Chapter 8 Anatomy

The ability to predict the consequence of an action is located in the

Prefrontal cortex

Hyperpolarization results from

The closing of K+ channels

Cranial Nerve II

Optic

This nerve controls the retina

Optic

The flexor reflex is a

withdrawal reflex

Cardiac muscle is controlled by the

Efferent division

Which cells are responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor activity?

Interneurons

What are crucial for reciprocal inhibition to occur?

Interneurons in the spinal cord

Depolarization

Occurs when Na+ channels are open and Na+ floods into the cell. A shift of the membrane potential towards 0mV

Cranial Nerve III

Oculomotor

The repoloarization of an action potential results from

The opening of K+ channels

The ability to read is developed in the _____

Visual association

Are unipolar neurons more likely to be sensory or motor neurons?

Sensory

What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division?

Sensory signals would not be recognized as the information would not be properly carried to the CNS

The division of the autonomic nervous system that usually stimulates tissue metabolism is the

Sympathetic division

Which system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?

Sympathetic nervous system

Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?

The right frontal lobe

The somatic motor neurons of the somatic nervous system innervate skeletal muscles whereas ___________________________ of the autonomic system innervates all other effectors.

Visceral motor neurons

Which type of information is processed in the occipital lobe?

Visual

What surrounds gray matter?

White matter

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

Withdrawal

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?

-70mV

What are some effects of activation of the sympathetic division?

-Peripheral vasoconstriction -Release of stored lipids from adipose tissue -Sweating

Identify the 2 functional divisions of the PNS and their primary functions

1) Afferent: Brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors 2) Efferent: Brings info from the CNS to effectors

Structural types of Neurons

1) Multipolar 2) Unipolar 3) Bipolar

Unlike Neurons, Neuroglia are

Capable of cellular division

Bipolar Neuron

Cell body is continuous with axon coming off of both ends

Unipolar Neuron

Cell body laying off to one side

Multipolar Neuron

Cell body with one long axon and several branching dendrites

Identify the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system

Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS)

Which part of the nervous system is the seat of memory, intelligence and emotions?

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Maintaining posture

Cerebellum

Programming and the fine tuning of learned movements

Cerebellum

Cell Body

Contains Nucleus

Damage to the hypoglossal nerve may result in the ________.

Inability to speak

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____________ but only slightly permeable to _________________________

K+ ; Na+

Analytical tasks, such as math and logic, are generally carried out in the

Left cerebral hemisphere

What do Ependymal cells do?

Line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the function of the Na+ - K+ pump?

Maintain the resting membrane potential

The brain region that automatically regulates heart rate and blood pressure is called the _____

Medulla Oblogata

Contains cardiovascular center

Medulla oblongata

The smallest and rarest of the neuroglia in the CNS are ____________________ which are phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells that migrate to the CNS

Microglia

The ventral root carries _________________ information ___________________ the spinal cord

Motor ; spinal

Why can't an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?

Na channels are inactive

At the normal resting potential of -70mV, which ions are ejected as fast as they enter the cell?

Na+ (sodium)

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?

Na+ and Cl

This nerve controls 3 out of 4 rectus muscles of the eye

Oculomotor

Cranial Nerve I

Olfactory

The only cranial nerve that connects to the cerebrum is the

Olfactory

The depolarization of an action potential results from what?

Opening of Na+ channels

The autonomic neurvous system includes the sympathetic divsion which is the "fight or flight" system and the _______________________, which is responsible mainly for "rest and digest"

Parasympathetic division

An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n)

Preganglionic neuron

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the:

Presynaptic neuron

Dendrites

Receive messages

The arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in the:

Release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

The membrane potential of an undisturbed cell is known as its

Resting potential

Face recognition is carried out by the

Right cerebral hemisphere

What is the difference between Saltatory and Continuous Propagation of nerve impulses?

Saltatory Propagation involves impulses 'jumping' from node to node and occurs faster than Continuous

An action ponteitla jumps from node to node in _____________________________________

Saltatory propagation

Oligodendrocytes are to the CNS as _____________________________________ are to the PNS

Schwann Cells

Which cells cover every axon outside the CNS

Schwann cells

Axons

Send Messages

This nerve goes to the ear

Vestibulocochlear

Which receptors provide info about pressure sensations?

External

This nerve controls taste receptors, the lacrimal gland, and sublingual glands

Facial

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

Facial Nerve

This nerve moves the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Abdunce

What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?

100 mV (-70mV - +30mV)

The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which axon?

A large myelinated axon

Cranial Nerve VI

Abdunce

This nerve controls the palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Accessory

How is an action potential propogated along an axon

An influx of Na+ ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

All-Or-None

Every stimulus whether minor or extreme that brings the membrane to threshold will generate an identical action potential.

Visceral motor system is also called the

Autonomic nervous system

Which controls involuntary regulation of glandular secretions?

Autonomic nervous system

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?

Axon Hillock

Identify the strucutres of a typical Synapse:

Axon of Presynaptic cell, Axon terminal, Synaptic vesicles, Presynaptic membrane, Synaptic cleft, Postsynaptic membrane

Which event causes the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

Binding of ACh to sodium channels

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Efferent:

Brings information from the CNS to organs, tissues, ect (effectors)

Afferent:

Brings information from the PNS to the CNS in the form of receptors

Major Structural Components of a neuron

Dendrites, Cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl bodies, Axon Hillock Axon, Collateral, Axon terminal.

Opening of Voltage-Gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in:

Depolarization

An action potential will NOT result unless the membrane __________________________ sufficiently to threshold level

Depolarizes

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the

Dorsal Roots

The somatic nervous system is part of the ______________________________

Efferent division of the PNS

Which CSF producing cells line both the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain?

Ependymal cells

Action potentials are generated by the opening and closing of which channels

Gated sodium and potassium

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of simulation are called ____________________________________________

Graded Potential

This nerve controls your tongue muscles

Hypoglossal

Regulating body temperature

Hypothalamus

Cranial Nerves

I: Olfactory (smell) II: Optic (sight) III: Oculomotor (controls 3/4 of the eyes rectus muscles, pupil) IV: Trochlear (Eye movements, proprioception) V: Trigmenial (Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.) VI: Abdunce (Produce movements of the eyes) VII: Facial (Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.) VIII: Vestibulocochlear (Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.) IX: Glossalpharyngeal (Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.) X: Vagus (Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.) XI: Accessory (Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.) XII: Hypglossal (Tongue movemens)

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?

Ventral Roots

Action potentials move in which directions?

Towards the Axon terminals from the Axon hillock

This nerve connects to your teeth, and muscles of massication

Trigeminal

Cranial Nerve V

Trigmenial

Cranial Nerve IV

Trochlear

This nerve controls the superior oblique muscles

Trochlear

In which type of cell are the dendrites and axon continuous with the cell body lying off to one side?

Unipolar

This nerve controls the thoracic and abdominal muscles

Vagus

Nissl bodies are ________________________________________

clusters of RER and free ribosomes

The ____________________________ adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities

cerebellum

The meningeal area that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called the _____?

subarachnoid spac

Which fiber usually releases norepinephrine?

sympathetic postganglionic

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of ________.

sympathetic postganglionic fibers