Chapter 8

Temper Designation

A letter designation after the aluminum identification number to provide information about its processing history.

Titanium

A strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal that has been of commercial importance since about 1950.

Selenium

Alloying element that is an essential nutrient for humans.

Cast Alloys

Alloys made in the liquid state. 800 to 900 series of copper alloys.

Wrought Alloys

Alloys made in the solid state. 200 to 799 series of copper alloys.

Superalloys

Alloys used in extremely high temperature applications (~1100C)

Monel

An alloy containing 67% nickel and 30% copper. Excellent corrosion characteristics for chemical and food processing.

Invar

An alloy of nickel and 36% iron. Has a near-zero thermal expansion.

Bronze

Any copper alloy where the major alloy addition is not zinc or nickel.

Nickel, Iron and Nickel, and Cobalt

Base elements for superalloys.

Season Cracking

Brass with more than 15% zinc experiences this form of failure from exposure to corrosive media.

Stress-corrosion Cracking

Brass with more than 15% zince experiences this form of failure from both stress and exposure to corrosive media.

Dezincification

Brasses with 20 to 36% zinc are subject to this selective corrosion when exposed to acidic or salt solutions.

Niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium, and tungsten

Classified as Refractory Metals.

Alclad

Composite material created by bonding a thin layer of corrosion-resistant aluminum to one or both surfaces of a high-strength alloy.

Intermetallic Compounds

Compounds that provide properties between metals and ceramics.

Constantan

Copper Alloy containing 45% nickel.

Nickle Silvers

Copper alloy containing between 10 to 30% nickel and at least 5% zinc. Give a silver appearance.

Aluminum Bronze

Copper alloy with aluminum. high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Cost effective alternative to stainless steel and nickel based alloys.

Tin Bronzes

Copper alloy with the major alloying addition being tin. specified to offer some form of special property or characteristic.

Cupronickels

Copper alloys containing between 2 to 30% nickel.

Copper-beryllium Alloys

Copper alloys containing up to 2.5% beryllium. Produces the highest strengths of copper-based metals.

Silicon Bronzes

Copper alloys with up to 4% silicon and 1.5% zinc.

Brass

Copper-Zinc alloy.

Uranium

Extremely high density material used for putting maximum weight in a limited space.

Color Anodizing

Forming a thick aluminum oxide on the surface of a material and color dying the porous surface.

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys

Group of engineering materials with a wide range of properties that do not contain iron.

Solder

Lead-tin alloy used to join electronic components.

Magnesium

Lightest commercially important metals and used as the base metal in wrought or cast alloys with many other elements.

Stabilized Aluminum Foam

Made by mixing ceramic particles with molten aluminum and blowing gas into the mixture. resembles metallic styrofoam.

Rare-earth Metals

Material that makes high strength magnets compared to ferrous magnets.

Zirconium

Material with corrosion resistance to acids, high strength, good weldability and attractive neutron-absorption characteristics.

Beryllium

Material with density less than aluminum with a stiffness strength greater than steel.

Graphite

Material with the properties of both a metal and nonmetal and strengths that increase with temperature.

Hafnium, thorium, and beryllium

Materials used in nuclear reactors because of their low neutron-absorption characteristics.

Refractory Metals

Metals with melting points in excess of 2500C and low thermal expansion.

Tin

More costly alloying element to for copper.

Nichrome

Nickle-chromium alloys with excellent resistance to oxidation while retaining useful strength at red heats.

Bismuth

Non-toxic alloying element known as an upset stomach remedy.

Babbit

One of the oldest and best bearing materials. 84% tin, 8% copper, and 8% antimony.

Lead

Outdated copper alloying material that was used for pressure vessels.

Galvanizing

Process of coating iron-based material with a layer of zinc.

Electrolytic Tough-pitch Copper

Refined copper containing 0.02 to 0.05% oxygen. Used when superior conductivity is not required.

Metallic Glasses / amorphous metals

Rigid solid metals that lack crystalline structure. Liquid metal is cooled extremely fast.

Oxygen-free High-Conductivity (OFHC) Copper

Super refined copper with superior conductivity.

Lithium

The lightest of all metallic elements. makes a high strength, light-weight aluminum alloy.

Aluminum

The most important non-ferrous metal.

Zinc

The most popular alloying addition to copper.

Duralumin

The oldest age-hardenable aluminum alloy (Al 2017).

Copper

This pure metal is the backbone of the electrical industry. Offers high electrical and thermal conductivity, useful strength with high ductility, and corrosion resistance.

Precious Metals

Unlikely engineering materials with outstanding corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.

Nickel-based Alloys

alloys noted for their outstanding strength and corrosion resistance, particularly at high temperatures.