ask you to help characterize a small (~1 kg) mystery animal that they have discovered. The researchers have implanted temperature loggers in several individuals and determined that their body temperatures range from 34.4 to 36.2°C in their natural habitat. You measure the oxygen consumption rate of several individuals in the lab at an ambient temperature of 35°C and find that they have a metabolic rate of 1.8 mL O2 kg-1 min-1. You know that the metabolic rate of a 1 kg mammal is about 9 mL O2 kg-1 min-1 and the metabolic rate of a 1 kg lizard is ~2.0 mL O2 kg-1 min-1 at 37°C. What is the best description of the mystery animal?

Homeothermic ectotherm

A mechanistic description of a physiological process explains how it works, usually in a step-by-step order involving details of particular components of cells, tissues, or organ systems. A teleological description explains why the process is beneficial, but not how it works. Which of the following is a mechanistic description of thermoregulation in a human?

Humans keep body temperatures from rising much above 37∘ C by sweating and increasing blood flow to the skin.

This is a list of some of the steps in the process of seeing a flash of light. Put them in cause-and-effect order from first to last.A. Photons pass through the ganglion and bipolar cells in the retinaB. Phosphodiesterases break down cyclic GMPC. Photons are absorbed by molecules of retinal in a photoreceptor cellD. The rod is hyperpolarizedE. Photons are refracted by the lensF. Transducin molecules bind GTPG. cGMP-gated Na+ channels closeH. Rhodopsin changes shape to its active conformationI. Photons pass through the corneaJ. Transducin molecules activate phosphodiesterases

IEACHFJBGD

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Transport of glucose into kidney proximal tubule cells by SGLT

Which form of photosynthesis has the greatest water loss per gram of carbon fixed? (select one)

C3

In a C4 plant, PEP-carboxylase activity is highest in...

mesophyll cells

Formation of new branches in plants takes place in the same developmental position along the stem. Where is this position?

above leaves at the axillary meristem

From the list below, select all the examples that of defense that ARE NOT considered part of the hypersensitive response. Multiple answers possible.

-A caterpillar's digestion of proteins is inhibited after feeding on the leaves of a particular plant. -high levels of capsaicin in fruits and seeds inhibit the spread of fungi on pepper plants. -The waxy coating of the leaf epidermis prevents bacteria from entering the leaf interior.

Your textbook provides some evidence that methyl salicylate (MeSA) is the hormone involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Which of the following would you expect to be TRUE of a MeSA signal transduction pathway?

-Binding of MeSA to its receptor induces changes that allow the target cell to respond quickly if exposed to a pathogen. -The MeSA receptor is an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane. -MeSA binding to its receptor induces production of a 2° messenger in the cytoplasm.

Chameleons use their long, sticky tongues to capture insects and other small animals so they can eat them. Which of these steps were part of the evolutionary process that led to this adaptation in modern chameleons?

-Chameleon ancestors which captured and ate more prey were able to produce more offspring. -Random genetic mutations led to longer tongues in some individuals and shorter tongues in others. -Chameleon ancestors with longer tongues were able to capture more prey.

In a similar experimental set-up as described in the previous question, a MUTANT tomato plant is grown along side wild type tomato in the humus-containing soil. Despite being in the same soil conditions the mutant plant has yellow-ish leaves. Mutations to which of the following genes/functions could explain the mutant phenotype? (answer all that apply)

-Mutation eliminates a gene encoding a H+/Mg2+ cotransporter -Mutation eliminates a gene essential for the formation of root hairs -Mutation eliminates a gene encoding a proton pump (moves H+ only against its concentration gradient)

Which of the following processes would occur at higher rates in the fed (absorptive) state than the fasted (postabsorptive) state?

-Oxidation of glucose by muscle cells -Synthesis of protein by muscle cells

Pick all the statements below that are TRUE of all essential nutrients.

-They are required for a specific structure or metabolic function. -They are necessary for plant growth and reproduction. -They cannot be synthesized by a plant

Which vertebrate groups have ventricles that are completely divided into right and left chambers?

-crocodillians -mammals -birds

Photorespiration is similar to respiration in an animal cell in that both...

-release CO2 -consume O2

You hammer a nail into a tree trunk 2 meters above the ground. The tree is currently 5 meters tall and grows taller at a rate of 1 meter per year. How far above ground level will the nail be in 10 years?

2 meters

Which description of blood oxygen content is most accurate?

A doubling of the plasma PO2 causes the oxygen content of the blood to increase, but the increase depends on the original PO2

Why is Alexis St. Martin well known among digestive physiologists?

