Chapter 8

Which of the following are the main regulatory officials in tribes? Multiple select question. "big men" prime ministers leaders of pantribal associations village heads

"big men" leaders of pantribal associations village heads

A handful of totally autonomous tribes has managed to survive into the 21st century. True false question. True False

False

State organization brings greater freedom and leisure to the common people. True false question. True False

False

is the internalization of a dominant ideology, and one of the ways in which elites curb resistance to their power and privileged position.

Hegemony

Which of the following are characteristic of Yanomami descent groups? Multiple select question. They are exogamous. They span multiple villages. They do not intermingle. They are patrilineal.

They are exogamous. They span multiple villages. They are patrilineal.

Horticulturalists and foragers are alike in which of the following ways? Multiple select question. They tend to be egalitarian. They have high population density. They tightly regulate access to strategic resources. They make status distinctions based on age and gender.

They tend to be egalitarian. They make status distinctions based on age and gender.

The coexistence of a military judiciary alongside the civil legal system in contemporary America is an example of the ways in which states manage their populations by Multiple choice question. establishing the right to a fair trail for all. forming separate but equal institutions. organizing their institutions in order to deal with diversity. making distinctions among state citizens.

making distinctions among state citizens.

Yanomami communities are led by village heads, who Multiple choice question. are entrusted with unlimited reign. issue orders to their people. lead by example and persuasion. may be either male or female.

lead by example and persuasion.

Modern hunter-gatherers Multiple choice question. are best viewed as primitive survivors of the Stone Age. are nowadays led by chiefs and organized in tribes. resist government assistance. live in nation-states.

live in nation-states.

In the absence of a state government to intervene in conflicts, jilted Inuit husbands could settle a dispute with a wife stealer by way of a Multiple choice question. kayak race. seal-skinning contest. song battle. payment in seal meat.

song battle.

In North America, relationships between tribal villages strengthened as a result of the Multiple choice question. introduction of smallpox. spread of horses. importation of llamas. extinction of the buffalo.

spread of horses.

In 1929, Igbo women went to "war" against Multiple select question. British officials. British agents. colonial policies. their husbands and sons.

British officials. British agents. colonial policies.

The three related dimensions of social stratification were defined by Multiple choice question. Michel Foucault. Max Weber. Margaret Mead. Antonio Gramsci.

Max Weber.

The earliest states developed in Multiple choice question. Mesoamerica. Mesopotamia. the Indus Valley. the Andes.

Mesopotamia.

State organization has spread as a result of which of the following? Multiple select question. National armies help conquer nonstate territory. States promote economic growth that creates population density. National armies help subdue nonstates. States encourage religious observance, which leads to colonial ambitions.

National armies help conquer nonstate territory. States promote economic growth that creates population density. National armies help subdue nonstates.

The notion that every social order tries to make its own arbitrariness seem natural and in everyone's interest—even when that is not the case—was first developed by Multiple choice question. Michelangelo Maserati. Roland Barthes. Pierre Bourdieu. Jacques Derrida.

Pierre Bourdieu.

Inuit men traditionally took multiple wives because Multiple choice question. sisters were considered aspects of a single being and thus were considered a wifely unit. adult women outnumbered men. men required large family workforces to run their households. it was considered a religious imperative.

adult women outnumbered men.

A small, kin-based group found among foragers is known as a Multiple choice question. state. chiefdom. tribe. band.

band.

While differential access is an aspect of chiefdoms, the state is a form of sociopolitical organization Multiple choice question. based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification. that removes questions of resource access from the public forum. that lacks a social hierarchy regulating access to resources. without a permanent political structure to regulate resources.

based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification.

Unlike chiefdoms, states Multiple choice question. lack stratification. base social relations on kinship and marriage. are egalitarian. bring nonrelatives together.

bring nonrelatives together.

According to James Scott, "weapons of the weak" are part of the Multiple choice question. reason why oppressed peoples are unable to resist their oppressors. hidden transcript. mechanism of disenfranchising minorities in nation-states. public transcript.

hidden transcript.

Igbo women responded to the British colonial authorities' imposition of a new tax on market women by Multiple choice question. protesting silently in the streets of the provincial capital. refusing to sell their wares until the tax was repealed. organizing a violent coup that finally overthrew the colonial regime. censoring and shaming warrant chiefs through song and dance.

censoring and shaming warrant chiefs through song and dance.

