Chapter 7 Outline
For low frequency sounds (below ___ Hz), the basilar membrane does vibrate in synchrony with the sound wave in accordance with frequency theory. The pitch of the sound is identified by the frequency of impulses and the loudness is identified by the number of firing cells.
100
Most adult humans can hear vibrations from __ to almost 20,000 Hz.
15
Cells outside area _1 respond best to auditory "objects" such as animal cries, machinery noise, music, etc.
A
_____: Intensity of a sound wave
Amplitude
______, a chemical found in hot peppers and jalapeños, also stimulates pain receptors.
Capsaicin
Number of compressions per second, measured in hertz (Hz) of a sound.
Frequency
____ Theory: We perceive certain pitches when the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing the axons of the auditory nerve to produce action potentials at the same frequency.
Frequency
Vigorous scratching produces mild pain, and pain inhibits itch. _____ reduce pain and increase itch. The _____ relationship between pain and itch is evidence that itch is not a type of pain.
Opiates inhibitory
_______ and Endorphins 1. i. Bind to receptors in the _____ cord and periaqueductal gray area to block the release of Substance P and decrease prolonged pain.
Opiods spinal
strong pain causes the release of both glutamate and Substance
P
Opiods and Endorphins 1. i. Bind to receptors in the spinal cord and periaqueductal gray area to block the release of Substance ___ and decrease ____ pain.
P prolonged
Examples of touch receptors are pain receptors, Ruffini endings, Meissner's corpuscles, and _____ corpuscles.
Pacinian
_____ corpuscles detect sudden displacements or high-frequency _____ on the skin.
Pacinian vibrations
_____: The experience evoked by a harmful stimulus, directing our attention towards danger.
Pain
___information also ascends to the reticular formation of the medulla, where it projects to the limbic system to generate ___ associations and memories
Pain emotional
___: The perception of frequency (the higher the frequency of a sound, the higher its pitch).
Pitch
___ Theory -: Each area along the basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present. Each frequency activates hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane, and the brain distinguishes frequencies by which neurons are activated.
Place
T/F: Conductive or middle-ear deafness: Failure of the bones of the middle ear to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea. Conductive deafness can be caused by diseases, infections, or tumorous bone growth near the ear. This deafness can be corrected by surgery or hearing aids.
T
T/F: Gate Theory: Information not related to pain travels to the spinal cord and closes the "gates" for each pain message, thereby modulating the subjective experience of pain.
T
T/F: Itch is useful because it directs you to scratch the itchy area and remove whatever is irritating your skin.
T
T/F: Placebo: A drug that has no pharmacological effects, yet reduces the perception of pain
T
T/F: The body also has mechanisms to increase pain after tissue has been damaged and inflamed
T
T/F: The somatosensory system involves the sensation of the body and its movements, including discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, tickle, and the position and movements of joints.
T
____: The stimulation of taste buds. Taste differs from flavor, which is the combination of taste and smell.
Taste
_____: Frequent or constant ringing in the ear. Tinnitus is common in people with nerve deafness and is due, in some cases, to a phenomenon like phantom limb.
Tinnitus
____ principle of pitch discrimination: The auditory cortex as a whole can have volleys of impulses up to about____ per second, even though no individual axon approaches this frequency alone.
Volley 4000
______-fiber pattern principle: Receptors of a sensory system respond to a wide range of stimuli and contribute to the perception of each of them.
across
Frequency Theory: We perceive certain pitches when the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing the axons of the auditory nerve to produce ____ potentials at the same frequency.
action
Chemicals that ___ one receptor but not others have been used to identify taste receptor types.
alter
The tympanic membrane is attached to three tiny bones (hammer, _______, and stirrup).
anvil
Primary _____ cortex (area A1): Ultimate destination of auditory information is located in the superior temporal cortex. Area A1 also is important for auditory imagery.
auditory
When fluid in the cochlea vibrates, a shearing action occurs, which stimulates hair cells; these cells then stimulate the____ nerve cells (eighth cranial nerve).