A gunshot wound left a hole in his stomach which permitted direct observations of stomach function.

Which of the following is an example of primary active transport?

A protein that breaks down ATP to transport Ca2+ across a membrane from an area where [Ca2+]=0.01 mM to an area where [Ca2+]=1 mM

Match each component of the nervous system to its function or description (Use each choice once). Descriptions: A. Transmits sensory information to the CNS B. Transmits output from the CNS to other organs and tissues C. Transmits signals to skeletal muscles D. Transmits regulatory signals to internal organs and other involuntary tissues E. Transmits regulatory signals that result in "rest and digest" responses F. Transmits regulatory signals that result in "fight or flight" responses G. Takes in sensory information from the gut and regulates digestive functions H. Integrates and processes sensory information and generates signals to send to other body systems

A.Afferent division B.Efferent division C.Somatic division D.Autonomic nervous system E.Parasympathetic division F.Sympathetic division G.Enteric nervous system H.CNS

Match each protein with its cellular location and/or description. Proteins: Troponin, Voltage-gated Na+ channels, Acetylcholine receptors (AChR), Ryanodine receptors (RyR), Actin, Tropomyosin, Myosin, SERCA, DHPR Descriptions: A. Motor protein with ATP-binding domain and actin-binding domain B. Generate and propagate action potentials in muscle cell membrane C. Ion channels found in SR membrane through which Ca2+ leaves the SR D. Neurotransmitter receptor that initiates graded depolarization of muscle cell membrane E. Major component of the thin filament to which myosin binds F. Voltage-sensing proteins embedded in the T-tubule membrane, interact with RyR G. Blocks the actin-binding sites on the thin filament unless Ca2+ levels are high H. Binds calcium and interacts with tropomyosin J. Hydrolyzes ATP in order to transport calcium into the SR

A.Myosin B.voltage-gated Na++ channels C.Ryanodine receptors D.Acetylcholine receptors E.Actin F.DHPR G.Tropomyosin H.Troponin J.SERCA

Match each element of the musculoskeletal system to its description. Elements: Osteoblast, Apodeme, Cartilage, Aponeurosis, Tendon, Osteoclast, Ligament Descriptions: A. Cell that reabsorbs bone material in order to repair cracks and supply calcium to the blood B. Transition zone where muscle and tendon attach to one another C. Cushions joints where bones articulate with one another D. Connect bones to other bones E. Point of attachment between muscle and chitinous exoskeleton F. Cell that synthesizes bone material composed of protein and mineral G. Connect skeletal muscles to bones

A.Osteoclast B.Aponeurosis C.Cartilage D.Ligament E.Apodeme F.Osteoblast G.Tendon

Match each brain region to the appropriate function or description. (Use each choice once). Functions/descriptions: A. Contains the primary auditory cortex where auditory information is processed B. Relay center; homeostatic control of body temperature, appetite C. Conscious thought and memory D. Coordination and quality control of voluntary movement E. Executive control of attention, personality and emotion F. Somatic sensation (touch) and motor function (movement) G. Autonomic control of the heart, lungs and digestive system H. Contains the primary visual cortex where visual information is processed

A.Temporal lobe B.Diencephalon C.Cerebrum D.Cerebellum E.Frontal lobe F.Parietal lobe G.Brain stem H.Occipital lobe

Match each type of immune system cell to its function or description. (Use each description once). Cell types: Macrophage, Dendritic cell, Helper T-cell, B lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Mast cell, Cytotoxic T-cell Descriptions: A. Engulfs pathogens and presents antigens bound to MHC proteins B. Secretes proteins that cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis C. Releases histamine as part of the inflammatory response D. White blood cell with tri-lobed nucleus that phagocytizes pathogens E. Participates in activation of B-cells if it has receptors for the same antigens F. Detects pathogens and releases chemokines as part of the inflammatory response G. Has receptors that are specific to particular antigen structures and releases antibodies as part of the humoral response

A: Dendritic cell B: Cytotoxic T-cell C: Mast cell D: Neutrophil E: Helper T-cell F: Macrophage G: B lymphocyte

Match the discovery, experiment, or laboratory technique with the scientist who performed or developed it. The discoveries are described in the textbook - check the fine print in the figure captions as well as the main text. One relevant figure is included in the study questions at the end of the chapter. A. Atrazine (an herbicide) is an endocrine disruptor that causes male amphibians to exhibit female anatomical and physiological features. B. Epinephrine produces different effects on different tissues by binding to different receptors. C. Epinephrine causes an increase in oxygen consumption by the brain. D. The radioimmunoassay is a technique for measuring concentrations of hormones. E. Transplanted testes can confer male morphological and behavioral characteristics on the animals into which they are transplanted.