Social strata emerged when Multiple choice question. chiefs encouraged marriage between nobles and commoners. chiefdoms first emerged within tribal societies. chiefdoms transitioned into states. chiefs began to abandon kingly forms of authority.

chiefdoms transitioned into states.

The megalithic cultures of Europe were created by Multiple choice question. archaic states. tribes. nonindustrial states. chiefdoms.

chiefdoms.

A flow of resources to and then from a central place, as was found in Polynesia, is known as Multiple choice question. shared pastoralism. big man bounty. chiefly redistribution. communal resource sharing.

chiefly redistribution.

In archaic states, access to resources was Multiple choice question. reserved exclusively for the subordinate stratum. limited to use by men of both the superordinate and subordinate strata. controlled by the superordinate stratum. allowed for all citizens, without restrictions.

controlled by the superordinate stratum.

As tribal members form a single social collectivity, they Multiple choice question. no longer rely on age, gender, and ritual to define individual identity. remove the need for a single, unifying cultural tradition. typically rid themselves of corrupt local leaders. create a sense of ethnic identity.

create a sense of ethnic identity.

As tribal members form a single social collectivity, they Multiple choice question. typically rid themselves of corrupt local leaders. no longer rely on age, gender, and ritual to define individual identity. create a sense of ethnic identity. remove the need for a single, unifying cultural tradition.

create a sense of ethnic identity.

Which of the following are tools that states use in regulating their populations? Multiple select question. undocumented migration customs agents censuses administrative subdivisions

customs agents censuses administrative subdivisions

When some people have more wealth, prestige, and power than others do, this is described as _____ access. Multiple choice question. means-based vertical differential lateral

differential

Which of the following are ways in which elites curb resistance? Multiple select question. discouraging public gatherings separating or isolating people encouraging the oppressed to unite, so that they will reveal their disaffection and become susceptible to monitoring making subordinates believe they eventually will attain power

discouraging public gatherings separating or isolating people making subordinates believe they eventually will attain power

As a result of globalization, war, famine, and job seeking, population Multiple choice question. levels have declined. density has shifted from urban to rural areas. displacement has increased. movement has slowed.

displacement has increased.

Which of the following processes are part of political regulation? Multiple select question. dispute management conflict resolution decision making familial organization

dispute management conflict resolution decision making

Compared with chiefdoms, archaic states Multiple choice question. saw everyone within the society as being fundamentally equal. were more concerned with preserving kinship ties that extended across social strata. were much less rigid about the distinction between nobles and commoners. drew a much firmer line between elites and the masses.

drew a much firmer line between elites and the masses.

Compared with chiefdoms, archaic states Multiple choice question. were more concerned with preserving kinship ties that extended across social strata. saw everyone within the society as being fundamentally equal. were much less rigid about the distinction between nobles and commoners. drew a much firmer line between elites and the masses.

drew a much firmer line between elites and the masses.

In many parts of the world, the chiefdom emerged Multiple choice question. during the evolution of tribes into states. during the transition from nomadism to pastoralism. when foragers decided that they wanted to become farmers. because people got sick of tribal warfare.

during the evolution of tribes into states.

To handle crimes and disputes, all states have Multiple choice question. laws based on precedent and legislative proclamations. capital punishment. police forces that operate independently of political considerations. the ability to successfully curb internal conflict.

laws based on precedent and legislative proclamations.

As regulatory problems increase in densely populated regions, the scope of political authority among pastoralists Multiple choice question. expands considerably. rarely changes. devolves quickly. grows to include control of outside groups.

expands considerably.

As regulatory problems increase in densely populated regions, the scope of political authority among pastoralists Multiple choice question. grows to include control of outside groups. devolves quickly. rarely changes. expands considerably.

expands considerably.

Critiques of power that normally proceed out of sight of powerholders typically become public at which of the following? Multiple select question. festivals markets Carnavals trials

festivals markets Carnavals

Which of the following specialized functions are characteristic and distinctive of states? Multiple select question. organization of ceremonial feasting fixing boundaries establishing laws taxation

fixing boundaries establishing laws taxation

To meet some of their needs, modern hunter-gatherers now rely on which of the following groups? Multiple select question. Paelolithic tool makers food producers governments missionaries

food producers governments missionaries

The modern view of foragers, as explicated by such scholars as Susan Kent, is that they are Multiple choice question. primitive survivors of the Stone Age who carry on traditions that would otherwise be lost. groups forced into marginal environments by states, colonialism, and world events. all alike in their practices, despite being very different in terms of culture.

groups forced into marginal environments by states, colonialism, and world events.

