Chapter 7 Sensory Practice
Which situation would stimulate the semicircular canals?
A gymnast doing flips
Which of the following cells provide lateral integration between neurons in the retina?
Amacrine cells Horizontal cells
Which pathway carries sensory information about pain and temperature?
Anterolateral system
____ refers to the clouding of the lens caused by lifelong accumulation of precipitated proteins.
Cataract
Indicate which three of the following are examples of sensory modalities.
Cold Pressure Light
Which of the following does NOT influence the encoding of stimulus intensity?
Duration of the stimulus
Sound is possible in any medium or place, including vacuum.
False
The location of all stimuli is interpreted from the place on our body where the stimulus was actually applied.
False
The man's history was useful in the physician's ability to eliminate potential causes of his condition. Which of the following aspects of the man's history was useful in reducing the likelihood this was caused by compromised blood flow?
He reported dizziness while occasionally simply lying down.
Which of the following cells provide lateral integration between neurons in the retina
Horizontal cells Amacrine cells
Which statements are true of the condition known as color blindness?
It occurs mostly in men. Two cone photopigments are coded for by the X chromosome.
Besides modality, what other types of information are encoded by sensory receptors?
Location and intensity
Variations in stimulus intensity can be due to which of the following factors?
Magnitude of receptor potentials Frequency of sensory nerve fiber firing Recruitment of different numbers of afferent neurons
sensory trasnduction
Overall, the process by which a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response is known as
Which of the following are causes of nystagmus?
Pathology of the vestibular apparatus or vestibulocochlear nerve. Persistent spinning of fluid in the semicircular canals after the head stops rotating. High blood alcohol concentrations.
____ are small, jerking movements of the eyeball that rapidly bring it from one fixation point to another.
Saccades
Which are considered parts of the vestibular apparatus?
Semicircular canals Saccule Utricle
What senses rely primarily on chemoreceptors for signal transduction?
Smell Taste
What three main characteristics of a stimulus are encoded by sensory receptors?
Stimulus intensity. Stimulus location. Stimulus modality.
coding
The conversion of stimulus energy into a signal that conveys the relevant sensory information to the CNS is known as
Which of these options are somatic sensory receptors?
Thermoreceptor Skin pressure receptor Proprioceptor
Saccades move the visual image over the retina to prevent bleaching and adaptation of the photoreceptors.
True
True or false: The cortical association areas are not considered part of the sensory pathway.
True
Which structures senses straight line (linear) accelerations of the head, as might occur when riding in an elevator or holding your head at a particular angle with respect to gravity (like bent over to tie a shoe)?
Utricle Saccule
In general, receptors of a given sensory unitall respond to the same modality
all respond to the same modality
Because they project "up" to the brain, sensory pathways are also called
ascending
A term that is often used synonymously with "sensory pathway" is
ascending pathway
The physics of sound and the physiology of the external, middle, and inner ear, are the basis of our sense of ____ or hearing
audition
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins can be stimulated by the chemical ligand called ____, found in chili peppers, and perceived as being hot.
capsaicin
Normally the lens is clear, however lens color can change with aging, becoming cloudy and causing blurred vision. This is a condition called
cataract
The sensory receptors responsible for the senses of taste and smell are
chemoreceptors
The correct order of the structures in the figure, beginning with the front of the retina on the far left to the optic nerve fibers on the far right is
choroid, photoreceptor cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells
In general, mechanoreceptors are highly specialized neuron endings that are linked to networks of ____ fibers within a capsule that is often filled with fluid. These networks transmit the mechanical tension in the fluid-filled capsule to ____ channels in the neuron endings and activate them.
collagen ion
A defect in genes encoding cone photopigments can cause a condition known as
color blindness
Receptors for body movement, limb positions, fine touch discrimination, and pressure, connect with the somatosensory pathway called the
dorsal column
Receptors for body movement, limb positions, fine touch discrimination, and pressure, connect with the somatosensory pathway called the ____ ____ pathway.
dorsal column
Vision is the perception of
electromagnetic radiation
Before striking the tympanic membrane, sound energy travels through the
external auditory canal
When light strikes the retina and initiates action potentials that travel to the visual cortex, the first cell type that undergoes an action potential is a(n) ____ cell
ganglion
Put the layers of the retina in the order that light passes through them. Start with the first layer on top.