A: Tyrone Hayes and Colleagues B: Raymond Ahlquist C: Benton King and colleagues D: Rosalind Yallow E: Arnold Berthold

Match each immune system protein with its function or description. (Use each description once). A. Enzyme that helps to degrade bacterial cell walls; found in tears, saliva, and mucus B. Local signaling molecules that attract phagocytes to areas of injury or infection C. Antibody that is most commonly involved in allergies D. Protein that presents fragments of extracellular pathogens on the cell surface E. Signaling molecule that causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in an infected area F. Protein that presents fragments of intracellular pathogens on the cell surface G. Pentameric antibody that is particularly effective in agglutination of pathogens H. The most abundant type of antibody circulating in the blood and interstitial fluid J. Pattern recognition receptor that detects a broad class of foreign molecules

A:Lysozyme B: Chemokine C: Immunoglobulin E D: Class 2 MHC protein E: Histamine F: Class 1 MHC protein G: Immunoglobulin M H :Immunoglobulin G J: Toll-like receptor

Match the hormone with the organ or cell type that secretes it. Use each answer choice once. Hormones: ADH, ACTH, cholecystokinin, cortisol, epinephrine, estradiol, ghrelin, GHRH, insulin, IGF-1, leptin, melatonin, thyroxine Organs/cell types: Adipocytes, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, pancreas, pineal gland, posterior pituitary, small intestine, stomach, thyroid gland

ADH: Posterior pituitary ACTH: Anterior pituitary Cholecystokinin: Small intestine Cortisol: Adrenal cortex Epinephrine: Adrenal medulla Estradiol: Ovary Ghrelin: Stomach GHRH: Hypothalamus Insulin: Pancreas IGF-1: Liver Leptin: Adipocytes Melatonin: Pineal gland Thyroxine: Thyroid gland

The fastest net diffusion of carbon dioxide would occur...

Across a 400 μm2 surface from a PCO2 of 50 mm Hg to a PCO2 of 20 mm Hg

In order to maintain thermal homeostasis a mammal must generally...

Adjust the rates of heat loss and heat gain so that they are equal.

Which statement correctly describes the tracheal systems of insects?

Air has a lower viscosity than hemolymph

Match each sensory structure to its function or description. Structures: 1. Ampullae of Lorenzini 2. Basilar membrane 3. Lateral line 4. Ommatidia 5. Vomeronasal organ Descriptions/functions: A. Detect airborne odorants and pheremones B. Detect electrical fields in the water C. Detect light coming from a particular direction D. Sense water pressure and movement using hair cells E. Vibrate in different locations in response to different frequencies of sound

Ampullae of Lorenzini: B Basilar membrane: E Lateral Line: D Ommatidia: C Vomeronasal organ: A

We described how the resting electrical potential of a cell membrane is established. Which of these descriptions best summarizes this process?

An ATP-driven pump creates and maintains unequal ion concentrations on opposite sides of the membrane. Then, leakage of ions down their concentration gradients produces the resting membrane potential.

Pick the best description of a sieve tube cell near a mature leaf (a source) on a sunny day (i.e. lots of photosynthesis going on).

Cell alive, [sugar] in cytoplasm is high, water potential (Ψ) is positive.

The best explanation for the observation about the nail in the tree trunk from the previous questions is that...

Cell division in the apical meristem adds new cells at the top of the plant.

Pick the statement below that best summarizes the insights gained from THIS EXPERIMENT ONLY. (Do not consider subsequent experiments.)

Light is sensed in one part of the plant and cells in a different part of the plant respond.

In which type(s) of photosynthesis does the following event occur? (select all that apply) Includes a reaction catalyzed by the RUBISCO enzyme.

C3, C4, CAM

In which type(s) of photosynthesis does the following event occur? (select all that apply) Before being added to ribulose-bisphosphate (RuBp), atmospheric carbon (CO2) is added to another organic molecule in the cell.

C4, CAM

In which type(s) of photosynthesis does the following event occur? (select all that apply) There is spatial or temporal (time) separation between C fixation and the generation of reduced carbon.

C4, CAM

Two cells in the adrenal cortex produce different hormones. "Cell A" produces aldosterone while "cell C" produces cortisol. What must differ between the two cells?

Cell A expresses enzymes that are necessary to synthesize aldosterone while cell C expresses enzymes that are necessary to synthesize cortisol.

The desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) is a desert-dwelling iguanid lizard. Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) are small mammals that survive and thrive in arid (dry) environments. Which description is most likely to be correct?