auditory
Receptors are _____nerve endings, some of which also respond to acid and heat
bare
For high frequency sounds (above 5000 Hz), we use a mechanism similar to place theory. High frequency vibrations strike the basilar membrane, causing a traveling wave. This causes displacement of hair cells near the _____ (where the stirrup meets the cochlea). Low frequency sounds produce displacement ______ along the membrane.
base farther
Frequency Theory: We perceive certain pitches when the _____ membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing the axons of the auditory nerve to produce action potentials at the same frequency.
basilar
The current theory combines modifications of ____frequency and place theories
both
Mammalian taste receptors are located in taste ___, which are located in papillae (structures on the surface of the tongue)
buds
Sound waves reach the tympanic membrane through the auditory________. The tympanic membrane is attached to three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup).hed to three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup).
canal
Receptors for heat and cold can be stimulated by certain ______ as well as ___ stimulation.
chemicals mechanical
The auditory receptors (hair cells) lie between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane in the _____.
cochlea
The inner ear consists of the oval window, which receives vibrations from the tiny bones of the middle ear, and the _____, which contains three fluid-filled tunnels: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani.
cochlea
Sound waves are periodic________ of air, water, or another medium.
compressions
Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous System: Stimulation of pain pathways in spinal cord or thalamus can disrupt constant pain, presumably by interrupting the _____ stimulation of the pain receptors
continuous
The somatosensory cortex receives information primarily from the_________side of the body.
contralateral
The pain signal ascends the ____ spinal cord to the _____ and from there projects to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
contralateral thalamus
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs _____ pain by_____ the release of chemicals from damaged tissue
decrease reducing
Each spinal nerve has a sensory component and a motor component. Each sensory spinal nerve innervates a limited area of the body called a _____
dermatome
Similar to the visual system, the auditory system needs _____ to develop normally. Both constant noise and lack of exposure to sound will impair the development of the auditory system.
experience
Taste: The stimulation of taste buds. Taste differs from _____ which is the combination of taste and smell.
flavor
The stirrup causes the oval window to vibrate, setting in motion all the ____ in the cochlea
fluid
We have long known of the existence of at least ____types of "primary" tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
four
Nerve or inner-ear deafness: Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve that causes a permanent impairment in hearing in one to all ranges of ____. Nerve deafness can be inherited or caused by prenatal problems and early childhood disorders.
frequencies
Tone deafness or amusia: a disorder where individuals are seriously impaired at detecting small changes in________. The explanation for this disorder is unknown
frequency
For low frequency sounds the pitch of the sound is identified by the _______ of impulses and the loudness is identified by the_____ of firing cells
frequency number
Calcium carbonate particles (otoliths) lie next to ____cells in the otolith organs and excite them when the head ___ in different directions.
hair tilts
Somatosensory information from the _____ enters the CNS through the cranial nerves.
head
The vestibular organ monitors ___ movements and directs ______ movements of the eyes
head compensatory
Damage to the primary auditory cortex leads to deficits in processing auditory information, not a loss of ____
hearing
Pain sensitization is a result of the body releasing _____, nerve growth factor, and other chemicals that are necessary to repair the body
histamine
The three semicircular canals are filled with a _____ like substance and are lined with hair cells. Acceleration of the head causes this substance to push against hair cells, which in turn causes action potentials from the vestibular system to travel via part of the eighth cranial nerve to the brainstem and cerebellum.
jelly
Labeled-line principle: Receptors of a sensory system that respond to a ____range of stimuli and send a ___ line to the brain
limited direct
We localize high frequencies by _____ness differences.
loudness
The inner ear consists of the oval window, which receives vibrations from the tiny bones of the middle ear, and thecochlea, which contains three fluid-filled tunnels: the scala vestibuli, scala____, and scala tympani.
media
Auditory information passes through several subcortical structures with an important crossover in the ____ that enables each hemisphere of the forebrain to get its major auditory input from the opposite ear
midbrain
Cells outside area A1 respond best to auditory "______" such as animal cries, machinery noise, music, etc.
objects
We can localize a sound of any frequency by its time of _____, if the onset is sudden enough. Most speech sounds are localized by differences in time of onset.