The main difference between a village head and a big man is that the big man Multiple choice question. led by democratic principles. had supporters in multiple villages. was taller than everyone else, thus the name "big man." lacked any region-wide influence.

had supporters in multiple villages.

How did a big man of the Kapauku achieve his status? Multiple choice question. divine anointment election heredity hard work

hard work

For shame to be effective as a tool of social control it must Multiple select question. harm or spoil a person's reputation. be generated through social media. alienate a person from his or her social network. be internalized by the individual.

harm or spoil a person's reputation. alienate a person from his or her social network. be internalized by the individual.

The concept of a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination was developed by Antonio Gramsci and is known as Multiple choice question. stratocracy. hegemony. homogenization. despotism.

hegemony.

The coexistence of a military judiciary alongside the civil legal system in contemporary America is an example of the ways in which states manage their populations by Multiple choice question. forming separate but equal institutions. making distinctions among state citizens. organizing their institutions in order to deal with diversity. establishing the right to a fair trail for all.

making distinctions among state citizens.

The different laws for enslaved and free people in the US (before the Emancipation Proclamation) is an example of the ways in which states manage their populations by Multiple choice question. forming separate but equal institutions. making distinctions among state citizens. establishing the right to a fair trail for all. organizing their institutions in order to deal with diversity.

making distinctions among state citizens.

The different laws for enslaved and free people in the US (before the Emancipation Proclamation) is an example of the ways in which states manage their populations by Multiple choice question. organizing their institutions in order to deal with diversity. making distinctions among state citizens. establishing the right to a fair trail for all. forming separate but equal institutions.

making distinctions among state citizens.

Today, all four types of political organization can be studied only within the context of Multiple choice question. the local. nation-states. tribes. sociology.

nation-states.

Cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior in a given society are known as Multiple choice question. regulations. norms. baselines. practicalities.

norms.

Formal laws are found Multiple choice question. only in state societies. among the Yanomami, who have always had a developed legal code. among the San, who have always had a developed legal code. among the Inuit, who have always had a developed legal code.

only in state societies.

Groups that extend across an entire tribe and span multiple local groups are known as Multiple choice question. panregional associations. pre-states. meta-village alliances. pantribal sodalities.

pantribal sodalities.

Among the Masai of Kenya, both males and females Multiple choice question. passed through culturally recognized age grades. could serve as warriors. raided other tribes for cattle. formed tightly-knit age sets.

passed through culturally recognized age grades.

In the chiefdom, official vacancies are filled systematically, thus ensuring Multiple choice question. that all citizens serve the public good at some point in their lives. consensus on a panregional basis. permanent political regulation. that the political system is restructured each generation.

permanent political regulation.

In the chiefdom, official vacancies are filled systematically, thus ensuring Multiple choice question. that the political system is restructured each generation. consensus on a panregional basis. that all citizens serve the public good at some point in their lives. permanent political regulation.

permanent political regulation.

Chiefdoms, unlike bands and tribes, administer Multiple choice question. permanent regional political systems. their rule on a village, rather than regional, level. drugs and other cures because they have specialized medical practitioners. the rule of law without the help of assistants.

permanent regional political systems.

A part of a larger whole, within nation-states pastoral tribes are Multiple choice question. unaffected by other economic activities occurring nearby. pitted against other ethnic groups. freer than ever to pursue their own dreams. autonomous, and unaffected by the central government.

pitted against other ethnic groups.

According to anthropologist Elman Service, the four types of ______ are band, tribe, chiefdom, and state. Multiple choice question. cultural groups ethnic groups religious affiliation political organization

political organization

According to anthropologist Elman Service, the four types of ______ are band, tribe, chiefdom, and state. Multiple choice question. political organization ethnic groups cultural groups religious affiliation

political organization

States tend to be which of the following? Multiple select question. homogeneous populous decentralized large

populous large

The basis of social status as one of the three forms of stratification is Multiple choice question. prestige. power. ethnicity. wealth.

prestige.