Desert iguanas produce urine with high concentrations of uric acid. Kangaroo rats produce urine with high concentrations of urea.

This is a list of some of the steps in the process of hearing a sound. Put them in cause-and-effect order from first to last.A. K+ channels in the hair cell membranes openB. The incus (ear bone) vibratesC. The hair cell releases neurotransmitterD. Pressure waves pass through the air in the ear canalE. Afferent neurons transmit action potentials through the cochlear nerveF. The hair cell membrane is depolarizedG. Pressure waves travel through the fluid in the cochleaH. The tympanic membrane vibratesI. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels openJ. The stapes (ear bone) vibratesK. Stereocilia in hair cells deflect (bend)L. The malleus (ear bone) vibratesM. The oval window vibrates

DHLBJMGKAFICE

For a plant cell to elongate the cell wall must be altered. Some of the steps associated with this process are stated below. Put them in the order in which they occur in the plant. If an event listed does not occur, do not include it in your list. A. Turgor pressure elongates the cell B. Cellulose microfibrils are degraded (broken down). C. Cell wall acidifies D. 'Expansin' is active and hemicellulose is cleaved E. H+-ATPase moved from the ER to the plasma membrane

E, C, D, A

There are fitness tradeoffs between endothermy and ectothermy. Which of these is an advantage of ectothermy relative to endothermy?

Ectotherms don't need to eat as much to maintain their basic body functions.

Put the digestive organs in the order in which food or chyme passes through them in the human digestive tract.

Esophagous: 2nd Gall bladder: Not part of digestive tract Liver: Not part of digestive tract Large intestine: 5th Mouth: 1st Pancreas: Not part of digestive tract Small intestine: 4th Stomach: 3rd

Select the appropriate category of endocrine disorder for each disease.

Grave's disease: Hypersecretion Hashimoto's disease: Hyposecretion Type II diabetes: Hyporesponsiveness

Which of the following cases represents an adaptation to a cold environment?Assume that ground squirrels live for a couple of years, but don't usually disperse or migrate more than a few hundred meters from where they are born.

Ground squirrels trapped at an altitude of 2900m in Colorado have longer fur than squirrels of the same species trapped at an altitude of 1500m.

Cushing's disease, in which a pituitary tumor causes excessive release of ACTH, would lead to what set of hormone levels (relative to normal values)?

High [cortisol], low [CRH]

Glomerular filtration results from...

Higher hydrostatic pressure in capillaries than in Bowman's space

Imagine a leaf near the top of a tree on a sunny day. Inside the leaf are air spaces surrounded by well-hydrated mesophyll cells. A cloud drifts in front of the the sun temporarily shading the leaf. In the moment that the leaf becomes shaded how does the water potential (Ψ) of the water associated with the mesophyll cells change?

Increases due to drop in transpiration.

Which of the following descriptions represents acclimation of an animal to a cold climate?

Individual red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) shed fur in the spring and grow thicker fur in autumn.

In the natural environment of the animal, water moves passively...

Into the gills of a freshwater teleost but out of the skin of a terrestrial mammal.

When the cell membrane of a neuron is at a resting potential of -65 mV...

K+ ions tend to leak out through K+ channels down their concentration gradient, but against their electrical gradient

Blood glucose is between 4 to 8 mmols/L. Beta cells in the pancreas monitor the blood sugar based on how fast they absorb glucose from the blood. If the blood glucose is high, pancreatic beta cells release more insulin into the bloodstream; if blood glucose is low, beta cells release less insulin and pancreatic alpha cells release more glucagon into blood. Insulin causes muscle, liver, and fat cells to increase glucose uptake and synthesize glycogen and lipids for storage. When glucagon levels are high and insulin levels are low, liver cells break down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream, fat cells break down lipid to release fatty acids into the blood, and many body cells switch fuels so they burn less glucose and more lipid. Match each of the following components to its role in the feedback loop

Liver cells: Effector 4 to 8 mM plasma glucose: Set point SloDoCo donuts: Disturbance Pancreatic beta cells: Integrator Pancreatic beta cells: Sensor Fat cells: Effector Insulin: Controller

Mammals that have evolved at high altitude, such as llamas, have left-shifted hemoglobins compared to related species that occur at lower altitude. Which statement is correct?

Llama hemoglobins have adapted to enhance oxygen binding in the lung

Homeostasis can best be described as...

Maintenance of physiological parameters within ranges conducive to normal function.

The bony anatomy of the arm is one of the structural features that allows hummingbirds to hover. All of the following events except for one probably contributed to the present-day anatomy and physiology of hummingbirds. Which one WAS NOT part of the process that led to modern hummingbirds?

