Chapter 8 Anatomy
The ability to predict the consequence of an action is located in the
Prefrontal cortex
Hyperpolarization results from
The closing of K+ channels
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
This nerve controls the retina
Optic
The flexor reflex is a
withdrawal reflex
Cardiac muscle is controlled by the
Efferent division
Which cells are responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor activity?
Interneurons
What are crucial for reciprocal inhibition to occur?
Interneurons in the spinal cord
Depolarization
Occurs when Na+ channels are open and Na+ floods into the cell. A shift of the membrane potential towards 0mV
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor
The repoloarization of an action potential results from
The opening of K+ channels
The ability to read is developed in the _____
Visual association
Are unipolar neurons more likely to be sensory or motor neurons?
Sensory
What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division?
Sensory signals would not be recognized as the information would not be properly carried to the CNS
The division of the autonomic nervous system that usually stimulates tissue metabolism is the
Sympathetic division
Which system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?
The right frontal lobe
The somatic motor neurons of the somatic nervous system innervate skeletal muscles whereas ___________________________ of the autonomic system innervates all other effectors.
Visceral motor neurons
Which type of information is processed in the occipital lobe?
Visual
What surrounds gray matter?
White matter
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.
Withdrawal
What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?
-70mV
What are some effects of activation of the sympathetic division?
-Peripheral vasoconstriction -Release of stored lipids from adipose tissue -Sweating
Identify the 2 functional divisions of the PNS and their primary functions
1) Afferent: Brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors 2) Efferent: Brings info from the CNS to effectors
Structural types of Neurons
1) Multipolar 2) Unipolar 3) Bipolar
Unlike Neurons, Neuroglia are
Capable of cellular division
Bipolar Neuron
Cell body is continuous with axon coming off of both ends
Unipolar Neuron
Cell body laying off to one side
Multipolar Neuron
Cell body with one long axon and several branching dendrites
Identify the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS)
Which part of the nervous system is the seat of memory, intelligence and emotions?
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Maintaining posture
Cerebellum
Programming and the fine tuning of learned movements
Cerebellum
Cell Body
Contains Nucleus
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve may result in the ________.
Inability to speak
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____________ but only slightly permeable to _________________________
K+ ; Na+
Analytical tasks, such as math and logic, are generally carried out in the
Left cerebral hemisphere
What do Ependymal cells do?
Line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the function of the Na+ - K+ pump?
Maintain the resting membrane potential
The brain region that automatically regulates heart rate and blood pressure is called the _____
Medulla Oblogata
Contains cardiovascular center
Medulla oblongata
The smallest and rarest of the neuroglia in the CNS are ____________________ which are phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells that migrate to the CNS
Microglia
The ventral root carries _________________ information ___________________ the spinal cord
Motor ; spinal
Why can't an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?
Na channels are inactive
At the normal resting potential of -70mV, which ions are ejected as fast as they enter the cell?
Na+ (sodium)
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?
Na+ and Cl
This nerve controls 3 out of 4 rectus muscles of the eye
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory
The only cranial nerve that connects to the cerebrum is the
Olfactory
The depolarization of an action potential results from what?
Opening of Na+ channels
The autonomic neurvous system includes the sympathetic divsion which is the "fight or flight" system and the _______________________, which is responsible mainly for "rest and digest"
Parasympathetic division
An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n)
Preganglionic neuron
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the:
Presynaptic neuron
Dendrites
Receive messages
The arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in the:
Release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
The membrane potential of an undisturbed cell is known as its
Resting potential
Face recognition is carried out by the
Right cerebral hemisphere
What is the difference between Saltatory and Continuous Propagation of nerve impulses?
Saltatory Propagation involves impulses 'jumping' from node to node and occurs faster than Continuous
An action ponteitla jumps from node to node in _____________________________________
Saltatory propagation
Oligodendrocytes are to the CNS as _____________________________________ are to the PNS
Schwann Cells
Which cells cover every axon outside the CNS
Schwann cells
Axons
Send Messages
This nerve goes to the ear
Vestibulocochlear
Which receptors provide info about pressure sensations?
External
This nerve controls taste receptors, the lacrimal gland, and sublingual glands
Facial
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Facial Nerve
This nerve moves the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Abdunce
What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?
100 mV (-70mV - +30mV)
The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which axon?
A large myelinated axon
Cranial Nerve VI
Abdunce
This nerve controls the palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
Accessory
How is an action potential propogated along an axon
An influx of Na+ ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area
All-Or-None
Every stimulus whether minor or extreme that brings the membrane to threshold will generate an identical action potential.
Visceral motor system is also called the
Autonomic nervous system
Which controls involuntary regulation of glandular secretions?
Autonomic nervous system
Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
Axon Hillock
Identify the strucutres of a typical Synapse:
Axon of Presynaptic cell, Axon terminal, Synaptic vesicles, Presynaptic membrane, Synaptic cleft, Postsynaptic membrane
Which event causes the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
Binding of ACh to sodium channels
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Efferent:
Brings information from the CNS to organs, tissues, ect (effectors)
Afferent:
Brings information from the PNS to the CNS in the form of receptors
Major Structural Components of a neuron
Dendrites, Cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl bodies, Axon Hillock Axon, Collateral, Axon terminal.
Opening of Voltage-Gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in:
Depolarization
An action potential will NOT result unless the membrane __________________________ sufficiently to threshold level
Depolarizes
Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the
Dorsal Roots
The somatic nervous system is part of the ______________________________
Efferent division of the PNS
Which CSF producing cells line both the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain?
Ependymal cells
Action potentials are generated by the opening and closing of which channels
Gated sodium and potassium
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of simulation are called ____________________________________________
Graded Potential
This nerve controls your tongue muscles
Hypoglossal
Regulating body temperature
Hypothalamus
Cranial Nerves
I: Olfactory (smell) II: Optic (sight) III: Oculomotor (controls 3/4 of the eyes rectus muscles, pupil) IV: Trochlear (Eye movements, proprioception) V: Trigmenial (Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.) VI: Abdunce (Produce movements of the eyes) VII: Facial (Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.) VIII: Vestibulocochlear (Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.) IX: Glossalpharyngeal (Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.) X: Vagus (Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.) XI: Accessory (Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.) XII: Hypglossal (Tongue movemens)
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?
Ventral Roots
Action potentials move in which directions?
Towards the Axon terminals from the Axon hillock
This nerve connects to your teeth, and muscles of massication
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve V
Trigmenial
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
This nerve controls the superior oblique muscles
Trochlear
In which type of cell are the dendrites and axon continuous with the cell body lying off to one side?
Unipolar
This nerve controls the thoracic and abdominal muscles
Vagus
Nissl bodies are ________________________________________
clusters of RER and free ribosomes
The ____________________________ adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities
cerebellum
The meningeal area that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called the _____?
subarachnoid spac
Which fiber usually releases norepinephrine?
sympathetic postganglionic
The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of ________.
sympathetic postganglionic fibers