Chapter 8

About what % of the Stomachs contents do emetics usually remove?

80%

This antdiarrheal medication should not be used in cats

Bismuth salicylate

Bismuth subsalicylate compounds should be used w/ caution in what species?

Felines

The CRTZ stimulates vomiting when activated by _______

Chemical substances and impulses from inner ear

An area in the brain that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood.

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CRTZ)

Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Cholingergic drugs increase activity in the GI tract.

Cholinergic 1

A preparation for cleansing teeth that is available in a powder, paste, or liquid.

Dentifrice

T or F stimulation of the PNS portion of the ANS decreases intestinal motility

False

these 2 animals to not vomit

Horses and rabbits

This emetic does not work on the CRTZ, but works by irritation of bubbles leading to gag reflex.

Hydrogen Peroxide

This emetic is not effective

Hydrogen Peroxide

having a stomach with only a single compartment (swine, chicks, and human beings)

Monogastric

Any of various hoofed, even-toed, usually horned mammals of the suborder Ruminantia, such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and giraffes, characteristically having a stomach divided into four compartments and chewing a cud consisting of regurgitated, partially digested food.

Ruminant

Whats is the GI configuration of ruminant animals

Ruminants have a system of forestomachs *Reticulum *Rumen *Omasum Which allows them to digest coarse plant material True Stomach *Abomasum

T or F Ruminants remasticate food to facilitate the digestion process

True

Apomorphine can be given

po parenterally ocular

Acute vomiting and diarrhea in dogs/cats often respond to conservative mgt such as

w/ holding food for 12-24

Blocking nerve impulse transmission through the PNS; also called parasympatholytic. Anticholinergic drugs may be used for the treatment of V/D.

Anticholinergic

This drug is an antiemetic

Ace promazine

Phenothiazine derivatives are

Antiemetics

A drug that inhibits GI absorption of drug, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface.

Adsorbent

These drugs are administered parenterally or rectally

Antiemetics

These drugs prevent motion sickness or controls vomiting

Antiemetics

This drug treats the symptom not the issue

Antiemetics

An emetic the can be places in the eye

Apomorphine

This drug is used in dogs and is not recommended in cats

Apomorphine

This drug stimulates the CRTZ in the brain.

Apomorphine

_____ is an emetic.

Apomorphine

How does sucralfate work to treat/prevent gastric ulcers

By forming a paste-Like barrier over the surface of gastric ulcers

Direct cholinergic drugs stimulate the GI tract by what mechanism?

By mimicking the effect of acetylcholine

What is the mechanism of action of saline /hyperosmotic laxatives?

By retaining water osmotically in the gut, these agents cause softening of the stool.

List 4 products used as dentifice/oral cleansing agents

C.E.T. Nolvadent Oral Dent Oxydent

List 2 examples of centrally acting emetics and 2 examples of peripherally acting emetics

Centrally acting: *Apomorphine *Xylazine Peripherally acting *Mustard *Syrup of Ipecac

List 2 H2 receptor antagonists

Cimetidine Ranitidine

This drug is approved for weight loss in dogs

Dirolotapide

List 3 ex. of mongastric animals

Dogs Cats Primates

All of the following are parts of the Sm intestine

Duodenum Ileum Jejunum

The act of vomiting

Emesis

These are used for the ingestion of Non caustic toxins

Emetics

These induce vomiting

Emetics

List 3 general functions of the GI tract

Entry of food/Fluid Absorption of nutrients Excretion of waste products

Mg sulfate is found in

Epsom Salts

This species has no gallbladder

Equines

Pancrealipase is used to treat

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

The crop in birds is used for

Food Storage

Cimetidine is an

H2 receptor Antagonist

Vomiting of blood ( the vomit often resembles coffee grounds)

Hematemesis

_____ are substances that loosen bowl contents and encourage their evacuation.

Laxatives

This antemetic works at the neurokinin 1 receptor at the CRTZ

Maropitant (cerenia)

Dark or black stool that result from blood staining. Bleeding has occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract.

Melena

These drugs are used in cats to treat megacolon

Metaclopramide Cisapride Psyllium

A synthetic antibioitc/anti inflammatory agent used to treat giardiosis and anaerobic bacterial infection in animals is called

Metronidazole

Ruminants are animals that use ________ to digest coarse plant material.

Microorganisms in the rumen

A hormone secreted by cells in the duodenal mucosa that causes contraction of intestinal smooth muscle.

Motilin

This drug is an antihistamine that aids in the treatment of ulcers

Omeprazole

A cell located in the gastric mucosa the secretes hydrochloric acid.

Partial Cell

What are the 2 types of intestinal motility patterns

Peristalsis (wave) Segmentation (Mixing)

What is the difference between peristalsis and segementation?

Peristalsis is a wave Segementation is a mixing

A wave of smooth muscle contraction that passes along the tubular structure and moves the contents of that structure forward.

Peristalsis

Moves food down in waves

Peristalsis

What is the active ingredient of Metamucil

Psyllium

List 2 species that do not vomit?

Rats and Horses

H2 receptor antagonists promote the healing of GI Ulcers by

Reducing the secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric mucosal cells

Casting up of undigested or semi-digested (ruminant) foodstuff from the esophagus or rumen.

Regurgitation

No active retching

Regurgitation

Periodic constriction of segments of the intestine without mvt backward or forward; a mixing rather than a propulsive mvt.

Segementation

Jiggles the food back and forth to mix it

Segmentation

Contraindications of using emetics

Seizures/Unconscious Decreased gag reflex Shock/Dyspnea Caustic chemicals

This laxative should never be used in cats

Sodium phosphate

This emetic is used in dogs and not in cats and is available OTC

Syrup of ipecac

These drugs when combined can cause Gastric ulcer formation

Steriods and NSAID

Use caution with this emetic and dont use extract

Syrup of ipecac

With this emetic do not use in cardiovascular disease

Syrup of ipecac

What are the basic control mechanisms of the GI tract?

The ANS Hormonal control Chemical Control

Active recthing

Vomiting

What is the significance of the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the GI tract?

They increase the permeability of intestinal blood vessels, resulting in increased fluid loss. May also induce fever and initiate shock

An area of the medulla that may be stimulated by the CRTZ, the cerebrum, or peripheral receptors to induce vomiting.

Vomiting Center

This emetic can be used in cats

Xylazine

This emetic is an alpha 2 agonist

Xylazine

This emetic is used if animal ate before surgery

Xylazine

This emetic will cause tranquilization

Xylazine

Viokase-V powder is

a digestive enzyme and is approved for use in dogs and cats.

Drugs that inhibit vomiting are called

antiemetics

Apomorphine is an

emetic

Proton pump inhibitor omeprazole is labeld for use in

horses

In case of apomorphine OD use

naloxone