ganglion cells bipolar cells photoreceptor cells
Mechanoreceptors that monitor tension on tendons are called ____ ____ organs
golgi tendon
The sense of taste is known as
gustation
The primary sensory cortical area and the region of association cortex closest to it process information
in simple ways and serve basic sensory-related functions
There are two groups of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Stereocilia of the ______ hair cells transduce pressure waves caused by vibrations of the basilar membrane into receptor potentials, while stereocilia of the ______ hair cells are embedded in the overlying tectorial membrane, and alter its movements to sharpen frequency tuning at each region of the basilar membrane.
inner; outer
The utricle and saccule provide information about ____ acceleration of the head, and the position of the head relative to ____
linear gravity
The specific nerve fibers which send the signal to the brain determines signal
location
The type of stimulus, such as whether it is heat, cold, sound or pressure, is known as the stimulus
modality
Sensory receptors located in skeletal muscles that contribute to posture and movement by indicating muscle length are called ___ ___ stretch receptors
muscle spindle
A large, jerky back-and-forth movement of the eyes that can occur in response to unusual or defective vestibular function is called
nystagmus
The sense of smell is also known as
olfaction
Put the following structures in order as signals travel from the cochlea. Start with the cochlear structure at the top of the list.
organ of corti vestibulocochlear nerve brainstem thalamus auditory cortex
The sensation of ____ is mediated by specialized receptors called nociceptors.
pain
A phenomenon in which sensory perception occurs relating to a body part lost by accident or amputation is called
phantom limb
Patients who have lost a body part by accident or amputation sometimes experience sensory perception in that part as though it were still present. This phenomenon is called
phantom limb
The back layer of the retina, closest to the choroid, is composed of the ____ (rods and cones), while the front layer, consists of the ____ cells, whose axons become the optic nerve.
photoreceptor bipolar
The colors we perceive are related to the wavelengths of light that the ____ in the objects of our visual world reflect, absorb, or transmit
pigment
In the neural pathway of vision, the first cells where action potentials can be initiated are the ganglion cells, because these are the only cells in the pathway that ____ ion channels
possess voltage-gated
In the neural pathway of vision, the first cells where action potentials can be initiated are the ganglion cells, because these are the only cells in the pathway that ______ ion channels
possess voltage-gated
The opening in the iris that allows light into the eye is the
pupil
When a light ray passes from air into water its direction changes, a phenomenon called
refraction
When diverging light rays enter a dense medium at an angle to its convex surface, the wave changes direction at an angle that depends on the density of the medium and the angle at which it strikes the surface. This bending of light waves is called
refraction
A small rapid jerky movement of the eye, especially as it jumps from one fixation point to another, is called a(n)
saccades
Changes in rotational speed of the head are sensed by the
semicircular canals or vestibular apparatus
Olfaction is the
sense of smell
An object appears red because it absorbs ___ wavelengths, while simultaneously reflecting the ___ wavelengths
shorter (blue); longer (red)
Nociceptor fibers typically have a ______ diameter and are _____
small; unmyelinated
Sensation from the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, and joints, which is initiated by a variety of sensory receptors, is termed
somatic sensation
Audition is the special sense that detects stimulus energy in the form of
sound
Vibrations of molecules in gaseous, liquid, or solid mediums are detected by special sensory receptors and perceived as
sound
The "hairlike" structures on hair cells in the organ of Corti are ____ that vary in size
stereocilia
From the brainstem, auditory information is transmitted via a polysynaptic pathway to the thalamus and on to the auditory cortex in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum
temporal
Auditory signals travel from the vestibulocochlear nerve to interneurons in the brainstem, then to ____ the before going to the auditory cortex.
thalamus
The conversion of stimulus energies such as pressure, light, or chemical concentration into electrical signals is referred to as sensory
transduction
The actual temperature sensors are ion channels in the plasma membranes of the axon terminals that belong to a family of proteins called ___ ___ ___ (TRP) proteins
transient receptor potential
The first structure that sound energy encounters after passing through the external auditory canal is the
tympanic membrane
The utricle, saccule and semicircular canals are collectively called the ___ apparatus
vestibular or labyrinth
The wavelengths of light capable of stimulating the receptors of the eye are between about 400 and 750 nm. These are collectively known as the
visible spectrum