States that enhance internal peace also enhance Multiple choice question. production. conflict. social equality. mechanisms of war.

production.

Compared to chiefdoms, states Multiple choice question. return less of what they collect from the people to the people. have systems of taxation that require lower infrastructure costs. have systems of taxation that rely more heavily upon informal means of exchange. redistribute a greater percentage of the national wealth.

return less of what they collect from the people to the people.

Since the 1950s and 1960s, when anthropologists first systematically studied the San people, Multiple choice question. the hunter-gatherer lifestyle has disappeared entirely. no substantial changes have occurred within tribal structures. nomadism has increased. sedentism has increased substantially.

sedentism has increased substantially.

In chiefdoms, social status was based primarily on Multiple choice question. age. seniority of descent. amount of property. number of wives.

seniority of descent.

Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict drew a distinction between shame and guilt, with Multiple choice question. guilt being applied most often to men and shame being applied most often to women. guilt being external, and shame being internal. shame being a more dominant social sanction in Western societies. shame being external, and guilt being internal.

shame being external, and guilt being internal.

A stratum is one of two or more groups that always contrast in which of the following ways? Multiple select question. number of members social status access to resources religious affiliation

social status access to resources

In many parts of the world, the chiefdom emerged Multiple choice question. during the transition from nomadism to pastoralism. because people got sick of tribal warfare. when foragers decided that they wanted to become farmers. during the evolution of tribes into states.

social status access to resources

In nonstates the exercise of power and the regulation of relations among groups and their representatives is most appropriately termed Multiple choice question. public hegemony. political organization. public policy. sociopolitical organization.

sociopolitical organization.

Marriage within one's own group is called endogamy.

stratum

In archaic states, the _____ stratum had privileged access to valued resources. Multiple choice question. subordinate kinship endogamous superordinate

superordinate

Which of the following specialized functions are characteristic and distinctive of states? Multiple select question. taxation organization of ceremonial feasting establishing laws fixing boundaries

taxation establishing laws fixing boundaries

Which of the following are pastoral nomadic tribes in Iran? Multiple select question. the Basseri the Masai the Mende the Qashqai

the Basseri the Qashqai

The big man leadership position was found most characteristically in Multiple choice question. the South Pacific. central Asia. South America. sub-Saharan Africa.

the South Pacific.

Which of the following resulted from the Igbo Women's War? Multiple select question. the appointment of women judges the mass imprisonment of market women additional tax protests in Nigeria more protests throughout Africa

the appointment of women judges additional tax protests in Nigeria more protests throughout Africa

Chiefly redistribution enabled which of the following? Multiple select question. a market for trade with other societies the availability of products to the entire society production beyond the subsistence level creation of a central storehouse for goods

the availability of products to the entire society production beyond the subsistence level creation of a central storehouse for goods

One common feature of all chiefdoms was Multiple choice question. great disparities of wealth between social strata. the lack of concern for seniority based on age. genealogical amnesia. the lack of sharp gaps between elites and commoners.

the lack of sharp gaps between elites and commoners.

The Igbo Women's War demonstrated how formal authority structures can by undermined through Multiple choice question. the creation of new hegemonies. economic pressure. the use of social power, community organizing, and political mobilization. silent acts of resistance.

the use of social power, community organizing, and political mobilization.

State organization arose for which of the following reasons? Multiple select question. because it increased the amount of leisure time available to ordinary people, as political leaders now did all the hard work to regulate the activities of ethnic groups within expanding social and economic systems to manage agricultural economies to wage war on marauding armies of rebellious foragers

to regulate the activities of ethnic groups within expanding social and economic systems to manage agricultural economies

The big man of the Kapauku was known as a Multiple choice question. songi. tonowi. siuai.

tonowi.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. Groups that are organized by kin groups and have economies based on nonintensive food production (horticulture and pastoralism) are known as .

tribes

In the villages of horticulturalists, social equality diminishes as Multiple choice question. village size and population density decrease. proximity to state societies decreases. genders become more balanced. village size and population density increase.

village size and population density increase.

Since 1945, about 85% of the world's armed conflicts have begun Multiple choice question. as disputes over national borders. between states on different continents. within states. in the Middle East.

within states.