The need for greater maneuverability caused a mutation that resulted in short shoulder and upper arm bones in a hummingbird ancestor.

Hypertension is a common condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is higher than normal. Although the arterial pressure is higher in hypertension, patients with hypertension typically have similar rates of blood flow to healthy people. What other alteration in hypertension patients could explain this pattern?

Narrower blood vessels

Which of these contains the smallest quantity of oxygen?

One liter of 37∘C mammalian plasma that has equilibrated with air expired by a mammal

In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants?

Only nitrogen can be provided by symbiotic bacteria.

The largest quantity of water is reabsorbed in which part of the mammalian nephron?

PCT

For each pair, choose the pair of nervous system responses for which the responses differ in the right way to match the stimuli. Stimulus pairs: Pair 1. flash of blue light vs. flash of red light of equal brightness Pair 2. bright green light vs. dimmer green light Pair 3. loud 262 hz sound vs. faint 262 hz sound Pair 4. 20 decibel sound at 262 hz or an equally loud sound at 349 hz Pair 5. mild scent of vinegar vs. an equal scent of flatulence Pair 6. strong scent of vinegar vs. mild scent of vinegar Response pairs: A. 60 APs per second vs. 10 APs per second in the same cochlear nerve B. 20 APs per second in different neurons of olfactory nerve C. 30 APs per sec in different neurons of cochlear nerve D. 20 APs per sec in diff neurons of optic nerve E. 60 APs per sec vs. 10 APs per sec in same neurons of olfactory nerve F. 60 APs per sec vs. 10 APs per sec in the same neurons of optic nerve

Pair 1: D Pair 2: F Pair 3: A Pair 4: C Pair 5: B Pair 6: E

Place the muscle components in order from smallest (1) to largest (7):

Smallest (1)G-Actin (2)Thin filament (3)Sarcomere (4)Myofibril (5)Fiber (6)Fascicle Largest (7)Muscle

Hemoglobin would have the lowest oxygen affinity in...

Systemic capillaries in muscle of an exercising human

Compared to fast glycolytic fibers, slow-twitch fibers...

Tend to burn more lipid and less carbohydrate

In a typical fish swimming in a typical lake...

The O2 concentration in the lake water is lower than the total O2 concentration in the red blood cells of the fish, but the PO2 is lower in the red blood cells than the lake water.

When salmon larvae are very young and only a couple of centimeters long, they can take in most of their oxygen through the skin, but older salmon larvae take in oxygen mainly through their gills. What is the best explanation for why this switch is necessary?

The area of the skin is insufficient to support gas exchange requirements in fish greater than a certain size.

Match the components of the feedback loop to their roles in regulating mammalian body temperature.

The brain: Integrator Sweat glands: Effector Falling into a frozen pond: Disturbance 37∘ C: Set Point Nerve cells:Sensor Muscles: Effector

Which characteristic of insects that live in dry environments makes them more susceptible to dehydration?

They have a high ratio of external surface area to body volume

There are two major forms of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2. Both forms lead to defects in insulin signaling and storage of nutrients, especially glucose. Which description is correct regarding the etiology, pathology, and epidemiology of each type?

Type 2 diabetes results from sedentary lifestyle and obesity and has become much more common in the U.S. in the past 50 years

If you pumped water the normal way through the gill filaments of a fish and then pumped water the opposite way at the same flow rate, the opposite-direction flow would cause...

Water to leave the gills with higher PO2 than the normal direction flow and blood to leave the gills with lower PO2 than the normal direction flow.

Body size has a large influence on how animals move. Which statement is true?

Viscosity is more important to small swimming animals such as fish larvae than large animals such as whales

Match the vitamin or mineral with its function or purpose in the body. Use each option once. Functions: A. oxygen binding in heme and various enzymes B. cofactor for many enzymes C. antioxidant, also necessary for collagen synthesis D. essential in nerve and muscle signaling and water balance E. component of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate F. component of bone mineral G. component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ H. coenzyme necessary for formation of red blood cells

Vitamin B3 (niacin): G Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): H Vitamin C (ascorbate): C Iron: A Iodine: E Sodium: D Magnesium: B Phosphorus: F

Action potentials occur in the axon, but not in the dendrites or cell body of a neuron because...

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are found in the axon, but not in the cell body or dendrites.

If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a dendrite and the resulting second-messenger pathway causes K+ channels to close, the result will be...

an EPSP

In a C4 plant, RUBISCO activity is highest in...

bundle sheath cells

In a C4 plant, photorespiration is reduced because CO2 is concentrated in the

bundle sheath cells