Chapter 7 quiz

mass customization

-enabled by lean manufacturing and smart factories -claims infinite variety of products in unlimited batch sizes -traditionally only could do small batches for highly flexible orders or mass production for a limited variety and large batch sizes

Woodward came up with what three groups to break up complexity, from least to most complex

1. Small batch and unit production 2. large batch and mass production 3. Continuous process production

kaizen

CI, large number of small, incremental improvements on an ongoing basis

usually low variety jobs are correlated with

high analyzability

what else do smart factories have?

-robots -3D printing

in a manufacturing setting noncore technology would be

R&D, marketing, accounting

examples of services

airlines, hotels, consultants, health care, law firms

what is an example of non routine technology

biotech industry

when moving down the group categories to increased complexity, the number of management levels typically

increases

routine technologies

little task variety, objective, computational procedures

among of verbal v written communication?

more written in mass production and verbal in others

baseball would be an ex of

pooled

basketball is an example of

reciprocal

tasks for mass production vs smart factory

routine/repetitive vs adaptive/craftlike

long linked technologies

successive stages of production

routine technology departments have what type of design

Mechanistic 1. high formalization 2. high centralization 3. Little training or experience 4. wide span control 5. vertical, written communications

craft technology departments have what type of design?

Mostly organic 1. moderate formalization 2. moderate centralization 3. Work experience 4. moderate to wide spread control 5. Horiz. verbal communication

non routine technology departments have what type of org design

Organic 1. low formalization 2. Low centralization 3. training plus experience 4. moderate to narrow span of control 5. horz communication, meetings

decision making for mass production vs smart factory

centralized vs decentralized

interorg relationships for a smart factory

changing, few close relationships

what are some examples of routine technologies

clerical work, auditing, auto assembly, sales

engineering technologies

complex bc high variety but handled on the basis of formulas, procedures and techniques

computer aided design (CAD)

computers used to draft, design and engineer new parts

the direct-indirect labor ratio _____________ with technical complexity because

decreases (less direct workers for every indirect) bc more indirect workers are needed to support and maintain complex machinery

noncore technology

department work process important to the organization but not directly related to its primary mission.

pooled interdependence is in line with what structure

divisional, share financial resources and each contribute

what are examples of engineering technologies

engineering, tax accounting, sci. research

what defines continuous process production?

entire process is mechanized, no starting/stopping, highly predictable outcomes.I.e. amazon's new fully automated distribution center

interdependence

extent to which departments depend on each other for info, resources, material to accomplish tasks

variety

frequency of unexpected and novel events in the conversion process. Work variety is whether work is performed the same way every time when employees transform inputs to outputs

supervisor span of control is greatest for what and smallest for what?

greatest for mass production but smallest for continuous process, medium for unit production. Verbal communication and highly skilled workers needed in more complex environments

computer aided manufacturing (CAM)

handling, fabrication, production, assembly and decrease in changeover time

decentralization

high centralization in routine activities. Decentralized in non routine environments

nonroutine technology

high task variety, not analyzable/understood, lots of effort into analyzing problems/activities

specialization for mass production vs smart factory

high vs low

formalized procedures and centralization are high for __________ and low for ____________

high: mass production low: CP and unit production

employee skill level

higher for non routine jobs, often require job experience and formal education

lean manufacturing

highly trained employees at every stage to squeeze out waste and improve value. Often combined with 6 sigma (quality control), which is an ambitious quality standard of no more than 3.4 defects per million parts

lean 6 sigma

holistic approach to eliminate waste and improve quality

in service industries there is a much stronger

human element that affects perception of quality, which can't be as directly measured as manufacturing

core technology

includes work processes that are directly related to the organization's mission i.e. teachers teaching in high school

manager to total personnel ratio __________ with complexity

increases, greater management intensity needed for more complexity

what are some of the trends of technology

increasing complexity and concern about people losing their jobs to machines

sociotechnical systems

interaction of technical (materials, tools, machines) and human (socio) needs in effective job design, combines needs of people and technical efficiency

What defines small batch and unit productions?

job shop operations that manufacture and assemble small orders to meet specific customer needs. Relies heavily on human operator. I.e. designer handbags or a traditional amazon distribution center

what defines large batch and mass production?

long production runs of standardized product that go into inventory to be pulled from. I.e. traditional manufacturing line for cars

usually highly variable jobs are correlated with

low analyzability

pooled

lowest form of interdependence among departments. Each department contributes but works independently like a subway branch or bank.

