Chapter 7 Skeletal system
Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.
80%
Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?
Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.
Which statements characterize periosteum?
It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.
Which statements describe the matrix of bone?
It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. It is harder than the matrix of cartilage.
Which statements characterize the innervation of bone?
Nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels of bone. Nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity.
______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.
Osteoclasts; osteoblasts
True or false: The innervation of bone is mainly composed of sensory nerves that signal injuries to the skeleton.
True
Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the ______ cartilage.
articular
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.
articular cartilage
Connective tissue that contains osteoblasts and osteocytes is _____
bone
Which organs are protected by bones?
brain heart reproductive organs lung
Most of the body's reserves of ______ and phosphate are stored and released by bone.
calcium
Bone formation requires ______.
calcium phosphate vitamin D
Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.
canaliculi
Osteoclasts are ______.
cells that break down bone
The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.
central canal
The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.
chondroblasts
Rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called external _______ lamellae.
circumferential
What are rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone called?
circumferential lamellae
Which is an organic component of bone?
collagen fibers
Flat bones have surfaces composed of ______ bone with internally placed ______ bone.
compact; spongy
The external surface of short bones consists of ______ bone while the interior consists of ______ bone.
compact; spongy
Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.
concentric lamellae
Bone is a type of ______ tissue.
connective
Ligaments and tendons are made of ______ connective tissue
dense regular
The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its
diaphysis
The ______ epiphysis is the end of a long bone that is farthest from the trunk of the body.
distal
An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.
endosteum
A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______
epiphyseal line
Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?
epiphyseal line
The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.
epiphysis
True or false: Mature cartilage is well vascularized.
false
The type of cartilage that forms intervertebral discs is ______.
fibrocartilage
The sternum is an example of a(n) ______ bone.
flat
The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the_______substance.
ground
The process of blood cell production is called
hemopoiesis
What is the process of blood cell production called?
hemopoiesis
The epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of ______.
hyaline cartilage
The type of cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum and is the cartilage of growth plates is ______.
hyaline cartilage
Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone
hydroxyapatite crystals
When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.
increases
Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.
internal
Based on shape, bones that have elaborate, complex shapes are classified as ______.
irregular shape
Which is a function of cartilage?
it attaches the ribs to the sternum
Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?
it contains hydroxyapatite crystals it gives the bone its hardness
Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?
it contains parallel lamellae it contains no osteons
Which statements characterize articular cartilage?
it covers an epiphysis it is composed of hyaline cartilage it functions to reduce friction in joints
Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage?
it covers the ends of long bones it provides a model for the formation of bones
Which statements characterize articular cartilage?
it functions to reduce friction in joints it is composed of hyaline cartilage it covers an epiphysis
Which statements characterize endosteum?
it is active during bone repair it lines medullary cavities it contains osteoblasts
Which statements correctly describe compact bone?
it is solid and relatively dense it forms the external walls of a long bone
Which statements characterize endosteum?
it lines medullary cavities it contains osteoblasts it is active during bone repair
mature cartilage ______ blood supply
lacks a
Bones of the skeleton function as a system of ______ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.
levers
The femur is an example of a ______ bone.
long
Which bones are greater in length than width?
long bones
the rib cage protects
lungs and heart
One bone is supplied by ______.
many blood vessels
Osteocytes are ______.
mature bone cells
What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?
medullary cavity
The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the
metaphysis
Another name for the calcification of bone is
mineralization
Tendons connect ______ to bone.
muscle
Which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?
nutrient artery
An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?
organic component
Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?
organic components
Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.
osseous
_____ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.
osteocytes
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.
osteocytes
A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.
periosteum
The mineral called ____, stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids
phosphate
Osteoblasts function to ______.
produce osteoid
Which is a function of bone?
protection of organs
The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the ______ epiphysis.
proximal
Hematopoiesis occurs in ______.
red bone marrow
The organic components of bone provide ______.
resistance to stretching
The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.
shaft
The wrist bones are examples of ______ bones.
short
Groups of bones serve as attachment sites for ______.
skeletal muscles
Which are examples of short bones?
some bones of the foot bones of the wrist
Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called ______ bone
spongy
Functions of bone include ______.
support mineral storage protection blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
Which serves as a system of levers?
the Skeleton
Long bones include ______.
the bones of the toes the thigh bone the bones of the palm the bones of the fingers
Which serves as a system of levers?
the skeleton
Which statements characterize perforating canals of bone?
they contain blood vessels and nerves they connect multiple central canals they run perpendicular to central canals
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
they contain collagen fibers their numbers vary among osteons they are rings of bone tissue
Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?
they contain nerves they are a cylindrical channel they contain blood vessels
Which statements characterize canaliculi?
they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions nutrients pass through them they extend from lacunae to lacunae
Which statements characterize osteoclasts?
they have ruffled borders they are phagocytic
Which statements characterize osteocytes?
they maintain bone matrix they reside in lacunae
Which is an example of an irregular bone?
vertebrae
Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?
vertebrae, hip bones
In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.
yellow