onset
The anatomy of the ear is described in terms of three regions: the____ ear, the middle ear, and the____ ear
outer inner
In adult humans, taste buds are located mainly on the ___- edge of the tongue.
outside
The inner ear consists of the_____ window, which receives vibrations from the tiny bones of the middle ear, and thecochlea, which contains three fluid-filled tunnels: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani.
oval
The stirrup causes the___ window to vibrate, setting in motion all the fluid in the cochlea.
oval
Capsaicin, a chemical found in hot peppers and jalapeños, also stimulates _____ receptors.
pain
The mechanical senses include touch, ___, and other body sensations, as well as _____ sensation (specialized to detect the position and movement of the head).
pain vestibular
A given ____may contain from 0 to 10 taste buds and each taste bud contains about____ receptor cells.
papilla 50
Opiods and Endorphins 1. i. Bind to receptors in the spinal cord and _____ gray area to block the release of Substance P and decrease prolonged pain.
periaqueductal
Cannabinoids: Drugs that act in ____ to block some types of pain.
periphery
Humans localize low frequency sounds by differences in ____. We can localize a sound of any frequency by its time of onset, if the onset is sudden enough. Most speech sounds are localized by differences in time of onset.
phase
The outer ear includes the ____ (structure of flesh and cartilage attached to the side of the head) and the auditory ___-.
pinna canal
Itch --- In response to contact with certain ____
plants
Vertebrate sensory systems probably do not have any ___ labeled-line codes. Taste and smell stimuli excite several kinds of neurons, and the meaning of a particular response by a particular neuron depends on the responses of other neurons.
pure
Itch ---______ to tissue damage, due to release of
response histamine
The vestibular organ is comprised of two otolith organs (the____ and ____) and three semicircular canals.
saccule utricle
The vestibular organ is comprised of two otolith organs (the saccule and utricle) and three _____ canals.
semicircular
Taste receptors are actually modified _____ cells which last only about 10-14 days before being replaced.
skin
Stimulation of touch receptors opens ______channels in the axon, possibly starting an action potential if the stimulation is strong enough
sodium
The pain signal ascends the contralateral spinal cord to the thalamus and from there projects to the primary____cortex in the _____ lobe
somatosensory parietal
Mild pain causes the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the ___cord,
spinal
Somatosensory Information from touch receptors below the head enters the______cord through the 31 spinal nerves and passes toward the brain.
spinal
Both forms of itch are conveyed by a single ____ pathway that tends to be ____than other tactile sensations
spinal slower
The ____ causes the oval window to vibrate, setting in motion all the fluid in the cochlea
stirrup
flavor is the combination of ____and ______
taste smell
Primary auditory cortex (area A1): Ultimate destination of auditory information is located in the superior____cortex. Area A1 also is important for auditory____
temporal imagery
Sensory information from the spinal cord is sent to the _________ before traveling to the somatosensory cortex in the ______ lobe.
thalamus parietal
The vestibular organ is comprised of two otolith organs (the saccule and utricle) and ____semicircular canals.
three
In the primary auditory cortex, cells respond preferentially to certain tones. Cells preferring a given tone in the auditory cortex cluster together providing a map of the sounds referred to as a _____ map. Thus, the cortical area with the _____ response indicates what sound or sounds are heard.
tonotopic greatest
The inner ear consists of the oval window, which receives vibrations from the tiny bones of the middle ear, and thecochlea, which contains three fluid-filled tunnels: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala ___-.
tympani
The middle ear is comprised of the_______ membrane (eardrum), which vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it.
tympanic
Pain is conveyed slowly over _____ axons
unmyelinated
The three semicircular canals are filled with a jellylike substance and are lined with hair cells. Acceleration of the head causes this substance to push against hair cells, which in turn causes action potentials from the ____ system to travel via part of the eighth cranial nerve to the _____ and cerebellum.
vestibular brainstem
The inner ear consists of the oval window, which receives vibrations from the tiny bones of the middle ear, and thecochlea, which contains three fluid-filled tunnels: the scala_____, scala media, and scala tympani.
vestibuli
The ______ principle is believed to be important for pitch perception below 4000 Hz, although it is unclear how the brain uses this information,
volley