Joan woodward defined manufacturing facilities based on their complexity. Those facilities with high technical complexity have work performance by _________________. Those with low technical complexity have work performance by _______________.

machines/humans

hierarchical levels in mass production vs smart

many vs few

computer aided craftsmanship

mass customization

while the structure for mass production can be deemed

mechanistic

in a manufacturing setting core technology would be

milling, material handling, inspection, assembly

in sequential org interdependencies is there more or less of a need for horz linkage/scheduling

more

when your org has sequential interdependence there is more or less of a need for horizontal integrators?

more

communication and coordination

more needed and more horizontal when less routine and more complex. Often written for analyzable and face to face for non analyzable

engineering has what type of design

mostly mechanistic 1. moderate formalization 2. moderate centralization 3. Formal training 4. moderate span 5. written and verbal communications

jobs that have a lot of variety and low analyzability are

non-routine

span of control

number of employees reporting to a single manager or supervisor. Smaller for more complex, non routine tasks because more of their involvement is needed

overall the structure for unit production and continuous process can be deemed

organic

reciprocal

output of operation A is an input to operation B and output of operation B is an input to operation A

sequential interdependence

parts products in one department are the inputs of another

what are some examples of craft technologies

performing arts, handmade goods, theatre

mediating technology often exists in what type of interdependent relationship

pooled

three types of interdependent organizations

pooled, sequential, reciprocal

mediating technology

provides products/services that mediate or link clients from the external environment to allow each department to work independently like banks or real estate

priorities for structure

reciprocal, sequential, pooled

reciprocal dependencies require

relational coordination, like SW airlines. Requires working together intimately and frequently

jobs that don't have a lot of variety and are analyzable are

routine

formalization

routine leads to standardization, formal rules and procedures. Non routine leads to less formal, less procedures

variety and analyzability provide the framework for departmental technologies to develop what four main categories

routine, craft, engineering, nonroutine

football is an example of

sequential

long linked technologies occur in what type of org interdependence

sequential

a manufacturing environment could have all three types of departments, what would product manufacturing be? Product delivery? New product development?

sequential, pooled, reciprocal

site selection is much more important in......

service industries, needs to be located close to the customer

service organizations accomplish their primary purpose via production and provision of

services

routine vs non routine technology

single combined dimension of variety and analyzability

examples of product

soft drink companies, feel companies, automobile manufacturers, mining corporations, food processing plants

interorg relationships for mass production are

stable customer demand and many suppliers

craft technologies

stable steam of activities but conversion not analyzable or well understood. Tasks require training and experience, there is a need to respond to intangible factors

HR a non-technical core department in mass production has interactions that are __________________, training that is ________________ and expertise that is _____________

standalone/narrow/manual

Woodward also compared structure-technolology relationship against commercial success (above, at or below average) what did she find?

successful firms aligned their technology with the structural characteristics she defined. Aligning strategy structure and technology

HR a non-technical core department in smart factory has interactions that are ______________, training that is ______________and expertise that is _______________

teamwork/broad/cognitive-social-solve problems

joint optimization

the goal of sociotechnical systems. Org function best when social and technical systems designed to fit the needs of one another. Harmonious bc people understand adv of technology and embrace it

smart factory

ultimate automated factories. Also called digital factories, computer integrated manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems, advanced manufacturing technology or agile manufacturing. Links the manufacturing components, computer system has an interconnected web of information and products

Perrow's framework for noncore departmental technology has what two key dimensions

variety and analyzability

craft technologies are considered to be low _______________ and low ________________

variety and analyzability

engineering tech is considered to be high _________________ and high ___________

variety and analyzability

intensive technologies

variety of products or services in combo to a client i.e. when a firm is developing new products or services i.e. intense coordination between design, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, etc to deliver all customer needs

analyzability

when conversion process is analyzable it can be reduced to mechanical steps and participants can follow objective, computational procedures to solve problems. If not analyzable, relies on experience, judgement, intuition (i.e. controlling tone on piano)

span of control for a mass production vs smart factory

wide vs narrow

Technology

work processes, techniques, machines, actions used to transform inputs to outputs. Includes work procedures and machinery