Chapter 8
About what % of the Stomachs contents do emetics usually remove?
80%
This antdiarrheal medication should not be used in cats
Bismuth salicylate
Bismuth subsalicylate compounds should be used w/ caution in what species?
Felines
The CRTZ stimulates vomiting when activated by _______
Chemical substances and impulses from inner ear
An area in the brain that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood.
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ)
Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Cholingergic drugs increase activity in the GI tract.
Cholinergic 1
A preparation for cleansing teeth that is available in a powder, paste, or liquid.
Dentifrice
T or F stimulation of the PNS portion of the ANS decreases intestinal motility
False
these 2 animals to not vomit
Horses and rabbits
This emetic does not work on the CRTZ, but works by irritation of bubbles leading to gag reflex.
Hydrogen Peroxide
This emetic is not effective
Hydrogen Peroxide
having a stomach with only a single compartment (swine, chicks, and human beings)
Monogastric
Any of various hoofed, even-toed, usually horned mammals of the suborder Ruminantia, such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and giraffes, characteristically having a stomach divided into four compartments and chewing a cud consisting of regurgitated, partially digested food.
Ruminant
Whats is the GI configuration of ruminant animals
Ruminants have a system of forestomachs *Reticulum *Rumen *Omasum Which allows them to digest coarse plant material True Stomach *Abomasum
T or F Ruminants remasticate food to facilitate the digestion process
True
Apomorphine can be given
po parenterally ocular
Acute vomiting and diarrhea in dogs/cats often respond to conservative mgt such as
w/ holding food for 12-24
Blocking nerve impulse transmission through the PNS; also called parasympatholytic. Anticholinergic drugs may be used for the treatment of V/D.
Anticholinergic
This drug is an antiemetic
Ace promazine
Phenothiazine derivatives are
Antiemetics
A drug that inhibits GI absorption of drug, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface.
Adsorbent
These drugs are administered parenterally or rectally
Antiemetics
These drugs prevent motion sickness or controls vomiting
Antiemetics
This drug treats the symptom not the issue
Antiemetics
An emetic the can be places in the eye
Apomorphine
This drug is used in dogs and is not recommended in cats
Apomorphine
This drug stimulates the CRTZ in the brain.
Apomorphine
_____ is an emetic.
Apomorphine
How does sucralfate work to treat/prevent gastric ulcers
By forming a paste-Like barrier over the surface of gastric ulcers
Direct cholinergic drugs stimulate the GI tract by what mechanism?
By mimicking the effect of acetylcholine
What is the mechanism of action of saline /hyperosmotic laxatives?
By retaining water osmotically in the gut, these agents cause softening of the stool.
List 4 products used as dentifice/oral cleansing agents
C.E.T. Nolvadent Oral Dent Oxydent
List 2 examples of centrally acting emetics and 2 examples of peripherally acting emetics
Centrally acting: *Apomorphine *Xylazine Peripherally acting *Mustard *Syrup of Ipecac
List 2 H2 receptor antagonists
Cimetidine Ranitidine
This drug is approved for weight loss in dogs
Dirolotapide
List 3 ex. of mongastric animals
Dogs Cats Primates
All of the following are parts of the Sm intestine
Duodenum Ileum Jejunum
The act of vomiting
Emesis
These are used for the ingestion of Non caustic toxins
Emetics
These induce vomiting
Emetics
List 3 general functions of the GI tract
Entry of food/Fluid Absorption of nutrients Excretion of waste products
Mg sulfate is found in
Epsom Salts
This species has no gallbladder
Equines
Pancrealipase is used to treat
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
The crop in birds is used for
Food Storage
Cimetidine is an
H2 receptor Antagonist
Vomiting of blood ( the vomit often resembles coffee grounds)
Hematemesis
_____ are substances that loosen bowl contents and encourage their evacuation.
Laxatives
This antemetic works at the neurokinin 1 receptor at the CRTZ
Maropitant (cerenia)
Dark or black stool that result from blood staining. Bleeding has occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract.
Melena
These drugs are used in cats to treat megacolon
Metaclopramide Cisapride Psyllium
A synthetic antibioitc/anti inflammatory agent used to treat giardiosis and anaerobic bacterial infection in animals is called
Metronidazole
Ruminants are animals that use ________ to digest coarse plant material.
Microorganisms in the rumen
A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenal mucosa that causes contraction of intestinal smooth muscle.
Motilin
This drug is an antihistamine that aids in the treatment of ulcers
Omeprazole
A cell located in the gastric mucosa the secretes hydrochloric acid.
Partial Cell
What are the 2 types of intestinal motility patterns
Peristalsis (wave) Segmentation (Mixing)
What is the difference between peristalsis and segementation?
Peristalsis is a wave Segementation is a mixing
A wave of smooth muscle contraction that passes along the tubular structure and moves the contents of that structure forward.
Peristalsis
Moves food down in waves
Peristalsis
What is the active ingredient of Metamucil
Psyllium
List 2 species that do not vomit?
Rats and Horses
H2 receptor antagonists promote the healing of GI Ulcers by
Reducing the secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric mucosal cells
Casting up of undigested or semi-digested (ruminant) foodstuff from the esophagus or rumen.
Regurgitation
No active retching
Regurgitation
Periodic constriction of segments of the intestine without mvt backward or forward; a mixing rather than a propulsive mvt.
Segementation
Jiggles the food back and forth to mix it
Segmentation
Contraindications of using emetics
Seizures/Unconscious Decreased gag reflex Shock/Dyspnea Caustic chemicals
This laxative should never be used in cats
Sodium phosphate
This emetic is used in dogs and not in cats and is available OTC
Syrup of ipecac
These drugs when combined can cause Gastric ulcer formation
Steriods and NSAID
Use caution with this emetic and dont use extract
Syrup of ipecac
With this emetic do not use in cardiovascular disease
Syrup of ipecac
What are the basic control mechanisms of the GI tract?
The ANS Hormonal control Chemical Control
Active recthing
Vomiting
What is the significance of the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the GI tract?
They increase the permeability of intestinal blood vessels, resulting in increased fluid loss. May also induce fever and initiate shock
An area of the medulla that may be stimulated by the CRTZ, the cerebrum, or peripheral receptors to induce vomiting.
Vomiting Center
This emetic can be used in cats
Xylazine
This emetic is an alpha 2 agonist
Xylazine
This emetic is used if animal ate before surgery
Xylazine
This emetic will cause tranquilization
Xylazine
Viokase-V powder is
a digestive enzyme and is approved for use in dogs and cats.
Drugs that inhibit vomiting are called
antiemetics
Apomorphine is an
emetic
Proton pump inhibitor omeprazole is labeld for use in
horses
In case of apomorphine OD use
naloxone
